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- From: zellner@stsci.edu
- Subject: Re: Why the sky is blue - again
- Message-ID: <1992Dec22.105404.1@stsci.edu>
- Lines: 54
- Sender: news@stsci.edu
- Organization: Space Telescope Science Institute
- References: <2934091690.14.p00168@psilink.com>
- Distribution: na
- Date: Tue, 22 Dec 1992 15:54:04 GMT
-
-
- > OK. Let's see if I'm getting anywhere. All the light hits
- > the atmosphere and starts bouncing around, the odds of it bouncing
- > being some factor of how many molecules there are to hit, how big they
- > are, and so forth, and on the wavelength; the odds of bouncing get better
- > the shorter the wavelength gets. I assume the Rayleigh equations
- > calculate the actual odds, given a molecular size, density, and a
- > wavelength....
-
- That's essentially correct. Actually you get a scattering efficiency - the
- ratio of the cross-section of light removed from the beam to the geometrical
- cross-section of the scatterer - which increases as the fourth power of the
- size/wavelength parameter. You just multiply the scattering cross-section per
- particle by the number of particles in the beam.
-
- > Blue takes enough extra bounces that a lot more of it bounces into the eye
- > than do the lower frequencies. The lower frequencies do in
- > fact get back to the eye, but compared with the blue, they're small change.
- > When looking through a lot of the atmosphere toward the rising horizon,
- > more of the blue has scattered, leaving relatively more red, which has
- > miraculously managed to come through almost unscathed -- unscattered.
-
- Generally there is only one "bounce"; the atmosphere is optically thin at
- visible wavelengths. It's not the number of bounces that counts, but the
- probablility of bouncing.
-
- > Does this mean that UV-sky is "brighter" than the blue?
-
- In the near UV the scattering efficiency as described above is higher. But
- the sun isn't very bright in the UV, and the higher optical depth starts to
- take a toll - more of the light is scattered back into space. In the
- "vacuum UV", shortward of about 3000A, you start to get true atomic ABSORPTIONS
- by O3, O2, O, and nitrogen. Recall to kick an atom into a higher electronic
- state or to ionize it you generally need 5 to 10 electron volts, which is in
- the UV in terms of photon energy.
-
- > Let me guess. UV is short enough to where the molecule size starts to
- > matter ...
-
- Nope. Remember molecules are only a few Angstroms in size. The wavelength
- is still a thousand times larger.
-
- > O3 is more opaque than O2.
-
- The O3 absorption is a true absorption, not a pure-scattering phenomenon.
- The photon doesn't just bounce, it's destroyed. The atom that did the
- absorbing can re-radiate the energy at the same wavelength (resonant
- scattering), or it can radiate several photons at longer wavelengths as it
- cascades down through electronic energy levels (airglow), or the energy can
- be thermalized by collisions between atoms. But the process is entirely
- different from Rayleigh scattering.
-
- Ben
-
-