PC World 1999 August/PCWorld_1999-08_cd.bin/doc/HOWTO/Ethernet-HOWTO

Text File | 1999-05-19 | 222KB | 5,677 lines

  Linux Ethernet-Howto
  by Paul Gortmaker
  v2.7, 5 May 1999

  This is the Ethernet-Howto, which is a compilation of information
  about which ethernet devices can be used for Linux, and how to set
  them up.   Note that this Howto is focused on the hardware and low
  level driver aspect of the ethernet cards, and does not cover the
  software end of things like ifconfig and route. See the Network Howto
  for that stuff.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents





















































  1. Introduction

     1.1 New Versions of this Document
     1.2 Using the Ethernet-Howto
     1.3 HELP - It doesn't work!

  2. What card should I buy for Linux?

     2.1 So What Drivers are Stable?
     2.2 Eight bit vs 16 bit Cards
     2.3 32 Bit (VLB/EISA/PCI) Ethernet Cards
     2.4 Available 100Mbs Cards and Drivers
     2.5 100VG versus 100BaseT
     2.6 Type of cable that your card should support

  3. Frequently Asked Questions

     3.1 Alpha Drivers -- Getting and Using them
     3.2 Using More than one Ethernet Card per Machine
     3.3 The
     3.4 Problems with NE1000 / NE2000 cards (and clones)
     3.5 Problems with SMC Ultra/EtherEZ and WD80*3 cards
     3.6 Problems with 3Com cards
     3.7 FAQs Not Specific to Any Card.
        3.7.1 Linux and ISA Plug and Play Ethernet Cards
        3.7.2 Ethercard is Not Detected at Boot.
        3.7.3 (TT
        3.7.4 PCI machine detects card but driver fails probe.
        3.7.5 Shared Memory ISA cards in PCI Machine do not work (
        3.7.6 Card seems to send data but never receives anything.
        3.7.7 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Support
        3.7.8 Gigabyte Ethernet Support
        3.7.9 FDDI Support
        3.7.10 Full Duplex Support
        3.7.11 Ethernet Cards for Linux on SMP Machines
        3.7.12 Ethernet Cards for Linux on Alpha/AXP PCI Boards
        3.7.13 Ethernet for Linux on SUN/Sparc Hardware.
        3.7.14 Ethernet for Linux on Other Hardware.
        3.7.15 Linking 10 or 100 BaseT without a Hub
        3.7.16 SIOCSIFxxx: No such device
        3.7.17 SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again
        3.7.18 Using `ifconfig' and Link UNSPEC with HW-addr of 00:00:00:00:00:00
        3.7.19 Huge Number of RX and TX Errors
        3.7.20 Entries in
        3.7.21 Linux and ``trailers''
        3.7.22 Access to the raw Ethernet Device

  4. Performance Tips

     4.1 General Concepts
     4.2 ISA Cards and ISA Bus Speed
     4.3 Setting the TCP Rx Window
     4.4 Increasing NFS performance

  5. Vendor/Manufacturer/Model Specific Information

     5.1 3Com
        5.1.1 3c501
        5.1.2 EtherLink II, 3c503, 3c503/16
        5.1.3 Etherlink Plus 3c505
        5.1.4 Etherlink-16 3c507
        5.1.5 Etherlink III, 3c509 / 3c509B
        5.1.6 3c515
        5.1.7 3c523
        5.1.8 3c527
        5.1.9 3c529
        5.1.10 3c562
        5.1.11 3c575
        5.1.12 3c579
        5.1.13 3c589 / 3c589B
        5.1.14 3c590 / 3c595
        5.1.15 3c592 / 3c597
        5.1.16 3c900 / 3c905 / 3c905B
        5.1.17 3c985
     5.2 Accton
        5.2.1 Accton MPX
        5.2.2 Accton EN1203, EN1207, EtherDuo-PCI
        5.2.3 Accton EN2209 Parallel Port Adaptor (EtherPocket)
        5.2.4 Accton EN2212 PCMCIA Card
     5.3 Allied Telesyn/Telesis
        5.3.1 AT1500
        5.3.2 AT1700
        5.3.3 AT2450
        5.3.4 AT2500
        5.3.5 AT2540FX
     5.4 AMD / Advanced Micro Devices
        5.4.1 AMD LANCE (7990, 79C960/961/961A, PCnet-ISA)
        5.4.2 AMD 79C965 (PCnet-32)
        5.4.3 AMD 79C970/970A (PCnet-PCI)
        5.4.4 AMD 79C971 (PCnet-FAST)
        5.4.5 AMD 79C972 (PCnet-FAST+)
        5.4.6 AMD 79C974 (PCnet-SCSI)
     5.5 Ansel Communications
        5.5.1 AC3200 EISA
     5.6 Apricot
        5.6.1 Apricot Xen-II On Board Ethernet
     5.7 Arcnet
     5.8 AT&T
        5.8.1 AT&T T7231 (LanPACER+)
     5.9 Boca Research
        5.9.1 Boca BEN (ISA, VLB, PCI)
     5.10 Cabletron
        5.10.1 E10**, E10**-x, E20**, E20**-x
        5.10.2 E2100
        5.10.3 E22**
     5.11 Cogent
        5.11.1 EM100-ISA/EISA
        5.11.2 Cogent eMASTER+, EM100-PCI, EM400, EM960, EM964
     5.12 Compaq
        5.12.1 Compaq Deskpro / Compaq XL (Embedded AMD Chip)
        5.12.2 Compaq Nettelligent/NetFlex (Embedded ThunderLAN Chip)
     5.13 Danpex
        5.13.1 Danpex EN9400
     5.14 D-Link
        5.14.1 DE-100, DE-200, DE-220-T, DE-250
        5.14.2 DE-520
        5.14.3 DE-528
        5.14.4 DE-530
        5.14.5 DE-600
        5.14.6 DE-620
        5.14.7 DE-650
     5.15 DFI
        5.15.1 DFINET-300 and DFINET-400
     5.16 Digital / DEC
        5.16.1 DEPCA, DE100/1, DE200/1/2, DE210, DE422
        5.16.2 Digital EtherWorks 3 (DE203, DE204, DE205)
        5.16.3 DE425 EISA, DE434, DE435, DE500
        5.16.4 DEC 21040, 21041, 2114x, Tulip
     5.17 Farallon
        5.17.1 Farallon Etherwave
     5.18 Fujitsu
        5.18.1 Fujitsu FMV-181/182/183/184
     5.19 Hewlett Packard
        5.19.1 27245A
        5.19.2 HP EtherTwist, PC Lan+ (27247, 27252A)
        5.19.3 HP-J2405A
        5.19.4 HP-Vectra On Board Ethernet
        5.19.5 HP 10/100 VG Any Lan Cards (27248B, J2573, J2577, J2585, J970, J973)
        5.19.6 HP NetServer 10/100TX PCI (D5013A)
     5.20 IBM / International Business Machines
        5.20.1 IBM Thinkpad 300
        5.20.2 IBM Credit Card Adaptor for Ethernet
        5.20.3 IBM Token Ring
     5.21 ICL Ethernet Cards
        5.21.1 ICL EtherTeam 16i/32
     5.22 Intel Ethernet Cards
        5.22.1 Ether Express
        5.22.2 Ether Express PRO/10
        5.22.3 Ether Express PRO/10 PCI (EISA)
        5.22.4 Ether Express PRO 10/100B
     5.23 Kingston
     5.24 LinkSys
        5.24.1 LinkSys Etherfast 10/100 Cards.
        5.24.2 LinkSys Pocket Ethernet Adapter Plus (PEAEPP)
        5.24.3 LinkSys PCMCIA Adaptor
     5.25 Microdyne
        5.25.1 Microdyne Exos 205T
     5.26 Mylex
        5.26.1 Mylex LNE390A, LNE390B
        5.26.2 Mylex LNP101
        5.26.3 Mylex LNP104
     5.27 Novell Ethernet, NExxxx and associated clones.
        5.27.1 NE1000, NE2000
        5.27.2 NE2000-PCI (RealTek/Winbond/Compex)
        5.27.3 NE-10/100
        5.27.4 NE1500, NE2100
        5.27.5 NE/2 MCA
        5.27.6 NE3200
        5.27.7 NE3210
        5.27.8 NE5500
     5.28 Proteon
        5.28.1 Proteon P1370-EA
        5.28.2 Proteon P1670-EA
     5.29 Pure Data
        5.29.1 PDUC8028, PDI8023
     5.30 Racal-Interlan
        5.30.1 ES3210
        5.30.2 NI5010
        5.30.3 NI5210
        5.30.4 NI6510 (not EB)
        5.30.5 EtherBlaster (aka NI6510EB)
     5.31 RealTek
        5.31.1 RealTek RTL8002/8012 (AT-Lan-Tec) Pocket adaptor
        5.31.2 RealTek 8009
        5.31.3 RealTek 8019
        5.31.4 RealTek 8029
        5.31.5 RealTek 8129/8139
     5.32 Sager
        5.32.1 Sager NP943
     5.33 Schneider & Koch
        5.33.1 SK G16
     5.34 SEEQ
        5.34.1 SEEQ 8005
     5.35 SMC (Standard Microsystems Corp.)
        5.35.1 WD8003, SMC Elite
        5.35.2 WD8013, SMC Elite16
        5.35.3 SMC Elite Ultra
        5.35.4 SMC Elite Ultra32 EISA
        5.35.5 SMC EtherEZ (8416)
        5.35.6 SMC EtherPower PCI (8432)
        5.35.7 SMC EtherPower II PCI (9432)
        5.35.8 SMC 3008
        5.35.9 SMC 3016
        5.35.10 SMC-9000 / SMC 91c92/4
        5.35.11 SMC 91c100
     5.36 Texas Instruments
        5.36.1 ThunderLAN
     5.37 Thomas Conrad
        5.37.1 Thomas Conrad TC-5048
     5.38 VIA
        5.38.1 VIA 86C926 Amazon
        5.38.2 VIA 86C100A Rhine II (and 3043 Rhine I)
     5.39 Western Digital
     5.40 Winbond
        5.40.1 Winbond 89c840
        5.40.2 Winbond 89c940
     5.41 Xircom
        5.41.1 Xircom PE1, PE2, PE3-10B*
        5.41.2 Xircom PCMCIA Cards
     5.42 Zenith
        5.42.1 Z-Note
     5.43 Znyx
        5.43.1 Znyx ZX342 (DEC 21040 based)
     5.44 Identifying an Unknown Card
        5.44.1 Identifying the Network Interface Controller
        5.44.2 Identifying the Ethernet Address
        5.44.3 Tips on Trying to Use an Unknown Card
     5.45 Drivers for Non-Ethernet Devices

  6. Cables, Coax, Twisted Pair

     6.1 Thin Ethernet (thinnet)
     6.2 Twisted Pair
     6.3 Thick Ethernet

  7. Software Configuration and Card Diagnostics

     7.1 Configuration Programs for Ethernet Cards
        7.1.1 WD80x3 Cards
        7.1.2 Digital / DEC Cards
        7.1.3 NE2000+ or AT/LANTIC Cards
        7.1.4 3Com Cards
     7.2 Diagnostic Programs for Ethernet Cards

  8. Technical Information

     8.1 Programmed I/O vs. Shared Memory vs. DMA
        8.1.1 Programmed I/O (e.g. NE2000, 3c509)
        8.1.2 Shared memory (e.g. WD80x3, SMC-Ultra, 3c503)
        8.1.3 Slave (normal) Direct Memory Access (e.g. none for Linux!)
        8.1.4 Bus Master Direct Memory Access (e.g. LANCE, DEC 21040)
     8.2 Writing a Driver
     8.3 Driver interface to the kernel
        8.3.1 Probe
        8.3.2 Interrupt handler
        8.3.3 Transmit function
        8.3.4 Receive function
        8.3.5 Open function
        8.3.6 Close function (optional)
        8.3.7 Miscellaneous functions
     8.4 Technical information from 3Com
     8.5 Notes on AMD PCnet / LANCE Based cards
     8.6 Multicast and Promiscuous Mode
     8.7 The Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF)
  9. Networking with a Laptop/Notebook Computer

     9.1 Using SLIP
     9.2 PCMCIA Support
     9.3 ISA Ethercard in the Docking Station.
     9.4 Pocket / parallel port adaptors.

  10. Miscellaneous.

     10.1 Passing Ethernet Arguments to the Kernel
        10.1.1 The
        10.1.2 The
     10.2 Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules
     10.3 Related Documentation
     10.4 Disclaimer and Copyright
     10.5 Closing


  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction


  The Ethernet-Howto covers what cards you should and shouldn't buy; how
  to set them up, how to run more than one, and other common problems
  and questions. It contains detailed information on the current level
  of support for all of the most common ethernet cards available.

  It does not cover the software end of things, as that is covered in
  the NET-3 Howto. Also note that general non-Linux specific questions
  about Ethernet are not (or at least they should not be) answered here.
  For those types of questions, see the excellent amount of information
  in the comp.dcom.lans.ethernet FAQ. You can FTP it from rtfm.mit.edu
  just like all the other newsgroup FAQs.

  This present revision covers distribution kernels up to and including
  2.2.7.

  The Ethernet-Howto is by:

       Paul Gortmaker, [e-mail]


  The primary source of information for the initial ASCII-only version
  of the Ethernet-Howto was:

       Donald J. Becker, [e-mail]


  who we should thank for writing the vast majority of ethernet card
  drivers that are presently available for Linux. He also is the author
  of the original NFS server too. Thanks Donald!

  This document is Copyright (c) 1993-1999 by Paul Gortmaker.  Please
  see the Disclaimer and Copying information at the end of this document
  (``copyright'') for information about redistribution of this document
  and the usual `we are not responsible for what you manage to break...'
  type legal stuff.


  1.1.  New Versions of this Document


  New versions of this document can be retrieved from:


  Ethernet-HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Ethernet-HOWTO.html>

  or for those wishing to use FTP and/or get non-HTML formats:

  Sunsite HOWTO Archive <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/>

  This is the `official' location - it can also be found on various
  Linux WWW/ftp mirror sites. Updates will be made as new information
  and/or drivers becomes available. If this copy that you are reading is
  more than 6 months old, then you should check to see if an updated
  copy is available.

  This document is available in various formats (postscript, dvi, ASCII,
  HTML, etc.).  I would recommend viewing it in HTML (via a WWW browser)
  or the Postscript/dvi format. Both of these contain cross-references
  that are not included in the plain text ASCII format.



  1.2.  Using the Ethernet-Howto


  As this guide is getting bigger and bigger, you probably don't want to
  spend the rest of your afternoon reading the whole thing. And the good
  news is that you don't have to read it all. The HTML and
  Postscript/dvi versions have a table of contents which will really
  help you find what you need a lot faster.

  Chances are you are reading this document beacuse you can't get things
  to work and you don't know what to do or check. The next section
  (``HELP - It doesn't work!'')  is aimed at newcomers to linux and will
  point you in the right direction.

  Typically the same problems and questions are asked over and over
  again by different people. Chances are your specific problem or
  question is one of these Frequently Asked Questions, and is answered
  in the FAQ portion of this document .  (``The FAQ section'').
  Everybody should have a look through this section before posting for
  help.

  If you haven't got an ethernet card, then you will want to start with
  deciding on a card.  (``What card should I buy...'')

  If you have already got an ethernet card, but are not sure if you can
  use it with Linux, then you will want to read the section which
  contains specific information on each manufacturer, and their cards.
  (``Vendor Specific...'')

  If you are interested in some of the technical aspects of the Linux
  device drivers, then you can have a browse of the section with this
  type of information.  (``Technical Information'')


  1.3.  HELP - It doesn't work!


  Okay, don't panic. This will lead you through the process of getting
  things working, even if you have no prior background in linux or
  ethernet hardware.

  First thing you need to do is figure out what model your card is so
  you can determine if Linux has a driver for that particular card.
  Different cards typically have different ways of being controlled by
  the host computer, and the linux driver (if there is one) contains
  this control information in a format that allows linux to use the
  card.  If you don't have any manuals or anything of the sort that tell
  you anything about the card model, then you can try the section on
  helping with mystery cards (reference section: ``Identifying an
  Unknown Card'').

  Now that you know what type of card you have, read through the details
  of your particular card in the card specific section (reference
  section: ``Vendor Specific...'')  which lists in alphabetical order,
  card manufacturers, individual model numbers and whether it has a
  linux driver or not. If it lists it as `Not Supported' you can pretty
  much give up here. If you can't find your card in that list, then
  check to see if your card manual lists it as being `compatible' with
  another known card type. For example there are hundreds, if not
  thousands of different cards made to be compatible with the original
  Novell NE2000 design.

  Assuming you have found out that a linux driver exists for your card,
  you now have to find it and make use of it.  Just because linux has a
  driver for your card does not mean that it is built into every kernel.
  (The kernel is the core operating system that is first loaded at boot,
  and contains drivers for various pieces of hardware, among other
  things.)  Depending on who made the particular linux distribution you
  are using, there may be only a few pre-built kernels, and a whole
  bunch of drivers as smaller separate modules, or there may be a whole
  lot of kernels, covering a vast combination of built-in driver
  combinations.

  Most linux distributions now ship with a bunch of small modules that
  are the various drivers.  The required modules are typically loaded
  late in the boot process, or on-demand as a driver is needed to access
  a particualr device.  You will need to attach this module to the
  kernel after it has booted up. See the information that came with your
  distribution on installing and using modules, along with the module
  section in this document.  (``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'')

  If you didn't find either a pre-built kernel with your driver, or a
  module form of the driver, chances are you have a typically uncommon
  card, and you will have to build your own kernel with that driver
  included. Once you have linux installed, building a custom kernel is
  not difficult at all. You essentially answer yes or no to what you
  want the kernel to contain, and then tell it to build it. There is a
  Kernel-HowTo that will help you along.

  At this point you should have somehow managed to be booting a kernel
  with your driver built in, or be loading it as a module.  About half
  of the problems people have are related to not having driver loaded
  one way or another, so you may find things work now.

  If it still doesn't work, then you need to verify that the kernel is
  indeed detecting the card. To do this, you need to type dmesg | more
  when  logged in after the system has booted and all modules have been
  loaded.  This will allow you to review the boot messages that the
  kernel scrolled up the screen during the boot process.  If the card
  has been detected, you should see somewhere in that list a message
  from your card's driver that starts with eth0, mentions the driver
  name and the hardware parameters (interrupt setting, input/output port
  address, etc) that the card is set for. (Note: At boot, linux lists
  all the PCI cards installed in the system, regardless of what drivers
  are available - do not mistake this for the driver detection which
  comes later!)

