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- Newsgroups: comp.speech
- Path: sparky!uunet!spool.mu.edu!umn.edu!lynx!nmsu.edu!opus!ted
- From: ted@nmsu.edu (Ted Dunning)
- Subject: Re: Fundamental Frequencies of the Musical Notes
- In-Reply-To: ted@nmsu.edu's message of Fri, 1 Jan 1993 20:47:23 GMT
- Message-ID: <TED.93Jan1173824@lole.nmsu.edu>
- Sender: usenet@nmsu.edu
- Reply-To: ted@nmsu.edu
- Organization: Computing Research Lab
- References: <1993Jan1.105401.46023@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu> <TED.93Jan1134723@lole.nmsu.edu>
- Date: Sat, 2 Jan 1993 00:38:24 GMT
- Lines: 103
-
-
-
- i got a question on my last posting and reckon that my answer will be
- of rather general interest. i am sure that there are quite a number
- of people out there who can correct me in the places that i go wrong.
- please feel free to do so, if you know better than i.
-
-
-
- To: williamb%ee.ubc.ca
- In-reply-to: william burchill's message of Fri, 1 Jan 93 15:56:15 -0800 <9301012356.AA11807@fs0.ee.ubc.ca>
- Subject: Fundamental Frequencies of the Musical Notes
- Reply-to: ted@nmsu.edu
- --text follows this line--
-
- > Could you tell me, is there agreement on the absoulute frequencies?
-
- 440 A and 256 C define slightly different scales that are used in
- slightly different situations. i think that most pianos are usually tuned
- with 256 = C, while orchestras (in my limited experience) invariably
- use 440 = A
-
- > Also, what is a "well tempered scale" and where can I read more on
- > this subject?
-
- originally, scales were defined by going around the `circle of fifths'
- (or the essentially equivalent circle of fourths). this is done by
- going up a perfect fifth from your base note (let's pick middle C). a
- perfect fifth is a factor of 1.5 in frequency and corresponds to 7
- semi-tones. from C, this takes us to G which would thus have a
- frequency of 1.5 * 256 = 384 hertz. doing this repeatedly gives us
- the following frequencies:
-
- tone reduced freq note
- 0 0 256 C
- 7 7 384.0 G
- 14 2 288.00 D
- 21 9 432.00 A
- 28 4 324.00 E
- 35 11 486.00 B
- 42 6 364.50 F+
- 49 1 273.37 C+
- 56 8 410.06 G+
- 63 3 307.54 D+
- 70 10 461.32 A+
- 77 5 345.99 F
- 84 0 518.98 C
-
- sorting this by frequency gives us
-
- tone reduced freq ratio note
- 0 0 256 C
- 49 1 273.37 1.067 C#
- 14 2 288.00 1.053 D
- 63 3 307.54 1.067 D#
- 28 4 324.00 1.053 E
- 77 5 345.99 1.067 F
- 42 6 364.50 1.053 F#
- 7 7 384.0 1.053 G
- 56 8 410.06 1.067 G#
- 21 9 432.00 1.053 A
- 70 10 461.32 1.067 A#
- 35 11 486.00 1.053 B
- 84 0 518.98 1.067 C
-
- there are several problems with this. first, C an octave up isn't
- right (it is 1.4% off, which is plenty enough to sound terrible).
- secondly, chords other than the fifths used to construct the scale
- sound off. for example F# and the C above middle C have a frequency
- ratio of 1.42 instead of the desired 1.5 (and if we use 512Hz instead
- of 519Hz the ratio is 1.40 instead). this error is absolutely gross
- if you actually hear it.
-
- to avoid this, many different tunings were developed other than the
- one based on perfect fifths or fourths and great efforts were made to
- avoid using the intervals that sounded bad in each tuning. with
- plucked or bowed string instruments, this problem isn't too terribly
- bad since the natural, good-sounding chords are also the natural
- fingerings for the most part.
-
- just this problem of tuning was exactly the source of a profound
- problem in pythagorean philosophy which was based entirely on the
- apparent fact that various harmonious ratios seemed universal.
- ultimately, it turned out that these ratios weren't all they were
- cracked up to be, and irrationals had to be developed.
-
- finally, bach popularized what he called `well tempered tuning'. i
- don't know the latin or german original phrase, but i am pretty sure
- that bach didn't actually invent the tuning, but was merely the most
- prominent composer to write prolifically for it. this tuning allows
- much greater flexibility in making chords by spreading out the errors
- which occur in a natural tuning at the cost of making all the
- pythagorean intervals such as fourths and fifths sound every so
- slightly off.
-
- this adjustment can be done numerically as was illustrated in my
- previous posting. i think that in practice, some slight adjustments
- are still made so that common chords sounds slightly better than
- others. i know for certain that many synthetic music sources make
- adjustments to the well tempered scale because there are limitations
- on the frequencies which can be generated easily by frequency
- division.
-
-