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- From: colby@bu-bio.bu.edu (Chris Colby)
- Newsgroups: talk.origins
- Subject: proposed mechanisms of directed mutagenesis
- Message-ID: <108582@bu.edu>
- Date: 28 Jan 93 01:39:33 GMT
- References: <1785@tdat.teradata.COM> <108337@bu.edu> <1993Jan27.110100@IASTATE.EDU>
- Sender: news@bu.edu
- Organization: animal -- coelomate -- deuterostome
- Lines: 97
-
- In article <1993Jan27.110100@IASTATE.EDU> danwell@IASTATE.EDU (Daniel A Ashlock) writes:
-
- Dan asks some questions about directed mutagenesis (adaptive mutations):
-
- >#1
- > Is there room for redundancy that does not use the same coding?
-
- I'm not sure what you mean here.
-
- >#1a (muy stupido variant)
- > Are all the copies of the wild genes modified? If not that would be a
- >great place to ge the information from.
-
- Bacteria only have one copy of each gene. Their genome isn't large
- enough to carry "spare copies" of genes around. Eukaryotes (like
- yeast) have enough room but this mechanism is doubtful.
-
- >#2
- > As I recall derected mutagenisis is triggered (in at least one example)
- >by starving the organism. Does a hungry bacteria start splicing the part
- >of it's genome that code from food utilization enzymes as a response to the
- >stress until the stress goes away?
-
- I'm not sure what this means, either.
-
- >#3
- > Chris, what ARE the leading proposed mechanisms anyway? I mean the ones
- >that won't cost you your fingernails to explain via keyboard.
-
- Here's an overview of the proposed mechanisms and my assessment of them.
-
- 1.) *Selective conditions instruct the cell to repair the gene.*
- If a mutant mRNA strand produces a protein that would
- result in a fitness benefit to the organism, the mRNA could
- be reverse transcribed into DNA. Strictly for the birds.
-
- 2.) *"Bad" genes that are needed are turned on by the cell and
- transcribed over and over - transcription itself is mutagenic
- so eventually the right mutation appears*
- Transcription is slightly mutagenic, but the effect is orders
- of magnitudes too small to explain the results of the experiments.
- Nice idea... but it's wrong.
-
- 3.) *Errors in DNA occur continually but, in the absence of selection,
- they are repaired*
- This way, mutation seems to be directed because "undirected" mutations
- get fixed. DNA is double stranded so it could keep mutations on one
- strand for awhile, see if they are any good and, if not, correct the
- error using the information from the other strand. Very nice idea, but
- there is evidence against it from experiments with mutant strains of
- bacteria that have their repair pathways knocked out.
-
- 4.) *The hypermutable state*
- Cells under starvation will sit things out until the picture really
- looks bleak for them, then mutate (randomly) the hell out of their
- DNA on the off chance off hitting the jackpot (getting the right
- mutation). Cells that don't get the right mutation die, cells that
- do live. Directed mutation is just an artifact because scientists
- never see all the mutations that didn't make it, only those that did.
-
- This predicts however that, among cells that did make it, there should
- be numerous other mutations. At first it seemed this was the case
- but later investigations did not bear this out. Hall (who proposed
- this model) torpedoed it himself in one of his papers. He took a
- gene that needed two mutations to revert to wild type and sequenced the
- revertants -- the only mutations he found were the "needed" ones!
- An absolutely beautiful and elegant idea... but wrong.
-
- 5.) *Cells routinely duplicate small portions of their genome.
- These duplications have many mutations. If they produce a protein that
- leads to higher fitness they are retained and the old region they
- are duplicated from is scrapped. If not, they eventually get scrapped*
- Foster and Cairns favor this, but I think Hall's data rules it
- out. Nice idea (very similar to the slow repair model), but I
- don't think so.
-
- All these assume that directed mutagenesis really occurs. Some
- doubt this (they're out of their minds 8-). See the Science
- article I cited in my previous post for their (mind numbingly
- improbable and lame) interpretations.
-
- See Foster and Cairns, 1992, Mechanisms of directed mutation,
- Genetics 131: 783-789 for more detailed info on some of the
- material above.
-
- >Eagerly awaiting Chris' report on that talk he mentioned...
-
- I am _so_ psyched to hear this seminar.
-
- >Dan
- >Danwell@IASTATE.EDU
-
- Chris Colby --- email: colby@bu-bio.bu.edu ---
- "'My boy,' he said, 'you are descended from a long line of determined,
- resourceful, microscopic tadpoles--champions every one.'"
- --Kurt Vonnegut from "Galapagos"
-
-