  If you don't see a driver indentification message like this, then the
  driver didn't detect your card, and that is why things aren't working.
  See the FAQ (``The FAQ Section'') for what to do if your card is not
  detected. If you have a NE2000 compatible, there is also some NE2000
  specific tips on getting a card detected in the FAQ section as well.

  If the card is detected, but the detection message reports some sort
  of error, like a resource conflict, then the driver probably won't
  have initialized properly and the card still wont be useable. Most
  common error messages of this sort are also listed in the FAQ section,
  along with a solution.

  If the detection message seems okay, then double check the card
  resources reported by the driver against those that the card is
  physically set for (either by little black jumpers on the card, or by
  a software utility supplied by the card manufacturer.)  These must
  match exactly. For example, if you have the card jumpered or
  configured to IRQ 15 and the driver reports IRQ 10 in the boot
  messages, things will not work. The FAQ section discusses the most
  common cases of drivers incorrectly detecting the configuration
  information of various cards.

  At this point, you have managed to get you card detected with all the
  correct parameters, and hopefully everything is working.  If not, then
  you either have a software configuration error, or a hardware
  configuration error. A software configuration error is not setting up
  the right network addresses for the ifconfig and route commands, and
  details of how to do that are fully described in the Network HowTo and
  the `Network Administrator's Guide' which both probably came on the
  CD-ROM you installed from.

  A hardware configuration error is when some sort of resource conflict
  or mis-configuration (that the driver didn't detect at boot) stops the
  card from working properly. This typically can be observed in several
  different ways. (1) You get an error message when ifconfig tries to
  open the device for use, such as ``SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again''. (2) The
  driver reports eth0 error messages (viewed by dmesg | more) or strange
  inconsistencies for each time it tries to send or receive data. (3)
  Typing cat /proc/net/dev shows non-zero numbers in one of the errs,
  drop, fifo, frame or carrier columns for eth0. (4) Typing cat
  /proc/interrupts shows a zero interrupt count for the card.  Most of
  the typical hardware configuration errors are also discussed in the
  FAQ section.

  Well, if you have got to this point and things still aren't working,
  read the FAQ section of this document, read the vendor specific
  section detailing your particular card, and if it still doesn't work
  then you may have to resort to posting to an appropriate newsgroup for
  help. If you do post, please detail all relevant information in that
  post, such as the card brand, the kernel version, the driver boot
  messages, the output from cat /proc/net/dev, a clear description of
  the problem, and of course what you have already tried to do in an
  effort to get things to work.

  You would be surprised at how many people post useless things like
  ``Can someone help me? My ethernet doesn't work.'' and nothing else.
  Readers of the newsgroups tend to ignore such silly posts, whereas a
  detailed and informational problem description may allow a `linux-
  guru' to spot your problem right away.



  2.  What card should I buy for Linux?


  The answer to this question depends heavily on exactly what you intend
  on doing with your net connection, and how much traffic it will see.

  If you only expect a single user to be doing the occasional ftp
  session or WWW connection, then even an old 8 bit ISA card will
  probably keep you happy.

  If you intend to set up a server, and you require the CPU overhead of
  Rx'ing and Tx'ing network data to be kept to a minimum, you probably
  want to look at one of the PCI cards that uses a chip with bus-
  mastering capapbility, such as the DEC tulip (21xxx) chip, or the AMD
  PCnet-PCI chip.

  If you fall somewhere in the middle of the above, then any one of the
  low cost PCI or 16 bit ISA cards with stable drivers will do the job
  for you.


  2.1.  So What Drivers are Stable?


  Of the 16 bit ISA cards, the following drivers are very mature, and
  you shouldn't have any problems if you buy a card that uses these
  drivers.

  SMC-Ultra/EtherEZ, SMC-Elite (WD80x3), 3c509, Lance, NE2000.

  This is not to say that all the other drivers are unstable.  It just
  happens that the above are the oldest and most used of all the linux
  drivers, making them the safest choice.

  Note that some el-cheapo motherboards can have trouble with the bus-
  mastering that the ISA Lance cards do, and some el-cheapo NE2000
  clones can have trouble getting detected at boot.

  The most commonly used linux PCI drivers are probably the 3Com
  Vortex/Boomerang (3c59x/3c9xx), the DEC tulip (21xxx), and the Intel
  EtherExpressPro 100.  The various PCI-NE2000 clone cards are also
  extremely common, but purchasing a PCI-NE2000 clone card is not
  recommended unless the lowest possible price is more important than
  having a modern high-performace design card.



  2.2.  Eight bit vs 16 bit Cards


  You probably can't buy a new 8 bit ISA ethercard anymore, but you will
  find lots of them turning up at computer swap meets and the like for
  the next few years, at very low prices.  This will make them popular
  for ``home-ethernet'' systems.  The above holds true for 16 bit ISA
  cards now as well, since PCI cards are now very common.

  Some 8 bit cards that will provide adequate performance for light to
  average use are the wd8003, the 3c503 and the ne1000.  The 3c501
  provides poor performance, and these poor 12 year old relics of the XT
  days should be avoided. (Send them to Alan, he collects them...)

  The 8 bit data path doesn't hurt performance that much, as you can
  still expect to get about 500 to 800kB/s ftp download speed to an 8
  bit wd8003 card (on a fast ISA bus) from a fast host.  And if most of
  your net-traffic is going to remote sites, then the bottleneck in the
  path will be elsewhere, and the only speed difference you will notice
  is during net activity on your local subnet.


  2.3.  32 Bit (VLB/EISA/PCI) Ethernet Cards


  Note that a 10Mbs network typically doesn't justify  requiring a 32
  bit interface.  See ``Programmed I/O vs. ...'' as to why having a
  10Mbps ethercard on an 8MHz ISA bus is really not a bottleneck. Even
  though having the ethercard on a fast bus won't necessarily mean
  faster transfers, it will usually mean reduced CPU overhead, which is
  good for multi-user systems.

  Of course for 100Mbps networks, which are now commonplace, the 32 bit
  interface is a must to make use of the full bandwidth.  AMD has the 32
  bit PCnet-VLB and PCnet-PCI chips.  See ``AMD PCnet-32'' for info on
  the 32 bit versions of the LANCE / PCnet-ISA chip.

  The DEC 21xxx PCI `tulip' chip is another option (see ``DEC 21040'')
  for power-users.  Many manufacturers produce cards that use this chip,
  and the prices of such no-name cards is usually quite cheap.

  3Com's `Vortex' and `Boomerang' PCI cards are also another option, and
  the price is quite cheap if you can get one under their evaluation
  deal while it lasts.  (see ``3c590/3c595'')

  Intel's EtherExpress Pro 10/100 PCI cards have also been reported to
  work well with linux. (see ``EtherExpress'')

  Various clone manufacturers have started making PCI NE2000 clones
  based on a RealTek or Winbond chip. These cards are also supported by
  the linux ne2000 driver for v2.0.31 and newer kernels.  However you
  only benefit from the faster bus interface, as the card is still using
  the age-old ne2000 driver interface.  As of v2.0.34 (and above) a
  separate PCI-specific driver for these cards ne2k-pci.c is also
  available, which will be sightly more efficient than the ISA ne.c
  driver.


  2.4.  Available 100Mbs Cards and Drivers


  The present list of supported 100Mbs hardware is as follows: cards
  with the DEC 21140 chip; the 3c595/3c90x Vortex cards; the
  EtherExpressPro10/100B; the PCnet-FAST; the SMC 83c170 (epic100) and
  the HP 100VG ANY-LAN.

  Have a look at the vendor specific information for each that is in
  this document. You may also want to check out some of the following:


  Linux and 100Mbs Ethernet
  <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/misc/100mbs.html>

  Donald's 100VG Page
  <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/100vg.html>

  Dan Kegel's Fast Ethernet Page <http://alumni.caltech.edu/~dank/fe/>


  2.5.  100VG versus 100BaseT


  100BaseT is much more prominent than 100VG, and the following blurb
  from an older one of Donald's informative comp.os.linux postings
  summarizes the situation quite well:

  ``For those not in the know, there are two competing 100Mbs ethernet
  standards, 100VG (aka 100baseVG and 100VG-AnyLAN) and 100baseT (with
  100baseTx, 100baseT4 and 100baseFx cable types).

  100VG was on the market first, and I feel that it is better engineered
  than 100baseTx.  I was rooting for it to win, but it clearly isn't
  going to.  HP et al. made several bad choices:


  1) Delaying the standard so that they could accommodate IBM and
  support token ring frames.  It `seemed like a good idea at the time',
  since it would enable token ring shops to upgrade without the managers
  having to admit they made a very expensive mistake committing to the
  wrong technology.  But there was nothing to be gained, as the two
  frame types couldn't coexist on a network, token ring is a morass of
  complexity, and IBM went with 100baseT anyway.

  2) Producing only ISA and EISA cards.  (A PCI model was only recently
  announced.)  The ISA bus is too slow for 100mbs, and relatively few
  EISA machines exist.  At the time VLB was common, fast, and cheap with
  PCI a viable choice.  But "old-timer" wisdom held that servers would
  stay with the more expensive EISA bus.

  3) Not sending me a databook.  Yes, this action was the real reason
  for the 100VGs downfall :-).  I called all over for programming info,
  and all I could get was a few page color glossy brochure from AT&T
  describing how wonderful the Regatta chipset was.''


  2.6.  Type of cable that your card should support


  If you are setting up a small ``personal'' network, you will probably
  want to use thinnet or thin ethernet cable. This is the style with the
  standard BNC connectors.  The thinnet, or thin ethernet cabling,
  (RG-58 coaxial cable) with the BNC (metal push and turn-to-lock)
  connectors is technically called 10Base2.

  Most ethercards also come in a `Combo' version for only $10-$20 more.
  These have both twisted pair and thinnet transceiver built-in,
  allowing you to change your mind later.

  The twisted pair cables, with the RJ-45 (giant phone jack) connectors
  is technically called 10BaseT. You may also hear it called UTP
  (Unsheilded Twisted Pair).

  The older thick ethernet (10mm coaxial cable) which is only found in
  older installations is called 10Base5. The 15 pin D-shaped plug found
  on some ethernet cards (the AUI connector) is used to connect to thick
  ethernet and external transcievers.

  Large corporate installations will most likely use 10BaseT instead of
  10Base2. 10Base2 does not offer any upgrade path to 100Base-whatever.

  See ``Cables, Coax...''  for other concerns with different types of
  ethernet cable.


  3.  Frequently Asked Questions


  Here are some of the more frequently asked questions about using Linux
  with an Ethernet connection. Some of the more specific questions are
  sorted on a `per manufacturer basis'.  Chances are the question you
  want an answer for has already been asked (and answered!) by someone
  else, so even if you don't find your answer here, you probably can
  find what you want from a news archive such as Dejanews
  <http://www.dejanews.com>.


  3.1.  Alpha Drivers -- Getting and Using them


  I heard that there is an updated or preliminary/alpha driver available
  for my card. Where can I get it?
  The newest of the `new' drivers can be found on Donald's ftp site:
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov in the /pub/linux/ area. Things change here quite
  frequently, so just look around for it.  Alternatively, it may be
  easier to use a WWW browser on:

  Don's Linux Home Page <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/>

  to locate the driver that you are looking for. (Watch out for WWW
  browsers that silently munge the source by replacing TABs with spaces
  and so on - use ftp, or at least an FTP URL for downloading if
  unsure.)

  Now, if it really is an alpha, or pre-alpha driver, then please treat
  it as such. In other words, don't complain because you can't figure
  out what to do with it. If you can't figure out how to install it,
  then you probably shouldn't be testing it.  Also, if it brings your
  machine down, don't complain. Instead, send us a well documented bug
  report, or even better, a patch!

  Note that some of the `useable' experimental/alpha drivers have been
  included in the standard kernel source tree. When running make config
  one of the first things you will be asked is whether to ``Prompt for
  development and/or incomplete code/drivers''.  You will have to answer
  `Y' here to get asked about including any alpha/experiemntal drivers.


  3.2.  Using More than one Ethernet Card per Machine


  What needs to be done so that Linux can run two ethernet cards?

  The answer to this question depends on whether the driver(s) is/are
  being used as a loadable module or are compiled directly into the
  kernel.  Most linux distributions use modular drivers now.  This saves
  distributing lots of kernels, each with a different driver set built
  in. Instead a single basic kernel is used and the individual drivers
  that are need for a particular user's system are loaded once the
  system has booted far enough to access the driver module files
  (usually stored in /lib/modules/).

  With the Driver as a Module: In the case of PCI drivers, the module
  will typically detect all of the installed cards of that brand model
  automatically.  However, for ISA cards, probing for a card is not a
  safe operation, and hence you typically need to supply the I/O base
  address of the card so the module knows where to look. This
  information is stored in the file /etc/conf.modules.

  As an example, consider a user that has two ISA NE2000 cards, one at
  0x300 and one at 0x240 and what lines they would have in their
  /etc/conf.modules file:


          alias eth0 ne
          alias eth1 ne
          options ne io=0x240,0x300



  What this does: This says that if the administrator (or the kernel)
  does a modprobe eth0 or a modprobe eth1 then the ne.o driver should be
  loaded for either eth0 or eth1.  Furthermore, when the ne.o module is
  loaded, it should be loaded with the options io=0x240,0x300 so that
  the driver knows where to look for the cards. Note that the 0x is
  important - things like 300h as commonly used in the DOS world won't
  work.  Switching the order of the 0x240 and the 0x300 will switch
  which physical card ends up as eth0 and eth1.
  Most of the ISA module drivers can take multiple comma separated I/O
  values like this example to handle multiple cards.  However, some
  (older?) drivers, such as the 3c501.o module are currently only able
  to handle one card per module load. In this case you can load the
  module twice to get both cards detected. The /etc/conf.modules file in
  this case would look like:


          alias eth0 3c501
          alias eth1 3c501
          options eth0 -o 3c501-0 io=0x280 irq=5
          options eth1 -o 3c501-1 io=0x300 irq=7



  In this example the -o option has been used to give each instance of
  the module a unique name, since you can't have two modules loaded with
  the same name.  The irq= option has also been used to to specify the
  hardware IRQ setting of the card.  (This method can also be used with
  modules that accept comma separated I/O values, but it is less
  efficient since the module ends up being loaded twice when it doesn't
  really need to be.)

  As a final example, consider a user with one 3c503 card at 0x350and
  one SMC Elite16 (wd8013) card at 0x280.  They would have:


          alias eth0 wd
          alias eth1 3c503
          options wd io=0x280
          options 3c503 io=0x350



  For PCI cards, you typically only need the alias lines to correlate
  the ethN interfaces with the appropriate driver name, since the I/O
  base of a PCI card can be safely detected.

  The available modules are typically stored in /lib/modules/`uname
  -r`/net where the uname -r command gives the kernel version (e.g.
  2.0.34).  You can look in there to see which one matches your card.
  Once you have the correct settings in your conf.modules file, you can
  test things out with:


          modprobe ethN
          dmesg | tail



  where `N' is the number of the ethernet interface you are testing.


  With the Driver Compiled into the Kernel: If you have the driver
  compiled into the kernel, then the hooks for multiple ethercards are
  all there.  However, note that at the moment only one ethercard is
  auto-probed for by default.  This helps to avoid possible boot time
  hangs caused by probing sensitive cards.

  (Note: As of late 2.1.x kernels, the boot probes have been sorted into
  safe and unsafe, so that all safe (e.g. PCI and EISA) probes will find
  all related cards automatically. Systems with more than one ethernet
  card with at least one of them being an ISA card will still need to do
  one of the following.)


  There are two ways that you can enable auto-probing for the second
  (and third, and...) card. The easiest method is to pass boot-time
  arguments to the kernel, which is usually done by LILO. Probing for
  the second card can be achieved by using a boot-time argument as
  simple as ether=0,0,eth1. In this case eth0 and eth1 will be assigned
  in the order that the cards are found at boot.  Say if you want the
  card at 0x300 to be eth0 and the card at 0x280 to be eth1 then you
  could use


       LILO: linux ether=5,0x300,eth0 ether=15,0x280,eth1


  The ether= command accepts more than the IRQ + I/O + name shown above.
  Please have a look at ``Passing Ethernet Arguments...''  for the full
  syntax, card specific parameters, and LILO tips.

  These boot time arguments can be made permanent so that you don't have
  to re-enter them every time. See the LILO configuration option
  `append' in the LILO manual.

  The second way (not recommended) is to edit the file Space.c and
  replace the 0xffe0 entry for the I/O address with a zero. The 0xffe0
  entry tells it not to probe for that device -- replacing it with a
  zero will enable autoprobing for that device.

  Note that if you are intending to use Linux as a gateway between two
  networks, you will have to re-compile a kernel with IP forwarding
  enabled. Usually using an old AT/286 with something like the `kbridge'
  software is a better solution.

  If you are viewing this while net-surfing, you may wish to look at a
  mini-howto Donald has on his WWW site. Check out Multiple Ethercards
  <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/misc/multicard.html>.


  3.3.  The ether=  thing didn't do anything for me. Why?


  As described above, the ether= command only works for drivers that are
  compiled into the kernel. Now most distributions use the drivers in a
  modular form, and so the ether= command is rarely used anymore. (Some
  older documentation has yet to be updated to reflect this change.)  If
  you want to apply options for a modular ethernet driver you must make
  changes to the /etc/conf.modules file.

  If you are using a compiled in driver, and have added an ether= to
  your LILO configuration file, note that it won't take effect until you
  re-run lilo to process the updated configuration file.



  3.4.  Problems with NE1000 / NE2000 cards (and clones)


  Problem: PCI NE2000 clone card is not detected at boot with v2.0.x.

  Reason: The ne.c driver up to v2.0.30 only knows about the PCI ID
  number of RealTek 8029 based clone cards. Since then, several others
  have also released PCI NE2000 clone cards, with different PCI ID
  numbers, and hence the driver doesn't detect them.

  Solution: The easiest solution is to upgrade to a v2.0.31 (or newer)
  version of the linux kernel. It knows the ID numbers of about five
  different NE2000-PCI chips, and will detect them automatically at boot
  or at module loading time. If you upgrade to 2.0.34 (or newer) there
  is a PCI-only specific NE2000 driver that is slightly smaller and more
  efficient than the original ISA/PCI driver.

