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- Path: sparky!uunet!olivea!sgigate!sgiblab!rtech!amdahl!dlb!megatest!mithril!bbowen
- From: bbowen@megatest.com (Bruce Bowen)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Black hole insights
- Message-ID: <C18EqF.86x@megatest.com>
- Date: 22 Jan 93 01:28:25 GMT
- Organization: Megatest Corporation
- Lines: 105
-
- Most discussions on black holes I've seen here focus mainly on
- kinematics of infalling bodies. The following are various thought
- questions/answers. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, all of what
- follows applies to an uncharged, non-rotating black hole.
-
-
-
- 1. Proper distance to the event horizon.
-
- From any point outside the event horizon, the proper length (ruler
- distance) to the event horizon is finite and can be obtained by
- integrating ds/dr of the Schwartzchild metric from the Schwartzchild
- radius to your radial point, while keeping t, theta and phi constant.
- The derivative though (ds/dr) diverges as one approaches the horizon,
- so it is an improper integral.
-
-
- 2. Time to fall into black hole.
-
- The coordinate time for an infalling infinitesimal testpoint to reach
- the horizon is infinite. The proper time is finite. The testpoint
- falls through the horizon perpendicularly, independent of what angle
- and speed it started, and locally at the speed of light.
-
- For a massive object, what horizon are you talking about? The horizon
- of the original black hole, or the horizon of the black hole + object?
-
-
- 3. Spacetime curvature.
-
- Is finite as one approaches the event horizon. This is reflected in
- the tidal forces experienced by an object in free fall. An object not
- in free fall and/or moving at a different speed will experience
- different tidal forces since lorentz contractions, and hence the
- object's spatial extent, will be different. An (infinitesimal) object
- falling through the event horizon falls through at speed "c", so it is
- lorentz contracted to zero thickness and doesn't experience tidal
- forces resulting from #4 below.
-
-
- 4. Local static gravitational force (Weight of a 1 gram object).
-
- This diverges (goes to infinity) as one approaches the horizon.
-
-
- 5. Suspended DC electrical transmission line.
-
- Voltage, current and total energy delivered in the line are
- proportional to the gravitational redshift. The power delivered is
- proportional to the redshift squared.
-
-
- 6. Extractable potential energy.
-
- If you lower a massive object into a black hole in a controlled manner
- and extract its released potential energy as you do so, say, by
- beaming it back up the above suspended DC transmission line, the total
- energy you can get back is equivalent to the mass of the original
- object. This could in theory be reconstituted into the original object.
- Which leads one to wonder, "What actually fell into the hole." Again,
- this is only true in the limit of an infinitesimal object.
-
-
- 7. Stable orbits.
-
- Stable orbits are impossible below a point which is significantly
- above the event horizon. I forget the exact value (2R, 3R?) but it's
- in MTW. One way to think of this is that you have to curve very
- little to go around the hole since space is already curving for you.
- So you generate very little "centrifugal" force to counteract gravity.
- All you have to do to circle the hole is go straight. Think of a
- cylinder with gravity pointing along the axis. No matter how fast you
- circle the cylinder, you generate no "centrifugal" force to oppose the
- gravity (or equivalently, the "centrifugal" force has no component in
- the cylindrical surface). Stable orbits ARE possible on a cone,
- provided the conic angle isn't to sharp (due to maximum speed of "c").
- Space is flat far away from the hole, "conic" as one approaches the
- hole, and in the limit, "cylindrical" at the horizon. If you plot
- only r and one circumferential coordinate, the actual surface is the
- top (or bottom, does YOUR rubber sheet bulge up or down? :) ) half of
- a parabaloid of revolution.
-
- For orientation only: y = x^2 + 1, x = (0,inf), rotated about x axis.
- Schwartzchild radial coordinate = "y". singularity at y=0. Proper
- radial length = arc length of parabola. Event horizon at y=1.
-
-
- 8. Not only curved spacetime, but curved space!
-
- In Euclidean space the surface area of a sphere is 4*pi*r^2 or
-
- r = 1/2 * sqrt(area/pi).
-
- The volume of a sphere is 4/3 * pi*r^3.
-
- r = (3/4 * volume/pi)^(1/3)
-
- If you measure the volume and surface area of a sphere surounding a
- massive object, and calculate r in both ways above, you get different
- answers. The volume equation gives you a bigger "r". Gravity packs
- more volume into a sphere! The hump in the surface is real, not just
- an anology. It's the plot of what you get when you drop out time and
- one spatial coordinate, or equivalently, a slice of spacetime with
- time and one spatial coordinate held constant, then imbedded into 3
- dimensions.
-