home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Path: sparky!uunet!hela.iti.org!usc!cs.utexas.edu!not-for-mail
- From: sharpes@c-17igp.wpafb.af.mil (Civ Daniel G. Sharpes)
- Newsgroups: sci.aeronautics
- Subject: FSW Info
- Date: 28 Jan 1993 21:00:52 -0600
- Organization: UTexas Mail-to-News Gateway
- Lines: 71
- Sender: daemon@cs.utexas.edu
- Message-ID: <9301290300.AA06330@c-17igp.wpafb.af.mil>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: cs.utexas.edu
-
-
- I wrote a series of articles on forward swept wings in '85 for the
- local AIAA newsletter. It was the capstone of four years of FSW work
- I did for the Air Force. I verified or developed theoretical
- equations that would predict the stability and control characteristics
- of forward swept wing aircraft.
- There are many good reasons to use forward sweep, most significant
- of which is the low-speed stall characteristics. (The best discussion of
- FSW benefits is in a Popular Science that came out in '83 or '84. It has
- lots of pictures and propaganda about the glories of forward thinking.)
- Because forward sweep was used on the X-29, though, several
- misconceptions about that technology have creeped in. The first is that
- forward sweep is unstable. It's not. Aircraft stability is determined
- by where the designers put the center of gravity. On the X-29, they
- decided to put the c.g. about 35% behind the aircraft's aerodynamic
- center. If you took the canard off, the plane was neutrally stable.
- The canard destabilized the configuration, not the wing.
- The other fallacy that has crept in is wing divergence. This error
- dates back to the late 40's when Diedrich and Budiansky published a
- NACA tech note (TN 1680) that said the wings would diverge and tear
- off. This is absolutely true for the condition they looked at. If you
- anchored a wing (like in a wind tunnel) and then increased the speed of
- the air going past it, the wing tips would bend up, increasing lift at
- the tips. This would cause more bending, would cause more lift, would
- cause ... until the wing broke off. HOWEVER, when the wing is on an
- airplane flying in the sky, the wingtip bends up, produces more lift,
- and the airplane climbs! The wing will NOT rip off. In fact, the
- speed limit for forward swept wings isn't the divergence speed but
- elevator control power! If the pilot wants to maintain the same
- altitude, he or she will push forward on the stick. At some speed,
- there simply won't be enough nose-down elevator to overcome the
- increased wing lift. This is exactly what happened on the Ju-287, the
- 6-jet-engine bomber and it was found during high-speed dive tests.
- When the pilot began to pull out of the dive, the stick forces were
- lighter than they should have been. The wing tips had deflected up and
- were creating more lift.
- Anyway, there have been quite a few aircraft with FSWs. These
- include the Bugatti R-100 (a racer that never flew due to the Nazis), a
- Swiss plane, the Pilatus SB-2 Pelican, Sweden's MFI-9B trainer and MFI
- 15 Safari (many of both flying today), the Czech Zlin Model 142
- (certified for aerobatics in '73 by the FAA), and the prototype
- Fantrainer and the HFB 320 Hansa Jet from Germany (BTW, Hans Wocke was
- the designer for both the Ju-287 & the Hansa Jet). Many gliders use
- forward sweep, including some older Soviet birds. During WW 2, the Air
- Corps looked into a fuel carrying glider that would be towed behind
- B-29s. It had forward swept wings.
- My bottom line (yea, finally!) is this: trying to compare forward
- sweep with aft sweep to see which one is best is opening a can of
- worms. There are too many design considerations and trade offs.
- IMHO, forward sweep should be seen as one of several design options to
- produce an aircraft that meets the spec it's being built against.
- As one airplane designer has said, "There are no unique solutions, only
- unique problems to solve."
-
- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- + _____________ +
- + Dan | "It's not a real plane +
- + Sharpes | unless you can stand +
- + _|_ up inside it" +
- + \____________/===\____________/ +
- + (*) (*)( . )(*) (*) +
- + \___/ +
- + +
- + Opinions expressed are mine alone, and not another's +
- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
- (BTW, I still have all my references from my AF work - four 3" three
- ring binders full of wind tunnel data. If there's interest, I can upload
- the bibliography to my report, _Validation of USAF Stability and Control
- Datcom Methodologies for Straight-Tapered Sweptforward Wings_,
- AFWAL-TR-84-3084.)
-