  Problem: PCI NE2000 clone card is reported as an ne1000 (8 bit card!)
  at boot or when I load the ne.o module for v2.0.x, and hence doesn't
  work.

  Reason: Some PCI clones don't implement byte wide access (and hence
  are not truly 100% NE2000 compatible). This causes the probe to think
  they are NE1000 cards.

  Solution: You need to upgrade to v2.0.31 (or newer) as described
  above.  The driver(s) now check for this hardware bug.

  Problem: PCI NE2000 card gets terrible performance, even when reducing
  the window size as described in the Performance Tips section.

  Reason: The spec sheets for the original 8390 chip,  desgined and sold
  over ten years ago, noted that a dummy read from the chip was required
  before each write operation for maximum reliablity.  The driver has
  the facility to do this but it has been disabled by default since the
  v1.2 kernel days.  One user has reported that re-enabling this `mis-
  feature' helped their performance with a cheap PCI NE2000 clone card.

  Solution: Since it has only been reported as a solution by one person,
  don't get your hopes up. Re-enabling the read before write fix is done
  by simply editing the driver file in linux/drivers/net/, uncommenting
  the line containing NE_RW_BUGFIX and then rebuilding the kernel or
  module as appropriate. Please send an e-mail describing the
  performance difference and type of card/chip you have if this helps
  you. (The same can be done for the ne2k-pci.c driver as well).

  Problem: The ne2k-pci.c driver reports error messages like timeout
  waiting for Tx RDC with a PCI NE2000 card and doesn't work right.

  Reason: Your card and/or the card to PCI bus link can't handle the
  long word I/O optimization used in this driver.

  Solution: Firstly, check the settings available in the BIOS/CMOS setup
  to see if any related to PCI bus timing are too aggressive for
  reliable operation. Otherwise using the ISA/PCI ne.c driver (or
  removing the #define USE_LONGIO from ne2k-pci.c) should let you use
  the card.

  Probem: ISA Plug and Play NE2000 (such as RealTek 8019) is not
  detected.

  Reason: The original NE2000 specification (and hence the linux NE2000
  driver) does not have support for Plug and Play.

  Solution: Use the DOS configuration disk that came with the card to
  disable PnP, and to set the card to a specified I/O address and IRQ.
  Add a line to /etc/conf.modules  like options ne io=0xNNN where 0xNNN
  is the hex I/O address you set the card to. (This assumes you are
  using a modular driver; if not then use an ether=0,0xNNN,eth0 argument
  at boot).  You may also have to enter the BIOS/CMOS setup and mark the
  IRQ as Legacy-ISA instead of PnP.  Alternatively, if you need to leave
  PnP enabled for compatibility with some other operating system, then
  look into the isapnptools package. Try man isapnp to see if it is
  already installed on your system.  If not, then have a look at the
  following URL:

  ISA PNP Tools <http://www.roestock.demon.co.uk/isapnptools/>



  Problem: NE*000 driver reports `not found (no reset ack)' during boot
  probe.

  Reason: This is related to the above change. After the initial
  verification that an 8390 is at the probed I/O address, the reset is
  performed. When the card has completed the reset, it is supposed to
  acknowedge that the reset has completed.  Your card doesn't, and so
  the driver assumes that no NE card is present.

  Solution: You can tell the driver that you have a bad card by using an
  otherwise unused mem_end hexidecimal value of 0xbad at boot time. You
  have to also supply a non-zero I/O base for the card when using the
  0xbad override. For example, a card that is at 0x340 that doesn't ack
  the reset would use something like:


       LILO: linux ether=0,0x340,0,0xbad,eth0



  This will allow the card detection to continue, even if your card
  doesn't ACK the reset. If you are using the driver as a module, then
  you can supply the option bad=0xbad just like you supply the I/O
  address.

  Problem: NE*000 card hangs machine at first network access.

  Reason: This problem has been reported for kernels as old as 1.1.57 to
  the present. It appears confined to a few software configurable clone
  cards. It appears that they expect to be initialized in some special
  way.

  Solution: Several people have reported that running the supplied DOS
  software config program and/or the supplied DOS driver prior to warm
  booting (i.e. loadlin or the `three-finger-salute') into linux allowed
  the card to work. This would indicate that these cards need to be
  initialized in a particular fashion, slightly different than what the
  present Linux driver does.

  Problem: NE*000 ethercard at 0x360 doesn't get detected.

  Reason: Your NE2000 card is 0x20 wide in I/O space, which makes it hit
  the parallel port at 0x378.  Other devices that could be there are the
  second floppy controller (if equipped) at 0x370 and the secondary IDE
  controller at 0x376--0x377.  If the port(s) are already registered by
  another driver, the kernel will not let the probe happen.

  Solution: Either move your card to an address like 0x280, 0x340, 0x320
  or compile without parallel printer support.

  Problem: Network `goes away' every time I print something (NE2000)

  Reason: Same problem as above, but you have an older kernel that
  doesn't check for overlapping I/O regions. Use the same fix as above,
  and get a new kernel while you are at it.

  Problem: NE*000 ethercard probe at 0xNNN: 00 00 C5 ... not found.
  (invalid signature yy zz)

  Reason: First off, do you have a NE1000 or NE2000 card at the addr.
  0xNNN?  And if so, does the hardware address reported look like a
  valid one? If so, then you have a poor NE*000 clone. All NE*000 clones
  are supposed to have the value 0x57 in bytes 14 and 15 of the SA PROM
  on the card. Yours doesn't -- it has `yy zz' instead.


  Solution: There are two ways to get around this. The easiest is to use
  an 0xbad mem_end value as described above for the `no reset ack'
  problem. This will bypass the signature check, as long as a non-zero
  I/O base is also given. This way no recompilation of the kernel is
  required.

  The second method (for hackers) involves changing the driver itself,
  and then recompiling your kernel (or module).  The driver
  (/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/ne.c) has a "Hall of Shame" list at about
  line 42. This list is used to detect poor clones.  For example, the
  DFI cards use `DFI' in the first 3 bytes of the PROM, instead of using
  0x57 in bytes 14 and 15, like they are supposed to.

  Problem: The machine hangs during boot right after the `8390...'  or
  `WD....' message. Removing the NE2000 fixes the problem.

  Solution: Change your NE2000 base address to something like 0x340.
  Alternatively, you can use the ``reserve='' boot argument in
  conjunction with the ``ether='' argument to protect the card from
  other device driver probes.

  Reason: Your NE2000 clone isn't a good enough clone. An active NE2000
  is a bottomless pit that will trap any driver autoprobing in its
  space.  Changing the NE2000 to a less-popular address will move it out
  of the way of other autoprobes, allowing your machine to boot.


  Problem: The machine hangs during the SCSI probe at boot.

  Reason: It's the same problem as above, change the ethercard's
  address, or use the reserve/ether boot arguments.

  Problem: The machine hangs during the soundcard probe at boot.

  Reason: No, that's really during the silent SCSI probe, and it's the
  same problem as above.

  Problem: NE2000 not detected at boot - no boot messages at all

  Solution: There is no `magic solution' as there can be a number of
  reasons why it wasn't detected. The following list should help you
  walk through the possible problems.

  1) Build a new kernel with only the device drivers that you need.
  Verify that you are indeed booting the fresh kernel. Forgetting to run
  lilo, etc. can result in booting the old one. (Look closely at the
  build time/date reported at boot.) Sounds obvious, but we have all
  done it before. Make sure the driver is in fact included in the new
  kernel, by checking the System.map file for names like ne_probe.

  2) Look at the boot messages carefully. Does it ever even mention
  doing a ne2k probe such as `NE*000 probe at 0xNNN: not found (blah
  blah)' or does it just fail silently. There is a big difference.  Use
  dmesg|more to review the boot messages after logging in, or hit Shift-
  PgUp to scroll the screen up after the boot has completed and the
  login prompt appears.

  3) After booting, do a cat /proc/ioports and verify that the full
  iospace that the card will require is vacant. If you are at 0x300 then
  the ne2k driver will ask for 0x300-0x31f. If any other device driver
  has registered even one port anywhere in that range, the probe will
  not take place at that address and will silently continue to the next
  of the probed addresses. A common case is having the lp driver reserve
  0x378 or the second IDE channel reserve 0x376 which stops the ne
  driver from probing 0x360-0x380.

  4) Same as above for cat /proc/interrupts. Make sure no other device
  has registered the interrupt that you set the ethercard for. In this
  case, the probe will happen, and the ether driver will complain loudly
  at boot about not being able to get the desired IRQ line.

  5) If you are still stumped by the silent failure of the driver, then
  edit it and add some printk() to the probe. For example, with the ne2k
  you could add/remove lines (marked with a `+' or `-') in
  linux/drivers/net/ne.c like:


  ______________________________________________________________________
      int reg0 = inb_p(ioaddr);

  +    printk("NE2k probe - now checking %x\n",ioaddr);
  -    if (reg0 == 0xFF)
  +    if (reg0 == 0xFF) {
  +       printk("NE2k probe - got 0xFF (vacant I/O port)\n");
          return ENODEV;
  +    }
  ______________________________________________________________________



  Then it will output messages for each port address that it checks, and
  you will see if your card's address is being probed or not.

  6) You can also get the ne2k diagnostic from Don's ftp site (mentioned
  in the howto as well) and see if it is able to detect your card after
  you have booted into linux. Use the `-p 0xNNN' option to tell it where
  to look for the card. (The default is 0x300 and it doesn't go looking
  elsewhere, unlike the boot-time probe.)  The output from when it finds
  a card will look something like:


  ______________________________________________________________________
  Checking the ethercard at 0x300.
    Register 0x0d (0x30d) is 00
    Passed initial NE2000 probe, value 00.
  8390 registers: 0a 00 00 00 63 00 00 00 01 00 30 01 00 00 00 00
  SA PROM  0: 00 00 00 00 c0 c0 b0 b0 05 05 65 65 05 05 20 20
  SA PROM 0x10: 00 00 07 07 0d 0d 01 01 14 14 02 02 57 57 57 57

          NE2000 found at 0x300, using start page 0x40 and end page 0x80.
  ______________________________________________________________________



  Your register values and PROM values will probably be different.  Note
  that all the PROM values are doubled for a 16 bit card, and that the
  ethernet address (00:00:c0:b0:05:65) appears in the first row, and the
  double 0x57 signature appears at the end of the PROM.

  The output from when there is no card installed at 0x300 will look
  something like this:











  ______________________________________________________________________
  Checking the ethercard at 0x300.
    Register 0x0d (0x30d) is ff
    Failed initial NE2000 probe, value ff.
  8390 registers: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
  SA PROM        0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
  SA PROM 0x10: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff

   Invalid signature found, wordlength 2.
  ______________________________________________________________________



  The 0xff values  arise because that is the value that is returned when
  one reads a vacant I/O port. If you happen to have some other hardware
  in the region that is probed, you may see some non 0xff values as
  well.

  7) Try warm booting into linux from a DOS boot floppy (via loadlin)
  after running the supplied DOS driver or config program. It may be
  doing some extra (i.e. non-standard) "magic" to initialize the card.

  8) Try Russ Nelson's ne2000.com packet driver to see if even it can
  see your card -- if not, then things do not look good. Example:


       A:> ne2000 0x60 10 0x300


  The arguments are software interrupt vector, hardware IRQ, and  I/O
  base.  You can get it from any msdos archive in pktdrv11.zip -- The
  current version may be newer than 11.




  3.5.  Problems with SMC Ultra/EtherEZ and WD80*3 cards


  Problem: You get messages such as the following:


          eth0: bogus packet size: 65531, status=0xff, nxpg=0xff



  Reason: There is a shared memory problem.

  Solution: The most common reason for this is PCI machines that are not
  configured to map in ISA memory devices. Hence you end up reading the
  PC's RAM (all 0xff values) instead of the RAM on the card that
  contains the data from the received packet.

  Other typical problems that are easy to fix are board conflicts,
  having cache or `shadow ROM' enabled for that region, or running your
  ISA bus faster than 8Mhz. There are also a surprising number of memory
  failures on ethernet cards, so run a diagnostic program if you have
  one for your ethercard.

  Problem: SMC EtherEZ doesn't work in non-shared memory (PIO) mode.

  Reason: Older versions of the Ultra driver only supported the card in
  the shared memory mode of operation.

  Solution: The driver in kernel version 2.0 and above also supports the
  programmed I/O mode of operation. Upgrade to v2.0 or newer.
  Problem: Old wd8003 and/or jumper-settable wd8013 always get the IRQ
  wrong.

  Reason: The old wd8003 cards and jumper-settable wd8013 clones don't
  have the EEPROM that the driver can read the IRQ setting from.  If the
  driver can't read the IRQ, then it tries to auto-IRQ to find out what
  it is. And if auto-IRQ returns zero, then the driver just assigns IRQ
  5 for an 8 bit card or IRQ 10 for a 16 bit card.

  Solution: Avoid the auto-IRQ code, and tell the kernel what the IRQ
  that you have jumpered the card to in your module configuration file
  (or via a boot time argument for in-kernel drivers).

  Problem: SMC Ultra card is detected as wd8013, but the IRQ and shared
  memory base is wrong.

  Reason: The Ultra card looks a lot like a wd8013, and if the Ultra
  driver is not present in the kernel, the wd driver may mistake the
  ultra as a wd8013. The ultra probe comes before the wd probe, so this
  usually shouldn't happen. The ultra stores the IRQ and mem base in the
  EEPROM differently than a wd8013, hence the bogus values reported.

  Solution: Recompile with only the drivers you need in the kernel. If
  you have a mix of wd and ultra cards in one machine, and are using
  modules, then load the ultra module first.


  3.6.  Problems with 3Com cards

  Problem: The 3c503 picks IRQ N, but this is needed for some other
  device which needs IRQ N. (eg. CD ROM driver, modem, etc.)  Can this
  be fixed without compiling this into the kernel?

  Solution: The 3c503 driver probes for a free IRQ line in the order {5,
  9/2, 3, 4}, and it should pick a line which isn't being used. The
  driver chooses when the card is ifconfig'ed into operation.

  If you are using a modular driver, you can use module parameters to
  set various things, including the IRQ value.

  The following selects IRQ9, base location 0x300, <ignored value>, and
  if_port #1 (the external transceiver).



       io=0x300 irq=9 xcvr=1


  Alternately, if the driver is compiled into the kernel, you can set
  the same values at boot by passing parameters via LILO.


       LILO: linux ether=9,0x300,0,1,eth0


  The following selects IRQ3, probes for the base location, <ignored
  value>, and the default if_port #0 (the internal transceiver)


       LILO: linux ether=3,0,0,0,eth0


  Problem: 3c503: configured interrupt X invalid, will use autoIRQ.

  Reason: The 3c503 card can only use one of IRQ{5, 2/9, 3, 4} (These
  are the only lines that are connected to the card.)  If you pass in an
  IRQ value that is not in the above set, you will get the above
  message.  Usually, specifying an interrupt value for the 3c503 is not
  necessary. The 3c503 will autoIRQ when it gets ifconfig'ed, and pick
  one of IRQ{5, 2/9, 3, 4}.

  Solution: Use one of the valid IRQs listed above, or enable autoIRQ by
  not specifying the IRQ line at all.

  Problem: The supplied 3c503 drivers don't use the AUI (thicknet) port.
  How does one choose it over the default thinnet port?

  Solution: The 3c503 AUI port can be selected at boot-time for in-
  kernel drivers, and at module insertion for modular drivers.  The
  selection is overloaded onto the low bit of the currently-unused
  dev->rmem_start variable, so a boot-time parameter of:


       LILO: linux ether=0,0,0,1,eth0


  should work for in-kernel drivers.

  To specify the AUI port when loading as a module, just append xcvr=1
  to the module options line along with your I/O and IRQ values.



  3.7.  FAQs Not Specific to Any Card.



  3.7.1.  Linux and ISA Plug and Play Ethernet Cards


  For best results (and minimum aggravation) it is recommended that you
  use the (usually DOS) program that came with your card to disable the
  PnP mechanism and set it to a fixed I/O address and IRQ.  Make sure
  the I/O address you use is probed by the driver at boot, or if using
  modules then supply the address as an io= option in /etc/conf.modules.
  You may also have to enter the BIOS/CMOS setup and mark the IRQ as
  Legacy-ISA instead of PnP (if your computer has this option).

  Note that you typically don't need DOS installed to run a DOS based
  configuration program. You can usually just boot a DOS floppy disk and
  run them from the supplied floppy disk.  You can also download OpenDOS
  and FreeDOS for free.

  If you require PnP enabled for compatibility with some other operating
  system then you will have to use the isapnptools package with linux to
  configure the card(s) each time at boot.  You will still have to make
  sure the I/O address chosen for the card is probed by the driver or
  supplied as an io= option.



  3.7.2.  Ethercard is Not Detected at Boot.


  The usual reason for this is that people are using a kernel that does
  not have support for their particular card built in. For a modular
  kernel, it usually means that the required module has not been
  requested for loading, or that an I/O address needs to be specified as
  a module option.

  If you are using a modular based kernel, such as those installed by
  most of the linux distributions, then try and use the configuration
  utility for the distribution to select the module for your card. For
  ISA cards, it is a good idea to determine the I/O address of the card
  and add it as an option (e.g. io=0x340) if the configuration utility
  asks for any options. If there is no configuration utility, then you
  will have to add the correct module name (and options) to
  /etc/conf.modules -- see man modprobe for more details.

  If you are using a pre-compiled kernel that is part of a distribution
  set, then check the documentation to see which kernel you installed,
  and if it was built with support for your particular card. If it
  wasn't, then your options are to try and get one that has support for
  your card, or build your own.

  It is usually wise to build your own kernel with only the drivers you
  need, as this cuts down on the kernel size (saving your precious RAM
  for applications!) and reduces the number of device probes that can
  upset sensitive hardware. Building a kernel is not as complicated as
  it sounds. You just have to answer yes or no to a bunch of questions
  about what drivers you want, and it does the rest.

  The next main cause is having another device using part of the I/O
  space that your card needs. Most cards are 16 or 32 bytes wide in I/O
  space. If your card is set at 0x300 and 32 bytes wide, then the driver
  will ask for 0x300-0x31f. If any other device driver has registered
  even one port anywhere in that range, the probe will not take place at
  that address and  the driver will silently continue to the next of the
  probed addresses. So, after booting, do a cat /proc/ioports and verify
  that the full I/O space that the card will require is vacant.

