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- Path: sparky!uunet!olivea!sgigate!rutgers!igor.rutgers.edu!planchet.rutgers.edu!nanotech
- From: landman@hal.com (Howard Landman)
- Newsgroups: sci.nanotech
- Subject: Energy cost of nano-scale observation
- Keywords: energy observe cost molecule Avogadro Planck
- Message-ID: <Nov.20.21.16.55.1992.26463@planchet.rutgers.edu>
- Date: 21 Nov 92 02:16:56 GMT
- Sender: nanotech@planchet.rutgers.edu
- Organization: HaL Computer Systems, Inc.
- Lines: 87
- Approved: nanotech@aramis.rutgers.edu
-
- Consider the following scenario: we wish to construct an object massing
- 1 kg from molecular building blocks. During construction, we must
- examine the work in progress after each step to be certain that it is
- correct. This requires a vast number of measurements, and, as we know,
- measurements require the expenditure of free energy. Is the energy
- cost of such a procedure prohibitive? To get a handle on this, I ran
- the following calculation through a spreadsheet. You can argue with
- some of the assumptions, but I don't think the "real" answer can be
- more than a factor of 1,000 away from what I get here.
-
- I would like feedback in the form of alternate assumptions or critiques of
- the existing ones.
-
- 1000 grams (object)
- / 89 grams/mole (for alanine, a simple amino acid building block)
- -------
- 11.23 moles
- * 6.0E+23 molecules/mole (Avogadro's number)
- -------
- 6.8E+24 molecules
- * 1 photon/molecule (perfect efficiency - must be too low)
- -------
- 6.8E+24 photons
- * 3.6E-12 ergs/photon (yellow-green light, 5560 Angstroms)
- -------
- 2.4E+13 ergs
- / 1.0E+07 ergs/joule
- -------
- 2.4E+06 joules (= watt-seconds)
- / 3600 seconds/hour
- -------
- 669 Watt-hours
- / 1000 Watts/kW
- -------
- 0.669 kW-hours
- * 0.138 dollars/kW-hour (from my last PG&E bill)
- -------
- 0.092 dollars
-
- Assumptions:
-
- Building block size of alanine. I think this is conservative for most real
- nanotech, which will assemble larger chunks. However, for Merkle-style
- atom-at-a-time construction of diamond with abstraction of hydrogens in
- intermediate steps, the effective molecular weight could be 12 or less.
-
- Observing with light. There may be other (more or less efficient) ways to
- observe. Propose some. I chose 5560 angstroms since that is the wavelength
- to which the human eye is most sensitive. Some people have argued that such
- a photon can't measure anything smaller than its own wavelength (thus we need
- X-rays instead), but I don't buy that. Fluorescein is smaller than the
- wavelength of the light it so efficiently emits, to say nothing of the sodium
- D-line. Once you decide on a wavelength, you get energy by dividing into the
- speed of light to get frequency, and multiplying by Planck's constant.
-
- Likewise, the perfect quantum efficiency assumed may seem unrealistic
- but the real question is free energy per measurement anyway. Consider a
- mechanism in which a hinged lever is pressed against the workpiece, and the
- far-end deflection is a (magnified) measure of whether the desired reaction
- took place. This pressing may be done slowly and nearly reversibly. Can we
- thus reduce the required photon energy, by bouncing it off the lever instead
- of the workpiece? Also, a small angular deflection (of, say, a mirror) can be
- turned into a large positional difference (of a photon bounced off that mirror).
- Consider sticking a mirror on the lever ...
-
- A lower bound on the energy cost can be had by considering the equivalence
- of information and a change in entropy, and assuming room temperature. I
- haven't run through this one yet. Clearly, at least one bit of information
- is required (good or bad?).
-
- The only other assumption is the cost of electricity (and the implicit one
- that it can be converted to photons efficiently). This is probably pretty
- good. Especially if nanotech makes electricity "too cheap to meter". :-)
- And gives us really good molecular "LEDs".
-
- Howard A. Landman
- landman@hal.com
-
- [Given the existence of nano-scale robot arms for construction, using
- a similar arm as a nano-AFM (or indeed, just another tool on the same
- arm) seems reasonable. If you build the arm to ask the question right,
- (i.e. with one-bit answer), you can get away with kT ln 2 J per
- question; the total energy is in the kilojoules rather than the
- megajoules. However, this represents a theoretical lower limit,
- and I wouldn't be too surprized if in actual applications Howard's
- figures were closer to the truth.
- --JoSH]
-