  Another problem is having your card jumpered to an I/O address that
  isn't probed by default.  The list of probed addresses for each driver
  is easily found just after the text comments in the driver source.
  Even if the I/O setting of your card is not in the list of probed
  addresses, you can supply it at boot (for in-kernel drivers) with the
  ether= command as described in ``Passing Ethernet Arguments...''
  Modular drivers can make use of the io= option in /etc/conf.modules to
  specify an address that isn't probed by default.



  3.7.3.  ifconfig  reports the wrong I/O address for the card.


  No it doesn't. You are just interpreting it incorrectly.  This is not
  a bug, and the numbers reported are correct. It just happens that some
  8390 based cards (wd80x3, smc-ultra, etc) have the actual 8390 chip
  living at an offset from the first assigned I/O port.  This is the
  value stored in dev->base_addr, and is what ifconfig reports. If you
  want to see the full range of ports that your card uses, then try cat
  /proc/ioports which will give the numbers you expect.


  3.7.4.  PCI machine detects card but driver fails probe.


  Some PCI BIOSes may not enable all PCI cards at power-up, especially
  if the BIOS option `PNP OS' is enabled. This mis-feature is to support
  the current release of Windows which still uses some real-mode
  drivers. Either disable this option, or try and upgrade to a newer
  driver which has the code to enable a disabled card.


  3.7.5.  Shared Memory ISA cards in PCI Machine do not work ( 0xffff )



  This will usually show up as reads of lots of 0xffff values.  No
  shared memory cards of any type will work in a PCI machine unless you
  have the PCI ROM BIOS/CMOS SETUP configuration set properly. You have
  to set it to allow shared memory access from the ISA bus for the
  memory region that your card is trying to use. If you can't figure out
  which settings are applicable then ask your supplier or local computer
  guru. For AMI BIOS, there is usually a "Plug and Play" section where
  there will be an ``ISA Shared Memory Size'' and ``ISA Shared Memory
  Base'' settings. For cards like the wd8013 and SMC Ultra, change the
  size from the default of `Disabled' to 16kB, and change the base to
  the shared memory address of your card.



  3.7.6.  Card seems to send data but never receives anything.


  Do a cat /proc/interrupts.  A running total of the number of interrupt
  events your card generates will be in the list given from the above.
  If it is zero and/or doesn't increase when you try to use the card
  then there is probably a physical interrupt conflict with another
  device installed in the computer (regardless of whether or not the
  other device has a driver installed/available).  Change the IRQ of one
  of the two devices to a free IRQ.



  3.7.7.  Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Support


  Werner Almesberger has been working on ATM support for linux.  He has
  been working with the Efficient Networks ENI155p board (Efficient
  Networks <http://www.efficient.com/>) and the Zeitnet ZN1221 board
  (Zeitnet <http://www.zeitnet.com/>).

  Werner says that the driver for the ENI155p is rather stable, while
  the driver for the ZN1221 is presently unfinished.

  Check the latest/updated status at the following URL:

  Linux ATM Support <http://lrcwww.epfl.ch/linux-atm/>


  3.7.8.  Gigabyte Ethernet Support


  Is there any gigabyte ethernet support for Linux?

  Yes, there are currently at least two.  A driver for the Packet
  Engines G-NIC PCI Gigabit Ethernet adapter is available in the v2.0
  and v2.2 kernels For more details, support, and driver updates, see:

  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/yellowfin.html

  The acenic.c driver available in the v2.2 kernels can be used for the
  Alteon AceNIC Gigabit Ethernet card and other Tigon based cards such
  as the 3Com 3c985.  The driver should also work on the NetGear GA620,
  however this has yet to be verified.


  3.7.9.  FDDI Support

  Is there FDDI support for Linux?

  Yes. Larry Stefani has written a driver for v2.0 with Digital's DEFEA
  (FDDI EISA) and DEFPA (FDDI PCI) cards.  This was included into the
  v2.0.24 kernel.  Currently no other cards are supported though.


  3.7.10.  Full Duplex Support


  Will Full Duplex give me 20MBps? Does Linux support it?

  Cameron Spitzer writes the following about full duplex 10Base-T cards:
  ``If you connect it to a full duplex switched hub, and your system is
  fast enough and not doing much else, it can keep the link busy in both
  directions.  There is no such thing as full duplex 10BASE-2 or
  10BASE-5 (thin and thick coax).  Full Duplex works by disabling
  collision detection in the adapter.  That's why you can't do it with
  coax; the LAN won't run that way.  10BASE-T (RJ45 interface) uses
  separate wires for send and receive, so it's possible to run both ways
  at the same time.  The switching hub takes care of the collision
  problem.  The signalling rate is 10 Mbps.''

  So as you can see, you still will only be able to receive or transmit
  at 10Mbps, and hence don't expect a 2x performance increase. As to
  whether it is supported or not, that depends on the card and possibly
  the driver. Some cards may do auto-negotiation, some may need driver
  support, and some may need the user to select an option in a card's
  EEPROM configuration.  Only the serious/heavy user would notice the
  difference between the two modes anyway.


  3.7.11.  Ethernet Cards for Linux on SMP Machines


  If you spent the extra money on a multi processor (MP) computer then
  buy a good ethernet card as well. For v2.0 kernels it wasn't really an
  issue, but it definitely is for v2.2. Most of the older non-
  intelligent (e.g. ISA bus PIO and shared memory design) cards were
  never designed with any consideration for use on a MP machine.  The
  executive summary is to buy an intelligent modern design card and make
  sure the driver has been written (or updated) to handle MP operation.
  (The key words here are `modern design'  - the PCI-NE2000's are just a
  10+ year old design on a modern bus.)  Looking for the text spin_lock
  in the driver source is a good indication that the driver has been
  written to deal with MP operation.  The full details of why you should
  buy a good card for MP use (and what happens if you dont) follow.

  In v2.0 kernels, only one processor was allowed `in kernel' (i.e.
  changing kernel data and/or running device drivers) at any given time.
  So from the point of view of the card (and the associated driver)
  nothing was different from uni processor (UP) operation and things
  just continued to work. (This was the easiest way to get a working MP
  version of Linux - one big lock around the whole kernel only allows
  one processor in at a time. This way you know that you won't have two
  processors trying to change the same thing at the same time!)

  The downside to only allowing one processor in the kernel at a time
  was that you only got MP performance if the running programs were self
  contained and calculation intensive.  If the programs did a lot of
  input/output (I/O) such as reading or writing data to disk or over a
  network, then all but one of the processors would be stalled waiting
  on their I/O requests to be completed while the one processor running
  in kernel frantically tries to run all the device drivers to fill the
  I/O requests. The kernel becomes the bottleneck and since there is
  only one processor running in the kernel, the performance of a MP
  machine in the heavy I/O, single-lock case quickly degrades close to
  that of a single processor machine.


  Since this is clearly less than ideal (esp. for file/WWW servers,
  routers, etc.) the v2.2 kernels have finer grained locking - meaning
  that more than one processor can be in the kernel at a time. Instead
  of one big lock around the whole kernel, there are a lot of smaller
  locks protecting critical data from being manipulated by more than one
  processor at a time - e.g. one processor can be running the driver for
  the network card, while another processor is running the driver for
  the disk drive at the same time.

  Okay, with that all in mind here are the snags:  The finer locking
  means that you can have one processor trying to send data out through
  an ethernet driver while another processor tries to access the same
  driver/card to do something else (such as get the card statistics for
  cat /proc/net/dev). Oops - your card stats just got sent out over the
  wire, while you got data for your stats instead. Yes, the card got
  confused by being asked to do two (or more!) things at once, and
  chances are it crashed your machine in the process.

  So, the driver that worked for UP is no longer good enough - it needs
  to be updated with locks  that control access to the underlying card
  so that the three tasks of receive, transmit and manipulation of
  configuration data are serialized to the degree required by the card
  for stable operation. The scary part here is that a driver not yet
  updated with locks for stable MP operation will probably appear to be
  working in a MP machine under light network load, but will crash the
  machine or at least exhibit strange behaviour when two (or more!)
  processors try to do more than one of these three tasks at the same
  time.

  The updated MP aware ethernet driver will (at a minimum) require a
  lock around the driver that limits access at the entry points from the
  kernel into the driver to `one at a time please'.  With this in place,
  things will be serialized so that the underlying hardware should be
  treated just as if it was being used in a UP machine, and so it should
  be stable. The downside is that the one lock around the whole ethernet
  driver has the same negative performance implications that having one
  big lock around the whole kernel had (but on a smaller scale) - i.e.
  you can only have one processor dealing with the card at a time.
  [Technical Note: The performance impact may also include increased
  interrupt latencies if the locks that need to be added are of the
  irqsave type and they are held for a long time.]

  Possible improvements on this situation can be made in two ways. You
  can try to minimize the time between when the lock is taken and when
  it is released, and/or you can implement finer grained locking within
  the driver (e.g. a lock around the whole driver would be overkill if a
  lock or two protecting against simultaneous access to a couple of
  sensitive registers/settings on the card would suffice).

  However, for older non-intelligent cards that were never designed with
  MP use in mind, neither of these improvements may be feasible. Worse
  yet is that the non-intelligent cards typically require the processor
  to move the data between the card and the computer memory, so in a
  worst case scenario the lock will be held the whole time that it takes
  to move each 1.5kB data packet over an ISA bus.

  The more modern intelligent cards typically move network data directly
  to and from the computer memory without any help from a processor.
  This is a big win, since the lock is then only held for the short time
  it takes the processor to tell the card where in memory to get/store
  the next network data packet. More modern card designs are less apt to
  require a single big lock around the whole driver as well.




  3.7.12.  Ethernet Cards for Linux on Alpha/AXP PCI Boards


  As of v2.0, only the 3c509, depca, de4x5, pcnet32, and all the 8390
  drivers (wd, smc-ultra, ne, 3c503, etc.) have been made `architecture
  independent' so as to work on the DEC Alpha CPU based systems.  Other
  updated PCI drivers from Donald's WWW page may also work as these have
  been written with architecture independence in mind.

  Note that the changes that are required to make a driver architecture
  independent aren't that complicated.  You only need to do the
  following:

  -multiply all jiffies related values by HZ/100 to account for the
  different HZ value that the Alpha uses.  (i.e timeout=2; becomes
  timeout=2*HZ/100;)

  -replace any I/O memory (640k to 1MB) pointer dereferences with the
  appropriate readb() writeb() readl() writel() calls, as shown in this
  example.


  ______________________________________________________________________
  -       int *mem_base = (int *)dev->mem_start;
  -       mem_base[0] = 0xba5eba5e;
  +       unsigned long mem_base = dev->mem_start;
  +       writel(0xba5eba5e, mem_base);
  ______________________________________________________________________



  -replace all memcpy() calls that have I/O memory as source or target
  destinations with the appropriate one of memcpy_fromio() or
  memcpy_toio().

  Details on handling memory accesses in an architecture independent
  fashion are documented in the file linux/Documentation/IO-mapping.txt
  that comes with recent kernels.


  3.7.13.  Ethernet for Linux on SUN/Sparc Hardware.

  For the most up to date information on Sparc stuff, try the following
  URL:

  Linux Sparc <http://www.geog.ubc.ca/sparc>

  Note that some Sparc ethernet hardware gets its MAC address from the
  host computer, and hence you can end up with multiple interfaces all
  with the same MAC address.  If you need to put more than one interface
  on the same net then use the hw option to ifconfig to assign unique
  MAC address.

  Issues regarding porting PCI drivers to the Sparc platform are similar
  to those mentioned above for the AXP platform.  In addition there may
  be some endian issues, as the Sparc is big endian, and the AXP and
  ix86 are little endian.


  3.7.14.  Ethernet for Linux on Other Hardware.

  There are several other hardware platforms that Linux can run on, such
  as Atari/Amiga (m68k). As in the Sparc case it is best to check with
  the home site of each Linux port to that platform to see what is
  currently supported.  (Links to such sites are welcome here - send
  them in!)
  3.7.15.  Linking 10 or 100 BaseT without a Hub

  Can I link 10/100BaseT (RJ45) based systems together without a hub?

  You can link 2 machines easily, but no more than that, without extra
  devices/gizmos. See ``Twisted Pair'' -- it explains how to do it. And
  no, you can't hack together a hub just by crossing a few wires and
  stuff. It's pretty much impossible to do the collision signal right
  without duplicating a hub.


  3.7.16.  SIOCSIFxxx: No such device

  I get a bunch of `SIOCSIFxxx: No such device' messages at boot,
  followed by a `SIOCADDRT: Network is unreachable' What is wrong?

  Your ethernet device was not detected at boot/module insertion time,
  and when ifconfig and route are run, they have no device to work with.
  Use dmesg | more to review the boot messages and see if there are any
  messages about detecting an ethernet card.


  3.7.17.  SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again

  I get `SIOCSFFLAGS: Try again' when I run `ifconfig' -- Huh?

  Some other device has taken the IRQ that your ethercard is trying to
  use, and so the ethercard can't use the IRQ.  You don't necessairly
  need to reboot to resolve this, as some devices only grab the IRQs
  when they need them and then release them when they are done. Examples
  are some sound cards, serial ports, floppy disk driver, etc. You can
  type cat /proc/interrupts to see which interrupts are presently in
  use. Most of the Linux ethercard drivers only grab the IRQ when they
  are opened for use via `ifconfig'. If you can get the other device to
  `let go' of the required IRQ line, then you should be able to `Try
  again' with ifconfig.


  3.7.18.  Using `ifconfig' and Link UNSPEC with HW-addr of
  00:00:00:00:00:00

  When I run ifconfig with no arguments, it reports that LINK is UNSPEC
  (instead of 10Mbs Ethernet) and it also says that my hardware address
  is all zeros.

  This is because people are running a newer version of the `ifconfig'
  program than their kernel version. This new version of ifconfig is not
  able to report these properties when used in conjunction with an older
  kernel. You can either upgrade your kernel, `downgrade' ifconfig, or
  simply ignore it. The kernel knows your hardware address, so it really
  doesn't matter if ifconfig can't read it.

  You may also get strange information if the ifconfig program you are
  using is a lot older than the kernel you are using.


  3.7.19.  Huge Number of RX and TX Errors

  When I run ifconfig with no arguments, it reports that I have a huge
  error count in both rec'd and transmitted packets. It all seems to
  work ok -- What is wrong?

  Look again. It says RX packets big number PAUSE errors 0 PAUSE dropped
  0 PAUSE overrun 0.  And the same for the TX column.  Hence the big
  numbers you are seeing are the total number of packets that your
  machine has rec'd and transmitted.  If you still find it confusing,
  try typing cat /proc/net/dev instead.


  3.7.20.  Entries in /dev/  for Ethercards

  I have /dev/eth0 as a link to /dev/xxx. Is this right?

  Contrary to what you have heard, the files in /dev/* are not used.
  You can delete any /dev/wd0, /dev/ne0 and similar entries.


  3.7.21.  Linux and ``trailers''

  Should I disable trailers when I `ifconfig' my ethercard?

  You can't disable trailers, and you shouldn't want to. `Trailers' are
  a hack to avoid data copying in the networking layers. The idea was to
  use a trivial fixed-size header of size `H', put the variable-size
  header info at the end of the packet, and allocate all packets `H'
  bytes before the start of a page. While it was a good idea, it turned
  out to not work well in practice.  If someone suggests the use of
  `-trailers', note that it is the equivalent of sacrificial goats
  blood. It won't do anything to solve the problem, but if problem fixes
  itself then someone can claim deep magical knowledge.



  3.7.22.  Access to the raw Ethernet Device

  How do I get access to the raw ethernet device in linux, without going
  through TCP/IP and friends?


  ______________________________________________________________________
          int s=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_PACKET,htons(ETH_P_ALL));
  ______________________________________________________________________



  This gives you a socket receiving every protocol type.  Do recvfrom()
  calls to it and it will fill the sockaddr with device type in
  sa_family and the device name in the sa_data array. I don't know who
  originally invented SOCK_PACKET for Linux (its been in for ages) but
  its superb stuff.  You can use it to send stuff raw too via sendto()
  calls.  You have to have root access to do either of course.


  4.  Performance Tips

  Here are some tips that you can use if you are suffering from low
  ethernet throughput, or to gain a bit more speed on those ftp
  transfers.

  The ttcp.c program is a good test for measuring raw throughput speed.
  Another common trick is to do a ftp> get large_file /dev/null where
  large_file is > 1MB and residing in the buffer cache on the Tx'ing
  machine. (Do the `get' at least twice, as the first time will be
  priming the buffer cache on the Tx'ing machine.) You want the file in
  the buffer cache because you are not interested in combining the file
  access speed from the disk into your measurement. Which is also why
  you send the incoming data to /dev/null instead of onto the disk.





  4.1.  General Concepts

  Even an 8 bit card is able to receive back-to-back packets without any
  problems. The difficulty arises when the computer doesn't get the Rx'd
  packets off the card quick enough to make room for more incoming
  packets. If the computer does not quickly clear the card's memory of
  the packets already received, the card will have no place to put the
  new packet.

  In this case the card either drops the new packet, or writes over top
  of a previously received packet. Either one seriously interrupts the
  smooth flow of traffic by causing/requesting re-transmissions and can
  seriously degrade performance by up to a factor of 5!

  Cards with more onboard memory are able to ``buffer'' more packets,
  and thus can handle larger bursts of back-to-back packets without
  dropping packets.  This in turn means that the card does not require
  as low a latency from the the host computer with respect to pulling
  the packets out of the buffer to avoid dropping packets.

  Most 8 bit cards have an 8kB buffer, and most 16 bit cards have a 16kB
  buffer. Most Linux drivers will reserve 3kB of that buffer (for two Tx
  buffers), leaving only 5kB of receive space for an 8 bit card. This is
  room enough for only three full sized (1500 bytes) ethernet packets.


  4.2.  ISA Cards and ISA Bus Speed

  As mentioned above, if the packets are removed from the card fast
  enough, then a drop/overrun condition won't occur even when the amount
  of Rx packet buffer memory is small. The factor that sets the rate at
  which packets are removed from the card to the computer's memory is
  the speed of the data path that joins the two -- that being the ISA
  bus speed. (If the CPU is a dog-slow 386sx-16, then this will also
  play a role.)

  The recommended ISA bus clock is about 8MHz, but many motherboards and
  peripheral devices can be run at higher frequencies. The clock
  frequency for the ISA bus can usually be set in the CMOS setup, by
  selecting a divisor of the mainboard/CPU clock frequency. Some ISA and
  PCI/ISA mainboards may not have this option, and so you are stuck with
  the factory default.

  For example, here are some receive speeds as measured by the TTCP
  program on a 40MHz 486, with an  8 bit WD8003EP card, for different
  ISA bus speeds.


  ______________________________________________________________________
          ISA Bus Speed (MHz)     Rx TTCP (kB/s)
          -------------------     --------------
          6.7                     740
          13.4                    970
          20.0                    1030
          26.7                    1075
  ______________________________________________________________________



  You would be hard pressed to do better than 1075kB/s with any 10Mb/s
  ethernet card, using TCP/IP. However, don't expect every system to
  work at fast ISA bus speeds. Most systems will not function properly
  at speeds above 13MHz. (Also, some PCI systems have the ISA bus speed
  fixed at 8MHz, so that the end user does not have the option of
  increasing it.)

  In addition to faster transfer speeds, one will usually also benefit
  from a reduction in CPU usage due to the shorter duration memory and
  I/O cycles. (Note that hard disks and video cards located on the ISA
  bus will also usually experience a performance increase from an
  increased ISA bus speed.)

  Be sure to back up your data prior to experimenting with ISA bus
  speeds in excess of 8MHz, and thouroughly test that all ISA
  peripherals are operating properly after making any speed increases.


  4.3.  Setting the TCP Rx Window


  Once again, cards with small amounts of onboard RAM and relatively
  slow data paths between the card and the computer's memory run into
  trouble. The default TCP Rx window setting is 32kB, which means that a
  fast computer on the same subnet as you can dump 32k of data on you
  without stopping to see if you received any of it okay.

  Recent versions of the route command have the ability to set the size
  of this window on the fly. Usually it is only for the local net that
  this window must be reduced, as computers that are behind a couple of
  routers or gateways are `buffered' enough to not pose a problem. An
  example usage would be:


  ______________________________________________________________________
          route add <whatever> ... window <win_size>
  ______________________________________________________________________



  where win_size is the size of the window you wish to use (in bytes).
  An 8 bit 3c503 card on an ISA bus operating at a speed of 8MHz or less
  would work well with a window size of about 4kB. Too large a window
  will cause overruns and dropped packets, and a drastic reduction in
  ethernet throughput. You can check the operating status by doing a cat
  /proc/net/dev which will display any dropped or overrun conditions
  that occurred.


  4.4.  Increasing NFS performance

  Some people have found that using 8 bit cards in NFS clients causes
  poorer than expected performance, when using 8kB (native Sun) NFS
  packet size.

  The possible reason for this could be due to the difference in on
  board buffer size between the 8 bit and the 16 bit cards.  The maximum
  ethernet packet size is about 1500 bytes. Now that 8kB NFS packet will
  arrive as about 6 back to back maximum size ethernet packets. Both the
  8 and 16 bit cards have no problem Rx'ing back to back packets. The
  problem arises when the machine doesn't remove the packets from the
  cards buffer in time, and the buffer overflows. The fact that 8 bit
  cards take an extra ISA bus cycle per transfer doesn't help either.
  What you can do if you have an 8 bit card is either set the NFS
  transfer size to 2kB (or even 1kB), or try increasing the ISA bus
  speed in order to get the card's buffer cleared out faster.  I have
  found that an old WD8003E card at 8MHz (with no other system load) can
  keep up with a large receive at 2kB NFS size, but not at 4kB, where
  performance was degraded by a factor of three.

  On the other hand, if the default mount option is to use 1kB size and
  you have at least a 16 bit ISA card, you may find a significant
  increase in going to 4kB (or even 8kB).
  5.  Vendor/Manufacturer/Model Specific Information


  The following lists many cards in alphabetical order by vendor name
  and then product identifier. Beside each product ID, you will see
  either `Supported', `Semi-Supported' or `Not Supported'.

  Supported means that a driver for that card exists, and many people
  are happily using it and it seems quite reliable.

  Semi-Supported means that a driver exists, but at least one of the
  following descriptions is true: (1) The driver and/or hardware are
  buggy, which may cause poor performance, failing connections or even
  crashes.  (2) The driver is new or the card is fairly uncommon, and
  hence the driver has seen very little use/testing and the driver
  author has had very little feedback. Obviously (2) is preferable to
  (1), and the individual description of the card/driver should make it
  clear which one holds true. In either case, you will probably have to
  answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for development and/or incomplete
  code/drivers?'' when running make config.

  Not Supported means there is not a driver currently available for that
  card. This could be due to a lack of interest in hardware that is
  rare/uncommon, or because the vendors won't release the hardware
  documentation required to write a driver.

  Note that the difference between `Supported' and `Semi-Supported' is
  rather subjective, and is based on user feedback observed in newsgroup
  postings and mailing list messages. (After all, it is impossible for
  one person to test all drivers with all cards for each kernel
  version!!!) So be warned that you may find a card listed as semi-
  supported works perfectly for you (which is great), or that a card
  listed as supported gives you no end of troubles and problems (which
  is not so great).

  After the status, the name of the driver given in the linux kernel is
  listed. This will also be the name of the driver module that would be
  used in the alias eth0 driver_name line that is found in the
  /etc/conf.modules module configuration file.



  5.1.  3Com


  If you are not sure what your card is, but you think it is a 3Com
  card, you can probably figure it out from the assembly number. 3Com
  has a document `Identifying 3Com Adapters By Assembly Number' (ref
  24500002) that would most likely clear things up. See ``Technical
  Information from 3Com'' for info on how to get documents from 3Com.

  Also note that 3Com has a FTP site with various goodies: ftp.3Com.com
  that you may want to check out.

  For those of you browsing this document by a WWW browser, you can try
  3Com's WWW site as well.


  5.1.1.  3c501

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c501

  This obsolete stone-age 8 bit card is really too brain-damaged to use.
  Avoid it like the plague. Do not purchase this card, even as a joke.
  It's performance is horrible, and it breaks in many ways.

  For those not yet convinced, the 3c501 can only do one thing at a time
  -- while you are removing one packet from the single-packet buffer it
  cannot receive another packet, nor can it receive a packet while
  loading a transmit packet. This was fine for a network between two
  8088-based computers where processing each packet and replying took
  10's of msecs, but modern networks send back-to-back packets for
  almost every transaction.

  AutoIRQ works, DMA isn't used, the autoprobe only looks at 0x280 and
  0x300, and the debug level is set with the third boot-time argument.

  Once again, the use of a 3c501 is strongly discouraged!  Even more so
  with a IP multicast kernel, as you will grind to a halt while
  listening to all multicast packets. See the comments at the top of the
  source code for more details.


  5.1.2.  EtherLink II, 3c503, 3c503/16

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c503 (+8390)

  The 3c503 does not have ``EEPROM setup'', so a diagnostic/setup
  program isn't needed before running the card with Linux. The shared
  memory address of the 3c503 is set using jumpers that are shared with
  the boot PROM address. This is confusing to people familiar with other
  ISA cards, where you always leave the jumper set to ``disable'' unless
  you have a boot PROM.

  These cards should be about the same speed as the same bus width
  WD80x3, but turn out to be actually a bit slower.  These shared-memory
  ethercards also have a programmed I/O mode that doesn't use the 8390
  facilities (their engineers found too many bugs!)  The Linux 3c503
  driver can also work with the 3c503 in programmed-I/O mode, but this
  is slower and less reliable than shared memory mode. Also, programmed-
  I/O mode is not as well tested when updating the drivers.  You
  shouldn't use the programmed-I/O mode unless you need it for MS-DOS
  compatibility.

  The 3c503's IRQ line is set in software, with no hints from an EEPROM.
  Unlike the MS-DOS drivers, the Linux driver has capability to autoIRQ:
  it uses the first available IRQ line in {5,2/9,3,4}, selected each
  time the card is ifconfig'ed. (Older driver versions selected the IRQ
  at boot time.) The ioctl() call in `ifconfig' will return EAGAIN if no
  IRQ line is available at that time.

  Some common problems that people have with the 503 are discussed in
  ``Problems with...''.

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.

  Note that some old diskless 386 workstations have an on board 3c503
  (made by 3Com and sold under different names, like `Bull') but the
  vendor ID is not a 3Com ID and so it won't be detected.  More details
  can be found in the Etherboot package, which you will need anyways to
  boot these diskless boxes.


  5.1.3.  Etherlink Plus 3c505

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c505

  This is a driver that was written by Craig Southeren
  [e-mail]. These cards also use the i82586 chip.
  There are not that many of these cards about.  It is included in the
  standard kernel, but it is classed as an alpha driver. See ``Alpha
  Drivers'' for important information on using alpha-test ethernet
  drivers with Linux.

  There is also the file /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/README.3c505 that
  you should read if you are going to use one of these cards.  It
  contains various options that you can enable/disable.


  5.1.4.  Etherlink-16 3c507

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c507

  This card uses one of the Intel chips, and the development of the
  driver is closely related to the development of the Intel Ether
  Express driver.  The driver is included in the standard kernel
  release, but as an alpha driver.  See ``Alpha Drivers'' for important
  information on using alpha-test ethernet drivers with Linux.


  5.1.5.  Etherlink III, 3c509 / 3c509B

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

  This card is fairly inexpensive and has good performance for an ISA
  non-bus-master design.  The drawbacks are that the original 3c509
  requires very low interrupt latency. The 3c509B shouldn't suffer from
  the same problem, due to having a larger buffer. (See below.) These
  cards use PIO transfers, similar to a ne2000 card, and so a shared
  memory card such as a wd8013 will be more efficient in comparison.

  The original 3c509 has a small packet buffer (4kB total, 2kB Rx, 2kB
  Tx), causing the driver to occasionally drop a packet if interrupts
  are masked for too long. To minimize this problem, you can try
  unmasking interrupts during IDE disk transfers (see man hdparm) and/or
  increasing your ISA bus speed so IDE transfers finish sooner.

  The newer model 3c509B has 8kB on board, and the buffer can be split
  4/4, 5/3 or 6/2 for Rx/Tx. This setting is changed with the DOS
  configuration utility, and is stored on the EEPROM. This should
  alleviate the above problem with the original 3c509.

  3c509B users should use either the supplied DOS utility to disable the
  plug and play support, and to set the output media to what they
  require. The linux driver currently does not support the Autodetect
  media setting, so you have to select 10Base-T or 10Base-2 or AUI.
  Note that to turn off PnP entirely, you should do a 3C5X9CFG
  /PNP:DISABLE and then follow that with a hard reset to ensure that it
  takes effect.

  Some people ask about the ``Server or Workstation'' and ``Highest
  Modem Speed'' settings presented in the DOS configuration utility.
  Donald writes ``These are only hints to the drivers, and the Linux
  driver does not use these parameters: it always optimizes for high
  throughput rather than low latency (`Server'). Low latency was
  critically important for old, non-windowed, IPX throughput.  To reduce
  the latency the MS-DOS driver for the 3c509 disables interrupts for
  some operations, blocking serial port interrupts.  Thus the need for
  the `modem speed' setting.  The Linux driver avoids the need to
  disable interrupts for long periods by operating only on whole packets
  e.g. by not starting to transmit a packet until it is completely
  transferred to the card.''

  Note that the ISA card detection uses a different method than most
  cards. Basically, you ask the cards to respond by sending data to an
  ID_PORT (port 0x100 to 0x1ff on intervals of 0x10).  This detection
  method means that a particular card will always get detected first in
  a multiple ISA 3c509 configuration.  The card with the lowest hardware
  ethernet address will always end up being eth0. This shouldn't matter
  to anyone, except for those people who want to assign a 6 byte
  hardware address to a particular interface.  If you have multiple
  3c509 cards, it is best to append ether=0,0,ethN commands without the
  I/O port specified (i.e. use I/O=zero) and allow the probe to sort out
  which card is first. Using a non-zero I/O value will ensure that it
  does not detect all your cards, so don't do it.

  If this really bothers you, have a look at Donald's latest driver, as
  you may be able to use a 0x3c509 value in the unused mem address
  fields to order the detection to suit your needs.


  5.1.6.  3c515

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c515

  This is 3Com's ISA 100Mbps offering, codenamed ``CorkScrew''. A
  relatively new driver from Donald for these cards is included in the
  v2.2 kernels.  For the most up to date information, you should
  probably look on the Vortex page:

  Vortex <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html>



  5.1.7.  3c523

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c523

  This MCA bus card uses the i82586, and  Chris Beauregard has modified
  the ni52 driver to work with these cards. The driver for it can be
  found in the v2.2 kernel source tree.

  More details can be found on the MCA-Linux page at
  http://glycerine.cetmm.uni.edu/mca/


  5.1.8.  3c527

  Status: Not Supported.

  Yes, another MCA card. No, not too much interest in it.  Better
  chances with the 3c529 if you are stuck with MCA.


  5.1.9.  3c529

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

  This card actually uses the same chipset as the 3c509.  Donald
  actually put hooks into the 3c509 driver to check for MCA cards after
  probing for EISA cards, and before probing for ISA cards, long before
  MCA support was added to the kernel.  The required MCA probe code is
  included in the driver shipped with v2.2 kernels.  More details can be
  found on the MCA-Linux page at:

  http://glycerine.cetmm.uni.edu/mca/


  5.1.10.  3c562

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c589 (distributed separately)

  This PCMCIA card is the combination of a 3c589B ethernet card with a
  modem. The modem appears as a standard modem to the end user. The only
  difficulty is getting the two separate linux drivers to share one
  interrupt. There are a couple of new registers and some hardware
  interrupt sharing support.  You need to use a v2.0 or newer kernel
  that has the support for interrupt sharing.


  Thanks again to Cameron for getting a sample unit and documentation
  sent off to David Hinds. Look for support in David's PCMCIA package
  release.

  See ``PCMCIA Support'' for more info on PCMCIA chipsets, socket
  enablers, etc.


  5.1.11.  3c575

  Status: Unknown.

  A driver for this PCMCIA card is under development and hopefully will
  be included in David's PCMCIA package in the future.  Best to check
  the PCMCIA package to get the current status.



  5.1.12.  3c579

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

  The EISA version of the 509. The current EISA version uses the same 16
  bit wide chip rather than a 32 bit interface, so the performance
  increase isn't stunning.  Make sure the card is configured for EISA
  addressing mode.  Read the above 3c509 section for info on the driver.



  5.1.13.  3c589 / 3c589B

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c589

  Many people have been using this PCMCIA card for quite some time now.
  Note that support for it is not (at present) included in the default
  kernel source tree.  The "B" in the name means the same here as it
  does for the 3c509 case.

  There are drivers available on Donald's ftp site and in David Hinds
  PCMCIA package.  You will also need a supported PCMCIA controller
  chipset.  See ``PCMCIA Support'' for more info on PCMCIA drivers,
  chipsets, socket enablers, etc.


  5.1.14.  3c590 / 3c595

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

  These ``Vortex'' cards are for PCI bus machines, with the '590 being
  10Mbps and the '595 being 3Com's 100Mbs offering.  Also note that you
  can run the '595 as a '590 (i.e. in a 10Mbps mode).  The driver is
  included in the v2.0 kernel source, but is also continually being
  updated. If you have problems with the driver in the v2.0 kernel, you
  can get an updated driver from the following URL:

  Vortex <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html>


  Note that there are two different 3c590 cards out there, early models
  that had 32kB of on-board memory, and later models that only have 8kB
  of memory. Chances are you won't be able to buy a new 3c59x for much
  longer, as it is being replaced with the 3c90x card. If you are buying
  a used one off somebody, try and get the 32kB version. The 3c595 cards
  have 64kB, as you can't get away with only 8kB RAM at 100Mbps!

  A thanks to Cameron Spitzer and Terry Murphy of 3Com for sending cards
  and documentation to Donald so he could write the driver.

  Donald has set up a mailing list for Vortex driver support.  To join
  the list, just do:

  echo subscribe | /bin/mail [e-mail]



  5.1.15.  3c592 / 3c597

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

  These are  the EISA versions of the 3c59x series of cards. The
  3c592/3c597 (aka Demon) should work with the vortex driver discussed
  above.


  5.1.16.  3c900 / 3c905 / 3c905B

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c59x

  These cards (aka `Boomerang', aka EtherLink III XL) have been released
  to take over the place of the 3c590/3c595 cards.

  The support for the Cyclone `B' revision was only recently added.  To
  use this card with older v2.0 kernels, you must obtain the updated
  3c59x.c driver from Donald's site at:

  Vortex-Page <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html>

  If in doubt about anything then check out the above WWW page.  Donald
  has set up a mailing list for Vortex driver support announcements and
  etc.  To join the list, just do:

  echo subscribe | /bin/mail [e-mail]


  5.1.17.  3c985

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: acenic

  This driver, by Jes Sorensen, is available in v2.2 kernels It supports
  several other Gigabit cards in addition to the 3Com model.


  5.2.  Accton



  5.2.1.  Accton MPX

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  Don't let the name fool you. This is still supposed to be a NE2000
  compatible card, and should work with the ne2000 driver.


  5.2.2.  Accton EN1203, EN1207, EtherDuo-PCI

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  This is another implementation of the DEC 21040 PCI chip.  The EN1207
  card has the 21140, and also has a 10Base-2 connector, which has
  proved troublesome for some people in terms of selecting that media.
  Using the card with 10Base-T and 100Base-T media have worked for
  others though.  So as with all purchases, you should try and make sure
  you can return it if it doesn't work for you.

  See ``DEC 21040'' for more information on these cards, and the present
  driver situation.


  5.2.3.  Accton EN2209 Parallel Port Adaptor (EtherPocket)

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?

  A driver for these parallel port adapters is available but not yet
  part of the 2.0 or 2.1 kernel source. You have to get the driver from:

  http://www.unix-ag.uni-siegen.de/~nils/accton_linux.html



  5.2.4.  Accton EN2212 PCMCIA Card

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?

  David Hinds has been working on a driver for this card, and you are
  best to check the latest release of his PCMCIA package to see what the
  present status is.



  5.3.  Allied Telesyn/Telesis



  5.3.1.  AT1500

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

  These are a series of low-cost ethercards using the 79C960 version of
  the AMD LANCE. These are bus-master cards, and hence one of the faster
  ISA bus ethercards available.

  DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in ``AMD
  LANCE''.

  More technical information on AMD LANCE based Ethernet cards can be
  found in ``Notes on AMD...''.


  5.3.2.  AT1700

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: at1700

  Note that to access this driver during make config you still have to
  answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for development and/or incomplete
  code/drivers?'' at the first. This is simply due to lack of feedback
  on the driver stability due to it being a relatively rare card.  If
  you have problems with the driver that ships with the kernel then you
  may be interested in the alternative driver available at:
  http://www.cc.hit-u.ac.jp/nagoya/at1700/
  The Allied Telesis AT1700 series ethercards are based on the Fujitsu
  MB86965. This chip uses a programmed I/O interface, and a pair of
  fixed-size transmit buffers. This allows small groups of packets to be
  sent back-to-back, with a short pause while switching buffers.

  A unique feature is the ability to drive 150ohm STP (Shielded Twisted
  Pair) cable commonly installed for Token Ring, in addition to 10baseT
  100ohm UTP (unshielded twisted pair). A fibre optic version of the
  card (AT1700FT) exists as well.

  The Fujitsu chip used on the AT1700 has a design flaw: it can only be
  fully reset by doing a power cycle of the machine.  Pressing the reset
  button doesn't reset the bus interface. This wouldn't be so bad,
  except that it can only be reliably detected when it has been freshly
  reset. The solution/work-around is to power-cycle the machine if the
  kernel has a problem detecting the AT1700.


  5.3.3.  AT2450

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This is the PCI version of the AT1500, and it doesn't suffer from the
  problems that the Boca 79c970 PCI card does.  DMA selection and chip
  numbering information can be found in ``AMD LANCE''.

  More technical information on AMD LANCE based Ethernet cards can be
  found in ``Notes on AMD...''.


  5.3.4.  AT2500

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: rtl8139

  This card uses the RealTek 8139 chip - see the section ``RealTek
  8139''.


  5.3.5.  AT2540FX

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

  This card uses the i82557 chip, and hence may/should work with the
  eepro100 driver. If you try this please send in a report so this
  information can be updated.


  5.4.  AMD / Advanced Micro Devices


  Carl Ching of AMD was kind enough to provide a very detailed
  description of all the relevant AMD ethernet products which helped
  clear up this section.


  5.4.1.  AMD LANCE (7990, 79C960/961/961A, PCnet-ISA)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

  There really is no AMD ethernet card. You are probably reading this
  because the only markings you could find on your card said AMD and the
  above number. The 7990 is the original `LANCE' chip, but most stuff
  (including this document) refer to all these similar chips as `LANCE'
  chips. (...incorrectly, I might add.)


  These above numbers refer to chips from AMD that are the heart of many
  ethernet cards.  For example, the Allied Telesis AT1500 (see
  ``AT1500'') and the NE1500/2100 (see ``NE1500'')  use these chips.

  The 7990/79c90 have long been replaced by newer versions.  The 79C960
  (a.k.a. PCnet-ISA) essentially contains the 79c90 core, along with all
  the other hardware support required, which allows a single-chip
  ethernet solution. The 79c961 (PCnet-ISA+) is a jumperless Plug and
  Play version of the '960. The final chip in the ISA series is the
  79c961A (PCnet-ISA II), which adds full duplex capabilities.  All
  cards with one of these chips should work with the lance.c driver,
  with the exception of very old cards that used the original 7990 in a
  shared memory configuration. These old cards can be spotted by the
  lack of jumpers for a DMA channel.

  One common problem people have is the `busmaster arbitration failure'
  message. This is printed out when the LANCE driver can't get access to
  the bus after a reasonable amount of time has elapsed (50us). This
  usually indicates that the motherboard implementation of bus-mastering
  DMA is broken, or some other device is hogging the bus, or there is a
  DMA channel conflict. If your BIOS setup has the `GAT option' (for
  Guaranteed Access Time) then try toggling/altering that setting to see
  if it helps.

  Also note that the driver only looks at the addresses: 0x300, 0x320,
  0x340, 0x360 for a valid card, and any address supplied by an ether=
  boot argument is silently ignored (this will be fixed) so make sure
  your card is configured for one of the above I/O addresses for now.

  The driver will still work fine, even if more than 16MB of memory is
  installed, since low-memory `bounce-buffers' are used when needed
  (i.e. any data from above 16MB is copied into a buffer below 16MB
  before being given to the card to transmit.)

  The DMA channel can be set with the low bits of the otherwise-unused
  dev->mem_start value (a.k.a. PARAM_1).  (see ``PARAM_1'') If unset it
  is probed for by enabling each free DMA channel in turn and checking
  if initialization succeeds.

  The HP-J2405A board is an exception: with this board it's easy to read
  the EEPROM-set values for the IRQ, and DMA.

  See ``Notes on AMD...''  for more info on these chips.


  5.4.2.  AMD 79C965 (PCnet-32)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This is the PCnet-32 -- a 32 bit bus-master version of the original
  LANCE chip for VL-bus and local bus systems.  chip.  While these chips
  can be operated with the standard lance.c driver, a 32 bit version
  (pcnet32.c) is also available that does not have to concern itself
  with any 16MB limitations associated with the ISA bus.


  5.4.3.  AMD 79C970/970A (PCnet-PCI)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This is the PCnet-PCI -- similar to the PCnet-32, but designed for PCI
  bus based systems. Please see the above PCnet-32 information.  This
  means that you need to build a kernel with PCI BIOS support enabled.
  The '970A adds full duplex support along with some other features to
  the original '970 design.

  Note that the Boca implementation of the 79C970 fails on fast Pentium
  machines. This is a hardware problem, as it affects DOS users as well.
  See the Boca section for more details.


  5.4.4.  AMD 79C971 (PCnet-FAST)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This is AMD's 100Mbit chip for PCI systems, which also supports full
  duplex operation. It was introduced in June 1996.


  5.4.5.  AMD 79C972 (PCnet-FAST+)

  Status: Unknown, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This should also work just like the '971 but this has yet to be
  confirmed.


  5.4.6.  AMD 79C974 (PCnet-SCSI)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This is the PCnet-SCSI --  which is basically treated like a '970 from
  an Ethernet point of view.  Also see the above information. Don't ask
  if the SCSI half of the chip is supported -- this is the Ethernet-
  HowTo, not the SCSI-HowTo.


  5.5.  Ansel Communications



  5.5.1.  AC3200 EISA

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ac3200

  Note that to access this driver during make config you still have to
  answer `Y' when asked ``Prompt for development and/or incomplete
  code/drivers?'' at the first. This is simply due to lack of feedback
  on the driver stability due to it being a relatively rare card.

  This driver is included in the present kernel as an alpha test driver.
  It is based on the common NS8390 chip used in the ne2000 and wd80x3
  cards.  Please see ``Alpha Drivers'' in this document for important
  information regarding alpha drivers.

  If you use it, let one of us know how things work out, as feedback has
  been low, even though the driver has been in the kernel since v1.1.25.

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.6.  Apricot



  5.6.1.  Apricot Xen-II On Board Ethernet

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: apricot


  This on board ethernet uses an i82596 bus-master chip.  It can only be
  at I/O address 0x300.  By looking at the driver source, it appears
  that the IRQ is also hardwired to 10.

  Earlier versions of the driver had a tendency to think that anything
  living at 0x300 was an apricot NIC.  Since then the hardware address
  is checked to avoid these false detections.


  5.7.  Arcnet

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: arcnet (arc-rimi, com90xx, com20020)

  With the very low cost and better performance of ethernet, chances are
  that most places will be giving away their Arcnet hardware for free,
  resulting in a lot of home systems with Arcnet.

  An advantage of Arcnet is that all of the cards have identical
  interfaces, so one driver will work for everyone. It also has built in
  error handling so that it supposedly never loses a packet.  (Great for
  UDP traffic!)

  Avery Pennarun's arcnet driver has been in the default kernel sources
  since 1.1.80. The arcnet driver uses `arc0' as its name instead of the
  usual `eth0' for ethernet devices.  Bug reports and success stories
  can be mailed to:

  [e-mail]

  There are information files contained in the standard kernel for
  setting jumpers and general hints.

  Supposedly the driver also works with the 100Mbs ARCnet cards as well!


  5.8.  AT&T


  Note that AT&T's StarLAN is an orphaned technology, like SynOptics
  LattisNet, and can't be used in a standard 10Base-T environment,
  without a hub that `speaks' both.


  5.8.1.  AT&T T7231 (LanPACER+)

  Status: Not Supported.

  These StarLAN cards use an interface similar to the i82586 chip. At
  one point, Matthijs Melchior ([e-mail]) was playing
  with the 3c507 driver, and almost had something useable working.
  Haven't heard much since that.


  5.9.  Boca Research


  Yes, they make more than just multi-port serial cards.  :-)


  5.9.1.  Boca BEN (ISA, VLB, PCI)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance, pcnet32

  These cards are based on AMD's PCnet chips.  Perspective buyers should
  be warned that many users have had endless problems with these VLB/PCI
  cards. Owners of fast Pentium systems have been especially hit. Note
  that this is not a driver problem, as it hits DOS/Win/NT users as
  well.  Boca's technical support number is [phone], and you can
  also reach them at [e-mail].  The older ISA cards
  don't appear to suffer the same problems.

  Donald did a comparitive test with a Boca PCI card and a similar
  Allied Telsyn PCnet/PCI implementation, which showed that the problem
  lies in Boca's implementation of the PCnet/PCI chip. These test
  results can be accessed on Don's www server.

  Linux at CESDIS <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/>

  Boca is offering a `warranty repair' for affected owners, which
  involves adding one of the missing capacitors, but it appears that
  this fix doesn't work 100 percent for most people, although it helps
  some.

  If you are still thinking of buying one of these cards, then at least
  try and get a 7 day unconditional return policy, so that if it doesn't
  work properly in your system, you can return it.

  More general information on the AMD chips can be found in ``AMD
  LANCE''.

  More technical information on AMD LANCE based Ethernet cards can be
  found in ``Notes on AMD...''.


  5.10.  Cabletron


  Donald writes: `Yes, another one of these companies that won't release
  its programming information. They waited for months before actually
  confirming that all their information was proprietary, deliberately
  wasting my time. Avoid their cards like the plague if you can.  Also
  note that some people have phoned Cabletron, and have been told things
  like `a D. Becker is working on a driver for linux' -- making it sound
  like I work for them. This is NOT the case.'


  Apparently Cabletron has changed their policy with respect to
  programming information (like Xircom) since Donald made the above
  comment several years ago -- send e-mail to [e-mail] if you
  want to verify this or ask for programming information.  However, at
  this point in time, there is little demand for modified/updated
  drivers for the older E20xx and E21xx cards.



  5.10.1.  E10**, E10**-x, E20**, E20**-x

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  These are NEx000 almost-clones that are reported to work with the
  standard NEx000 drivers, thanks to a ctron-specific check during the
  probe. If there are any problems, they are unlikely to be fixed, as
  the programming information is unavailable.


  5.10.2.  E2100

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: e2100 (+8390)

  Again, there is not much one can do when the programming information
  is proprietary.  The E2100 is a poor design. Whenever it maps its
  shared memory in during a packet transfer, it maps it into the whole
  128K region! That means you can't safely use another interrupt-driven
  shared memory device in that region, including another E2100.  It will
  work most of the time, but every once in a while it will bite you.
  (Yes, this problem can be avoided by turning off interrupts while
  transferring packets, but that will almost certainly lose clock
  ticks.) Also, if you mis-program the board, or halt the machine at
  just the wrong moment, even the reset button won't bring it back. You
  will have to turn it off and leave it off for about 30 seconds.

  Media selection is automatic, but you can override this with the low
  bits of the dev->mem_end parameter.  See ``PARAM_2''. Module users can
  specify an xcvr=N value as an option in the /etc/conf.modules file.

  Also, don't confuse the E2100 for a NE2100 clone.  The E2100 is a
  shared memory NatSemi DP8390 design, roughly similar to a brain-
  damaged WD8013, whereas the NE2100 (and NE1500) use a bus-mastering
  AMD LANCE design.

  There is an E2100 driver included in the standard kernel.  However,
  seeing as programming info isn't available, don't expect bug-fixes.
  Don't use one unless you are already stuck with the card.

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.10.3.  E22**

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: lance

  According to information in a Cabletron Tech Bulletin, these cards use
  the standard AMD PC-Net chipset (see ``AMD PC-Net'') and should work
  with the generic lance driver.



  5.11.  Cogent


  Here is where and how to reach them:



          Cogent Data Technologies, Inc.
          175 West Street, P.O. Box 926
          Friday Harbour, WA 98250, USA.

          Cogent Sales
          15375 S.E. 30th Place, Suite 310
          Bellevue, WA 98007, USA.

          Technical Support:
          Phone [phone] between 8am and 5pm PST
          Fax [phone]
          Compuserve GO COGENT
          Bulletin Board Service [phone]
          Internet: [e-mail]




  5.11.1.  EM100-ISA/EISA

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: smc9194

  These cards use the SMC 91c100 chip and may work with the SMC 91c92
  driver, but this has yet to be verified.


  5.11.2.  Cogent eMASTER+, EM100-PCI, EM400, EM960, EM964

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  These are yet another DEC 21040 implementation that should hopefully
  work fine with the standard 21040 driver.

  The EM400 and the EM964 are four port cards using a DEC 21050 bridge
  and 4 21040 chips.

  See ``DEC 21040'' for more information on these cards, and the present
  driver situation.


  5.12.  Compaq


  Compaq aren't really in the business of making ethernet cards, but a
  lot of their systems have embedded ethernet controllers on the
  motherboard.


  5.12.1.  Compaq Deskpro / Compaq XL (Embedded AMD Chip)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  Machines such as the XL series have an AMD 79c97x PCI chip on the
  mainboard that can be used with the standard LANCE driver. But before
  you can use it, you have to do some trickery to get the PCI BIOS to a
  place where Linux can see it. Frank Maas was kind enough to provide
  the details:

  `` The problem with this Compaq machine however is that the PCI
  directory is loaded in high memory, at a spot where the Linux kernel
  can't (won't) reach. Result: the card is never detected nor is it
  usable (sideline: the mouse won't work either) The workaround (as
  described thoroughly in http://www-c724.uibk.ac.at/XL/) is to load MS-
  DOS, launch a little driver Compaq wrote and then load the Linux
  kernel using LOADLIN. Ok, I'll give you time to say `yuck, yuck', but
  for now this is the only working solution I know of. The little driver
  simply moves the PCI directory to a place where it is normally stored
  (and where Linux can find it).''

  More general information on the AMD chips can be found in ``AMD
  LANCE''.


  5.12.2.  Compaq Nettelligent/NetFlex (Embedded ThunderLAN Chip)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: tlan

  These systems use a Texas Instruments ThunderLAN chip Information on
  the ThunderLAN driver can be found in ``ThunderLAN''.




  5.13.  Danpex




  5.13.1.  Danpex EN9400

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  Yet another card based on the DEC 21040 chip, reported to work fine,
  and at a relatively cheap price.

  See ``DEC 21040'' for more information on these cards, and the present
  driver situation.


  5.14.  D-Link



  5.14.1.  DE-100, DE-200, DE-220-T, DE-250

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  Some of the early D-Link cards didn't have the 0x57 PROM signature,
  but the ne2000 driver knows about them.  For the software configurable
  cards, you can get the config program from www.dlink.com.  The DE2**
  cards were the most widely reported as having the spurious transfer
  address mismatch errors with early versions of linux.  Note that there
  are also cards from Digital (DEC) that are also named DE100 and DE200,
  but the similarity stops there.


  5.14.2.  DE-520

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  This is a PCI card using the PCI version of AMD's LANCE chip.  DMA
  selection and chip numbering information can be found in ``AMD
  LANCE''.

  More technical information on AMD LANCE based Ethernet cards can be
  found in ``Notes on AMD...''.


  5.14.3.  DE-528

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

  Apparently D-Link have also started making PCI NE2000 clones.



  5.14.4.  DE-530

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  This is a generic DEC 21040 PCI chip implementation, and is reported
  to work with the generic 21040 tulip driver.

  See ``DEC 21040'' for more information on these cards, and the present
  driver situation.


  5.14.5.  DE-600

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de600

  Laptop users and other folk who might want a quick way to put their
  computer onto the ethernet may want to use this. The driver is
  included with the default kernel source tree.  Bjorn Ekwall
  [e-mail] wrote the driver.  Expect about 180kb/s transfer speed
  from this via the parallel port. You should read the README.DLINK file
  in the kernel source tree.

  Note that the device name that you pass to ifconfig is now eth0 and
  not the previously used dl0.

  If your parallel port is not at the standard 0x378 then you will have
  to recompile. Bjorn writes: ``Since the DE-620 driver tries to sqeeze
  the last microsecond from the loops, I made the irq and port address
  constants instead of variables. This makes for a usable speed, but it
  also means that you can't change these assignements from e.g. lilo;
  you _have_ to recompile...'' Also note that some laptops implement the
  on-board parallel port at 0x3bc which is where the parallel ports on
  monochrome cards were/are.


  5.14.6.  DE-620

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de620

  Same as the DE-600, only with two output formats.  Bjorn has written a
  driver for this model, for kernel versions 1.1 and above. See the
  above information on the DE-600.


  5.14.7.  DE-650

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: de650 (?)

  Some people have been using this PCMCIA card for some time now with
  their notebooks. It is a basic 8390 design, much like a NE2000. The
  LinkSys PCMCIA card and the IC-Card Ethernet are supposedly DE-650
  clones as well.  Note that at present, this driver is not part of the
  standard kernel, and so you will have to do some patching.

  See ``PCMCIA Support'' in this document, and if you can, have a look
  at:

  Don's PCMCIA Stuff <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/pcmcia.html>


  5.15.  DFI



  5.15.1.  DFINET-300 and DFINET-400

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  These cards are now detected (as of 0.99pl15) thanks to Eberhard
  Moenkeberg [e-mail] who noted that they use `DFI' in the first
  3 bytes of the prom, instead of using 0x57 in bytes 14 and 15, which
  is what all the NE1000 and NE2000 cards use. (The 300 is an 8 bit
  pseudo NE1000 clone, and the 400 is a pseudo NE2000 clone.)



  5.16.  Digital / DEC



  5.16.1.  DEPCA, DE100/1, DE200/1/2, DE210, DE422

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: depca

  There is documentation included in the source file `depca.c', which
  includes info on how to use more than one of these cards in a machine.
  Note that the DE422 is an EISA card. These cards are all based on the
  AMD LANCE chip.  See ``AMD LANCE'' for more info.  A maximum of two of
  the ISA cards can be used, because they can only be set for 0x300 and
  0x200 base I/O address.  If you are intending to do this, please read
  the notes in the driver source file depca.c in the standard kernel
  source tree.

  This driver will also work on Alpha CPU based machines, and there are
  various ioctl()s that the user can play with.


  5.16.2.  Digital EtherWorks 3 (DE203, DE204, DE205)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ewrk3

  These cards use a proprietary chip from DEC, as opposed to the LANCE
  chip used in the earlier cards like the DE200. These cards support
  both shared memory or programmed I/O, although you take about a
  50%performance hit if you use PIO mode. The shared memory size can be
  set to 2kB, 32kB or 64kB, but only 2 and 32 have been tested with this
  driver. David says that the performance is virtually identical between
  the 2kB and 32kB mode. There is more information (including using the
  driver as a loadable module) at the top of the driver file ewrk3.c and
  also in README.ewrk3.  Both of these files come with the standard
  kernel distribution.  This driver has Alpha CPU support like depca.c
  does.

  The standard driver has a number of interesting ioctl() calls that can
  be used to get or clear packet statistics, read/write the EEPROM,
  change the hardware address, and the like. Hackers can see the source
  code for more info on that one.

  David has also written a configuration utility for this card (along
  the lines of the DOS program NICSETUP.EXE) along with other tools.
  These can be found on most Linux FTP sites in the directory
  /pub/Linux/system/Network/management -- look for the file ewrk3tools-
  X.XX.tar.gz.



  5.16.3.  DE425 EISA, DE434, DE435, DE500

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  These cards are based on the 21040 chip mentioned below.  The DE500
  uses the 21140 chip to provide 10/100Mbs ethernet connections.  Have a
  read of the 21040 section below for extra info.  There are also some
  compile-time options available for non-DEC cards using this driver.
  Have a look at README.de4x5 for details.

  All the Digital cards will autoprobe for their media (except,
  temporarily, the DE500 due to a patent issue).

  This driver is also Alpha CPU ready and supports being loaded as a
  module.  Users can access the driver internals through ioctl() calls -
  see the 'ewrk3' tools and the de4x5.c sources for information about
  how to do this.


  5.16.4.  DEC 21040, 21041, 2114x, Tulip

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip


  The DEC 21040 is a bus-mastering single chip ethernet solution from
  Digital, similar to AMD's PCnet chip. The 21040 is specifically
  designed for the PCI bus architecture.  SMC's new EtherPower PCI card
  uses this chip.

  You have a choice of two drivers for cards based on this chip. There
  is the DE425 driver discussed above, and the generic 21040  `tulip'
  driver.

  Warning: Even though your card may be based upon this chip, the
  drivers may not work for you. David C. Davies writes:

  ``There are no guarantees that either `tulip.c' OR `de4x5.c' will run
  any DC2114x based card other than those they've been written to
  support.  WHY?? You ask.  Because there is a register, the General
  Purpose Register (CSR12) that (1) in the DC21140A is programmable by
  each vendor and they all do it differently (2) in the DC21142/3 this
  is now an SIA control register (a la DC21041). The only small ray of
  hope is that we can decode the SROM to help set up the driver.
  However, this is not a guaranteed solution since some vendors (e.g.
  SMC 9332 card) don't follow the Digital Semiconductor recommended SROM
  programming format."

  In non-technical terms, this means that if you aren't sure that an
  unknown card with a DC2114x chip will work with the linux driver(s),
  then make sure you can return the card to the place of purchase before
  you pay for it.

  The updated 21041 chip is also found in place of the 21040 on most of
  the later SMC EtherPower cards.  The 21140 is for supporting 100Base-?
  and works with the Linux drivers for the 21040 chip.  To use David's
  de4x5 driver with non-DEC cards, have a look at README.de4x5 for
  details.

  Donald has used SMC EtherPower-10/100 cards to develop the `tulip'
  driver. Note that the driver that is in the standard kernel tree at
  the moment is not the most up to date version. If you are having
  trouble with this driver, you should get the newest version from
  Donald's ftp/WWW site.

  Tulip Driver <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/tulip.html>

  The above URL also contains a (non-exhaustive) list of various
  cards/vendors that use the 21040 chip.

  Also note that the tulip driver is still considered an alpha driver
  (see ``Alpha Drivers'') at the moment, and should be treated as such.
  To use it, you will have to edit arch/i386/config.in and uncomment the
  line for CONFIG_DEC_ELCP support.

  Donald has even set up a mailing list for tulip driver support
  announcements, etc.  To join it just type:

  echo subscribe | /bin/mail [e-mail]


  5.17.  Farallon

  Farallon sells EtherWave adaptors and transceivers. This device allows
  multiple 10baseT devices to be daisy-chained.


  5.17.1.  Farallon Etherwave

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: 3c509

  This is reported to be a 3c509 clone that includes the EtherWave
  transceiver. People have used these successfully with Linux and the
  present 3c509 driver. They are too expensive for general use, but are
  a great option for special cases.  Hublet prices start at $125, and
  Etherwave adds $75-$100 to the price of the board -- worth it if you
  have pulled one wire too few, but not if you are two network drops
  short.


  5.18.  Fujitsu


  Unlike many network chip manufacturers, Fujitsu have also made and
  sold some network cards based upon their chip.


  5.18.1.  Fujitsu FMV-181/182/183/184

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: fmv18x

  According to the driver, these cards are a straight forward Fujitsu
  MB86965 implementation, which would make them very similar to the
  Allied Telesis AT1700 cards.


  5.19.  Hewlett Packard


  The 272** cards use programmed I/O, similar to the NE*000 boards, but
  the data transfer port can be `turned off' when you aren't accessing
  it, avoiding problems with autoprobing drivers.

  Thanks to Glenn Talbott for helping clean up the confusion in this
  section regarding the version numbers of the HP hardware.


  5.19.1.  27245A

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp (+8390)

  8 Bit 8390 based 10BaseT, not recommended for all the 8 bit reasons.
  It was re-designed a couple years ago to be highly integrated which
  caused some changes in initialization timing which only affected
  testing programs, not LAN drivers. (The new card is not `ready' as
  soon after switching into and out of loopback mode.)

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.19.2.  HP EtherTwist, PC Lan+ (27247, 27252A)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp+ (+8390)

  The HP PC Lan+ is different to the standard HP PC Lan card. This
  driver was added to the list of drivers in the standard kernel during
  the v1.1.x development cycle. It can be operated in either a PIO mode
  like a ne2000, or a shared memory mode like a wd8013.

  The 47B is a 16 Bit 8390 based 10BaseT w/AUI, and the 52A is a 16 Bit
  8390 based ThinLAN w/AUI.  These cards have 32K onboard RAM for Tx/Rx
  packet buffering instead of the usual 16KB, and they both offer LAN
  connector autosense.


  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.19.3.  HP-J2405A

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

  These are lower priced, and slightly faster than the 27247/27252A, but
  are missing some features, such as AUI, ThinLAN connectivity, and boot
  PROM socket.  This is a fairly generic LANCE design, but a minor
  design decision makes it incompatible with a generic `NE2100' driver.
  Special support for it (including reading the DMA channel from the
  board) is included thanks to information provided by HP's Glenn
  Talbott.

  More technical information on LANCE based cards can be found in
  ``Notes on AMD...''


  5.19.4.  HP-Vectra On Board Ethernet

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

  The HP-Vectra has an AMD PCnet chip on the motherboard.  DMA selection
  and chip numbering information can be found in ``AMD LANCE''.

  More technical information on LANCE based cards can be found in
  ``Notes on AMD...''


  5.19.5.  HP 10/100 VG Any Lan Cards (27248B, J2573, J2577, J2585,
  J970, J973)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: hp100


  This driver also supports some of the Compex VG products.  Since the
  driver supports ISA, EISA and PCI cards, it is found under ISA cards
  when running make config on a kernel source.


  5.19.6.  HP NetServer 10/100TX PCI (D5013A)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

  Apparently these are just a rebadged Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100B
  card. See the Intel section for more information.



  5.20.  IBM / International Business Machines



  5.20.1.  IBM Thinkpad 300

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: znet

  This is compatible with the Intel based Zenith Z-note.  See ``Z-note''
  for more info.

  Supposedly this site has a comprehensive database of useful stuff for
  newer versions of the Thinkpad. I haven't checked it out myself yet.

  Thinkpad-info <http://peipa.essex.ac.uk/html/linux-thinkpad.html>

  For those without a WWW browser handy, try
  peipa.essex.ac.uk:/pub/tp750/


  5.20.2.  IBM Credit Card Adaptor for Ethernet

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ? (distributed separately)

  People have been using this PCMCIA card with Linux as well.  Similar
  points apply, those being that you need a supported PCMCIA chipset on
  your notebook, and that you will have to patch the PCMCIA support into
  the standard kernel.

  See ``PCMCIA Support'' in this document, and if you can, have a look
  at:

  Don's PCMCIA Stuff <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/pcmcia.html>



  5.20.3.  IBM Token Ring

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ibmtr

  To support token ring requires more than only writing a device driver,
  it also requires writing the source routing routines for token ring.
  It is the source routing that would be the most time comsuming to
  write.

  Peter De Schrijver has been spending some time on Token Ring lately.
  and has worked with IBM ISA and MCA token ring cards.

  The present token ring code has been included into the first of the
  1.3.x series kernels.

  Peter says that it was originally tested on an MCA 16/4 Megabit Token
  Ring board, but it should work with other Tropic based boards.


  5.21.  ICL Ethernet Cards



  5.21.1.  ICL EtherTeam 16i/32

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: eth16i

  Mika Kuoppala ([e-mail]) wrote this driver, and it was
  included into early 1.3.4x kernels. It uses the Fujitsu MB86965 chip
  that is also used on the at1700 cards.


  5.22.  Intel Ethernet Cards


  Note that the naming of the various Intel cards is ambiguous and
  confusing at best.  If in doubt, then check the i8xxxx number on the
  main chip on the card or for PCI cards, use the PCI information in the
  /proc directory and then compare that to the numbers listed here.





  5.22.1.  Ether Express

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: eexpress

  This card uses the intel i82586.  Earlier versions of this driver (in
  v1.2 kernels) were classed as alpha-test, as it didn't work well for
  most people.  The driver in the v2.0 kernel seems to work much better
  for those who have tried it, although the driver source still lists it
  as experimental and more problematic on faster machines.

  The comments at the top of the driver source list some of the problems
  (and fixes!) associated with these cards. The slowdown hack of
  replacing all the outb with outb_p in the driver has been reported to
  avoid lockups for at least one user.


  5.22.2.  Ether Express PRO/10

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro

  Bao Chau Ha has written a driver for these cards that has been
  included into early 1.3.x kernels. It may also work with some of the
  Compaq built-in ethernet systems that are based on the i82595 chip.


  5.22.3.  Ether Express PRO/10 PCI (EISA)

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ? (distributed separately)

  John Stalba ([e-mail]) has written a driver for the PCI
  version. These cards use the PLX9036 PCI interface chip with the Intel
  i82596 LAN controller chip. If your card has the i82557 chip, then you
  don't have this card, but rather the version discussed next, and hence
  want the EEPro100 driver instead.

  You can get the alpha driver for the PRO/10 PCI card, along with
  instructions on how to use it at:

  EEPro10 Driver <http://www.ultranet.com/~stalba/eep10pci.html>

  If you have the EISA card, you will probably have to hack the driver a
  bit to account for the different (PCI vs. EISA) detection mechanisms
  that are used in each case.



  5.22.4.  Ether Express PRO 10/100B

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: eepro100

  Note that this driver will not work with the older 100A cards.  The
  chip numbers listed in the driver are i82557/i82558.  For driver
  updates and/or driver support, have a look at:

  EEPro-100B Page
  <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/eepro100.html>

  To subscribe to the mailing list relating to this driver, do:

  echo subscribe | /bin/mail [e-mail]

  Apparently Donald had to sign a non-disclosure agreement that stated
  he could actually disclose the driver source code! How is that for
  sillyness on intel's part?


  5.23.  Kingston


  Kingston make various cards, including NE2000+, AMD PCnet based cards,
  and DEC tulip based cards. Most of these cards should work fine with
  their respective driver. See Kingston Web Page
  <http://www.kingston.com>

  The KNE40 DEC 21041 tulip based card is reported to work fine with the
  generic tulip driver.



  5.24.  LinkSys


  LinkSys make a handful of different NE2000 clones, some straight ISA
  cards, some ISA plug and play and some even ne2000-PCI clones based on
  one of the supported ne2000-PCI chipsets. There are just too many
  models to list here.

  LinkSys are linux-friendly, with a linux specific WWW support page,
  and even have Linux printed on the boxes of some of their products.
  Have a look at:

  http://www.linksys.com/support/solution/nos/linux.htm



  5.24.1.  LinkSys Etherfast 10/100 Cards.

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: tulip

  Note that with these cards there have been several `revisions' (i.e.
  different chipset used) all with the same card name. The 1st used the
  DEC chipset. The 2nd revision used the Lite-On PNIC 82c168 PCI Network
  Interface Controller, and support for this was merged into the
  standard tulip driver (as of version 0.83 and newer).  More PNIC
  information is available at:

  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/pnic.html

  More information on the various versions of these cards can be found
  at the LinkSys WWW site mentioned above.



  5.24.2.  LinkSys Pocket Ethernet Adapter Plus (PEAEPP)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de620

  This is supposedly a DE-620 clone, and is reported to work well with
  that driver. See ``DE-620'' for more information.


  5.24.3.  LinkSys PCMCIA Adaptor

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de650 (?)

  This is supposed to be a re-badged DE-650. See ``DE-650'' for more
  information.





  5.25.  Microdyne



  5.25.1.  Microdyne Exos 205T

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ?

  Another i82586 based card. Dirk Niggemann [e-mail] has
  written a driver that he classes as ``pre-alpha'' that he would like
  people to test. Mail him for more details.


  5.26.  Mylex


  Mylex can be reached at the following numbers, in case anyone wants to
  ask them anything.


          MYLEX CORPORATION, Fremont
          Sales:  800-77-MYLEX, [phone]
          FAX:    [phone].



  They also have a web site: Mylex WWW Site <http://www.mylex.com>


  5.26.1.  Mylex LNE390A, LNE390B

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lne390 (+8390)

  These are fairly old EISA cards that make use of a shared memory
  implementation similar to the wd80x3. A driver for these cards is
  available in the current 2.1.x series of kernels.  Ensure you set the
  shared memory address below 1MB or above the highest address of the
  physical RAM installed in the machine.


  5.26.2.  Mylex LNP101

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  This is a PCI card that is based on DEC's 21040 chip.  It is
  selectable between 10BaseT, 10Base2 and 10Base5 output.  The LNP101
  card has been verified to work with the generic 21040 driver.

  See the section on the 21040 chip (``DEC 21040'') for more
  information.


  5.26.3.  Mylex LNP104

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  The LNP104 uses the DEC 21050 chip to deliver four independent 10BaseT
  ports. It should work with recent 21040 drivers that know how to share
  IRQs, but nobody has reported trying it yet (that I am aware of).


  5.27.  Novell Ethernet, NExxxx and associated clones.


  The prefix `NE' came from Novell Ethernet. Novell followed the
  cheapest NatSemi databook design and sold the manufacturing rights
  (spun off?) Eagle, just to get reasonably-priced ethercards into the
  market. (The now ubiquitous NE2000 card.)


  5.27.1.  NE1000, NE2000

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  The ne2000 is now a generic name for a bare-bones design around the
  NatSemi 8390 chip. They use programmed I/O rather than shared memory,
  leading to easier installation but slightly lower performance and a
  few problems.  Some of the more common problems that arise with NE2000
  cards are listed in ``Problems with...''

  Some NE2000 clones use the National Semiconductor `AT/LANTic' 83905
  chip, which offers a shared memory mode similar to the wd8013 and
  EEPROM software configuration. The shared memory mode will offer less
  CPU usage (i.e. more efficient) than the programmed I/O mode.

  In general it is not a good idea to put a NE2000 clone at I/O address
  0x300 because nearly every device driver probes there at boot. Some
  poor NE2000 clones don't take kindly to being prodded in the wrong
  areas, and will respond by locking your machine. Also 0x320 is bad
  because SCSI drivers probe into 0x330.

  Donald has written a NE2000 diagnostic program (ne2k.c) for all ne2000
  cards.  See ``Diagnostic Programs'' for more information.

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.27.2.  NE2000-PCI (RealTek/Winbond/Compex)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

  Yes, believe it or not, people are making PCI cards based on the more
  than ten year old interface design of the ne2000. At the moment nearly
  all of these cards are based on the RealTek 8029 chip, or the Winbond
  89c940 chip. The Compex, KTI, VIA and Netvin cards apparently also use
  these chips, but have a different PCI ID.

  The latest v2.0 kernel has support to automatically detect all these
  cards and use them. (If you are using a kernel v2.0.34 or older, you
  should upgrade to ensure your card will be detected.)  There are now
  two drivers to choose from; the original ISA/PCI ne.c driver, and a
  relatively new PCI-only ne2k-pci.c driver.

  To use the original ISA/PCI driver you have to say `Y'  to the `Other
  ISA cards' option when running make config as you are actually using
  the same NE2000 driver as the ISA cards use. (That should also give
  you a hint that these cards aren't anywhere as intelligent as say a
  PCNet-PCI or DEC 21040 card...)

  The newer PCI-only driver differs from the ISA/PCI driver in that all
  the support for old NE1000 8 bit cards has been removed and that data
  is moved to/from the card in bigger blocks, without any intervening
  pauses that the older ISA-NE2000's required for reliable operation.
  The result is a driver that is slightly smaller and slightly more
  efficient, but don't get too excited as the difference will not be
  obvious under normal use.  (If you really wanted maximum
  efficiency/low CPU use, then a PCI-NE2000 is simply a very poor
  choice.) Driver updates and more information can be found at:


  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/ne2k-pci.html

  If you have a NE2000 PCI card that is not  detected by the most
  current version of the driver, please contact the maintainer of the
  NE2000 driver as listed in /usr/src/linux/MAINTAINERS along with the
  output from a cat /proc/pci and dmesg so that support for your card
  can also be added to the driver.

  Also note that various card makers have been known to put `NE2000
  Compatible' stickers on their product boxes even when it is completely
  different (e.g. PCNet-PCI or RealTek 8139).  If in doubt check the
  main chip number against this document.


  5.27.3.  NE-10/100

  Status: Not Supported.

  These are ISA 100Mbps cards based on the National Semiconductor
  DP83800 and DP83840 chips. There is currently no driver support, nor
  has anyone reported that they are working on a driver.  Apparently
  documentation on the chip is unavailable with the exception of a
  single PDF file that doesn't give enough details for a driver.


  5.27.4.  NE1500, NE2100

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

  These cards use the original 7990 LANCE chip from AMD and are
  supported using the Linux lance driver. Newer NE2100 clones use the
  updated PCnet/ISA chip from AMD.

  Some earlier versions of the lance driver had problems with getting
  the IRQ line via autoIRQ from the original Novell/Eagle 7990 cards.
  Hopefully this is now fixed.  If not, then specify the IRQ via LILO,
  and let us know that it still has problems.

  DMA selection and chip numbering information can be found in ``AMD
  LANCE''.

  More technical information on LANCE based cards can be found in
  ``Notes on AMD...''


  5.27.5.  NE/2 MCA

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ne2

  There were a few NE2000 microchannel cards made by various companies.
  This driver, available in v2.2 kernels, will detect the following MCA
  cards: Novell Ethernet Adapter NE/2, Compex ENET-16 MC/P, and the Arco
  Ethernet Adapter AE/2.


  5.27.6.  NE3200

  Status: Not Supported.

  This old EISA card uses a 8MHz 80186 in conjunction with an i82586.
  Nobody is working on a driver for it, as there is no information
  available on the card, and no real demand for a driver either.




  5.27.7.  NE3210

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne3210 (+8390)

  This EISA card is completely different from the NE3200, as it uses a
  Nat Semi 8390 chip.  The driver can be found in the v2.2 kernel source
  tree.  Ensure you set the shared memory address below 1MB or above the
  highest address of the physical RAM installed in the machine.


  5.27.8.  NE5500

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: pcnet32

  These are just AMD PCnet-PCI cards ('970A) chips. More information on
  LANCE/PCnet based cards can be found in ``AMD LANCE''.



  5.28.  Proteon



  5.28.1.  Proteon P1370-EA

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  Apparently this is a NE2000 clone, and works fine with Linux.


  5.28.2.  Proteon P1670-EA

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  This is yet another PCI card that is based on DEC's Tulip chip.  It
  has been reported to work fine with Linux.

  See the section on the 21040 chip (``DEC 21040'') for more driver
  information.



  5.29.  Pure Data



  5.29.1.  PDUC8028, PDI8023

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)

  The PureData PDUC8028 and PDI8023 series of cards are reported to
  work, thanks to special probe code contributed by Mike Jagdis
  [e-mail]. The support is integrated with the WD
  driver.


  5.30.  Racal-Interlan


  Racal Interlan can be reached via WWW at www.interlan.com. I believe
  they were also known as MiCom-Interlan at one point in the past.





  5.30.1.  ES3210

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: es3210

  This is an EISA 8390 based shared memory card. An experimetal driver
  is shipped with v2.2 kernels and it is reported to work fine, but the
  EISA IRQ and shared memory address detection appears not to work with
  (at least) the early revision cards.  (This problem is not unique to
  the Linux world either...)  In that case, you have to supply them to
  the driver.  For example, card at IRQ 5 and shared memory 0xd0000,
  with a modular driver, add options es3210 irq=5 mem=0xd0000 to
  /etc/conf.modules.  Or with the driver compiled into the kernel,
  supply at boot ether=5,0,0xd0000,eth0 The I/O base is automatically
  detected and hence a value of zero should be used.


  5.30.2.  NI5010

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni5010

  You used to have to go get the driver for these old 8 bit MiCom-
  Interlan cards separately, but now it is shipped with the v2.2 kernels
  as an experimental driver.


  5.30.3.  NI5210

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni52

  This card also uses one of the Intel chips.  Michael Hipp has written
  a driver for this card. It is included in the standard kernel as an
  `alpha' driver. Michael would like to hear feedback from users that
  have this card. See ``Alpha Drivers'' for important information on
  using alpha-test ethernet drivers with Linux.


  5.30.4.  NI6510 (not EB)

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ni65

  There is also a driver for the LANCE based NI6510, and it is also
  written by Michael Hipp. Again, it is also an `alpha' driver. For some
  reason, this card is not compatible with the generic LANCE driver. See
  ``Alpha Drivers'' for important information on using alpha-test
  ethernet drivers with Linux.


  5.30.5.  EtherBlaster (aka NI6510EB)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: lance

  As of kernel 1.3.23, the generic LANCE driver had a check added to it
  for the 0x52, 0x44 NI6510EB specific signature.  Others have reported
  that this signature is not the same for all NI6510EB cards however,
  which will cause the lance driver to not detect your card. If this
  happens to you, you can change the probe (at about line 322 in
  lance.c) to printk() out what the values are for your card and then
  use them instead of the 0x52, 0x44 defaults.

  The cards should probably be run in `high-performance' mode and not in
  the NI6510 compatible mode when using the lance driver.





  5.31.  RealTek



  5.31.1.  RealTek RTL8002/8012 (AT-Lan-Tec) Pocket adaptor

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: atp

  This is a generic, low-cost OEM pocket adaptor being sold by AT-Lan-
  Tec, and (likely) a number of other suppliers. A driver for it is
  included in the standard kernel.  Note that there is substantial
  information contained in the driver source file `atp.c'.

  Note that the device name that you pass to ifconfig was not eth0 but
  atp0 for earlier versions of this driver.


  5.31.2.  RealTek 8009

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  This is an ISA NE2000 clone, and is reported to work fine with the
  linux NE2000 driver.  The rset8009.exe program can be obtained from
  RealTek's WWW site at http://www.realtek.com.tw - or via ftp from the
  same site.


  5.31.3.  RealTek 8019

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne (+8390)

  This is a Plug and Pray version of the above.  Use the DOS software to
  disable PnP and enable jumperless configuration; set the card to a
  sensible I/O address and IRQ and you should be ready to go.  (If using
  the driver as a module, don't forget to add an io=0xNNN option to
  /etc/conf.modules).  The rset8019.exe program can be obtained from
  RealTek's WWW site at http://www.realtek.com.tw - or via ftp from the
  same site.


  5.31.4.  RealTek 8029

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

  This is a PCI single chip implementation of a NE2000 clone.  Various
  vendors are now selling cards with this chip. See ``NE2000-PCI'' for
  information on using any of these cards.  Note that this is still a
  10+ year old design just glued onto a PCI bus. Performance won't be
  staggeringly better than the equivalent ISA model.



  5.31.5.  RealTek 8129/8139

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: rtl8139

  Another PCI single chip ethernet solution from RealTek.  A driver for
  cards based upon this chip was included in the v2.0.34 release of
  linux.  You currently have to answer `Y' when asked if you want
  experimental drivers for v2.2 kernels to get access to this driver.
  For more information, see:

  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/rtl8139.html



  5.32.  Sager



  5.32.1.  Sager NP943

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: 3c501

  This is just a 3c501 clone, with a different S.A. PROM prefix. I
  assume it is equally as brain dead as the original 3c501 as well. The
  driver checks for the NP943 I.D. and then just treats it as a 3c501
  after that. See ``3Com 3c501'' for all the reasons as to why you
  really don't want to use one of these cards.


  5.33.  Schneider & Koch



  5.33.1.  SK G16

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: sk_g16

  This driver was included into the v1.1 kernels, and it was written by
  PJD Weichmann and SWS Bern. It appears that the SK G16 is similar to
  the NI6510, in that it is based on the first edition LANCE chip (the
  7990). Once again, it appears as though this card won't work with the
  generic LANCE driver.


  5.34.  SEEQ



  5.34.1.  SEEQ 8005

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: seeq8005

  This driver was included into early 1.3.x kernels, and was written by
  Hamish Coleman.  There is little information about the card included
  in the driver, and hence little information to be put here. If you
  have a question, you are probably best off e-mailing
  [e-mail]


  5.35.  SMC (Standard Microsystems Corp.)



  The ethernet part of Western Digital was bought out by SMC many years
  ago when the wd8003 and wd8013 were the main product. Since then SMC
  has continued making 8390 based ISA cards (Elite16, Ultra, EtherEZ)
  and also added several PCI products to their range.

  Contact information for SMC:

  SMC / Standard Microsystems Corp., 80 Arkay Drive, Hauppage, New York,
  11788, USA.  Technical Support via phone: [phone] (USA) or
  800-433-5345 (Canada) or 516-435-6250 (Other Countries).  Literature
  requests: 800-SMC-4-YOU (USA) or 800-833-4-SMC (Canada) or
  516-435-6255  (Other Countries).  Technical Support via E-mail:
  [e-mail]. FTP Site: ftp.smc.com.  WWW Site: SMC
  <http://www.smc.com>.



  5.35.1.  WD8003, SMC Elite

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)

  These are the 8-bit versions of the card. The 8 bit 8003 is slightly
  less expensive, but only worth the savings for light use. Note that
  some of the non-EEPROM cards (clones with jumpers, or old old old
  wd8003 cards) have no way of reporting the IRQ line used. In this
  case, auto-irq is used, and if that fails, the driver silently assings
  IRQ 5.  You can get the SMC setup/driver disks from SMC's ftp site.
  Note that some of the newer SMC `SuperDisk' programs will fail to
  detect the real old EEPROM-less cards. The file SMCDSK46.EXE seems to
  be a good all-round choice. Also the jumper settings for all their
  cards are in an ASCII text file in the aforementioned archive. The
  latest (greatest?) version can be obtained from ftp.smc.com.

  As these are basically the same as their 16 bit counterparts (WD8013 /
  SMC Elite16), you should see the next section for more information.



  5.35.2.  WD8013, SMC Elite16

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: wd (+8390)

  Over the years the design has added more registers and an EEPROM. (The
  first wd8003 cards appeared about ten years ago!)  Clones usually go
  by the `8013' name, and usually use a non-EEPROM (jumpered) design.
  Late model SMC cards will have the SMC 83c690 chip instead of the
  original Nat Semi DP8390 found on earlier cards.  The shared memory
  design makes the cards a bit faster than PIO cards, especially with
  larger packets.  More importantly, from the driver's point of view, it
  avoids a few bugs in the programmed-I/O mode of the 8390, allows safe
  multi-threaded access to the packet buffer, and it doesn't have a
  programmed-I/O data register that hangs your machine during warm-boot
  probes.

  Non-EEPROM cards that can't just read the selected IRQ will attempt
  auto-irq, and if that fails, they will silently assign IRQ 10. (8 bit
  versions will assign IRQ 5)

  Cards with a non standard amount of memory on board can have the
  memory size specified at boot (or as an option in /etc/conf.modules if
  using modules).  The standard memory size is 8kB for an 8bit card and
  16kB for a 16bit card.  For example, the older WD8003EBT cards could
  be jumpered for 32kB memory. To make full use of that RAM, you would
  use something like (for I/O=0x280 and IRQ 9):

  ______________________________________________________________________
          LILO: linux ether=9,0x280,0xd0000,0xd8000,eth0
  ______________________________________________________________________



  Also see ``8013 problems'' for some of the more common problems and
  frequently asked questions that pop up often.

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.35.3.  SMC Elite Ultra

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra (+8390)

  This ethercard is based on the 83c790 chip from SMC, which has a few
  new features over the 83c690. While it has a mode that is similar to
  the older SMC ethercards, it's not entirely compatible with the old
  WD80*3 drivers. However, in this mode it shares most of its code with
  the other 8390 drivers, while operating slightly faster than a WD8013
  clone.

  Since part of the Ultra looks like an 8013, the Ultra probe is
  supposed to find an Ultra before the wd8013 probe has a chance to
  mistakenly identify it.

  Donald mentioned that it is possible to write a separate driver for
  the Ultra's `Altego' mode which allows chaining transmits at the cost
  of inefficient use of receive buffers, but that will probably not
  happen.

  Bus-Master SCSI host adaptor users take note: In the manual that ships
  with Interactive UNIX, it mentions that a bug in the SMC Ultra will
  cause data corruption with SCSI disks being run from an aha-154X host
  adaptor.  This will probably bite aha-154X compatible cards, such as
  the BusLogic boards, and the AMI-FastDisk SCSI host adaptors as well.

  SMC has acknowledged the problem occurs with Interactive, and older
  Windows NT drivers. It is a hardware conflict with early revisions of
  the card that can be worked around in the driver design. The current
  Ultra driver protects against this by only enabling the shared memory
  during data transfers with the card. Make sure your kernel version is
  at least 1.1.84, or that the driver version reported at boot is at
  least smc-ultra.c:v1.12 otherwise you are vulnerable.

  If you intend on using this driver as a loadable module you should
  probably see ``Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules'' for module
  specific information.


  5.35.4.  SMC Elite Ultra32 EISA

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra32 (+8390)

  This EISA card shares a lot in common with its ISA counterpart.  A
  working (and stable) driver is included in both v2.0 and v2.2 kernels.
  Thanks go to Leonard Zubkoff for purchasing some of these cards so
  that linux support could be added for them.


  5.35.5.  SMC EtherEZ (8416)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc-ultra (+8390)

  This card uses SMC's 83c795 chip and supports the Plug 'n Play
  specification. It also has an SMC Ultra compatible mode, which allows
  it to be used with the Linux Ultra driver.  For best results, use the
  SMC supplied program (avail. from their www/ftp site) to disable PnP
  and configure it for shared memory mode.  See the above information
  for notes on the Ultra driver.

  For v1.2 kernels, the card had to be configured for shared memory
  operation. However v2.0 kernels can use the card in shared memory or
  programmed I/O mode. Shared memory mode will be slightly faster, and
  use less CPU resources as well.


  5.35.6.  SMC EtherPower PCI (8432)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  NB: The EtherPower II is an entirely different card. See below!  These
  cards are a basic DEC 21040 implementation, i.e. one big chip and a
  couple of transceivers. Donald has used one of these cards for his
  development of the generic 21040 driver (aka tulip.c). Thanks to Duke
  Kamstra, once again, for supplying a card to do development on.

  Some of the later revisons of this card use the newer DEC 21041 chip,
  which may cause problems with older versions of the tulip driver. If
  you have problems, make sure you are using the latest driver release,
  which may not yet be included in the current kernel source tree.

  See ``DEC 21040'' for more details on using one of these cards, and
  the current status of the driver.

  Apparently, the latest revision of the card, the EtherPower-II uses
  the 9432 chip. It is unclear at the moment if this one will work with
  the present driver. As always, if unsure, check that you can return
  the card if it doesn't work with the linux driver before paying for
  the card.


  5.35.7.  SMC EtherPower II PCI (9432)

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: epic100

  These cards, based upon the SMC 83c170 chip, are entirely different
  than the Tulip based cards. A new driver has been included in kernels
  v2.0 and v2.2 to support these cards. For more details, see:

  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/epic100.html



  5.35.8.  SMC 3008

  Status: Not Supported.

  These 8 bit cards are based on the Fujitsu MB86950, which is an
  ancient version of the MB86965 used in the Linux at1700 driver. Russ
  says that you could probably hack up a driver by looking at the
  at1700.c code and his DOS packet driver for the Tiara card
  (tiara.asm). They are not very common.


  5.35.9.  SMC 3016

  Status: Not Supported.

  These are 16bit I/O mapped 8390 cards, much similar to a generic
  NE2000 card. If you can get the specifications from SMC, then porting
  the NE2000 driver would probably be quite easy.  They are not very
  common.


  5.35.10.  SMC-9000 / SMC 91c92/4

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: smc9194

  The SMC9000 is a VLB card based on the 91c92 chip.  The 91c92 appears
  on a few other brand cards as well, but is fairly uncommon.  Erik
  Stahlman ([e-mail]) has written this driver which is in v2.0
  kernels, but not in the older v1.2 kernels. You may be able to drop
  the driver into a v1.2 kernel source tree with minimal difficulty.



  5.35.11.  SMC 91c100

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: smc9194

  The SMC 91c92 driver is supposed to work for cards based on this
  100Base-T chip, but at the moment this is unverified.


  5.36.  Texas Instruments



  5.36.1.  ThunderLAN

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: tlan

  This driver covers many Compaq built-in ethernet devices, including
  the NetFlex and Netelligent groups. It also supports the Olicom 2183,
  2185, 2325 and 2326 products.


  5.37.  Thomas Conrad



  5.37.1.  Thomas Conrad TC-5048


  This is yet another PCI card that is based on DEC's 21040 chip.

  See the section on the 21040 chip (``DEC 21040'') for more
  information.


  5.38.  VIA


  You probably won't see a VIA networking card, as VIA make several
  networking chips that are then used by others in the construction of
  an ethernet card.  They have a WWW site at:

  http://www.via.com.tw/


  5.38.1.  VIA 86C926 Amazon

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

  This controller chip is VIA's PCI-NE2000 offering. You can choose
  between the ISA/PCI ne.c driver or the PCI-only ne2k-pci.c driver. See
  the PCI-NE2000 section for more details.


  5.38.2.  VIA 86C100A Rhine II (and 3043 Rhine I)

  Status Supported, Driver Name: via-rhine

  This relatively new driver can be found in current 2.0 and 2.1
  kernels.  It is an improvement over the 86C926 NE2000 chip in that it
  supports bus master transfers, but strict 32 bit buffer alignment
  requirements limit the benefit gained from this. For more details and
  driver updates, see:

  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/via-rhine.html


  5.39.  Western Digital


  Please see ``SMC'' for information on SMC cards. (SMC bought out
  Western Digital's network card section many years ago.)


  5.40.  Winbond


  Winbond don't really make and sell complete cards to the general
  public -- instead they make single chip ethernet solutions that other
  companies buy, stick onto a PCI board with their own name and then
  sell through retail stores.


  5.40.1.  Winbond 89c840

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: winbond-840

  This driver isn't currently shipped with the kernel, as it is in the
  testing phase.  It is available at:

  http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/test/winbond-840.c


  5.40.2.  Winbond 89c940

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: ne, ne2k-pci (+8390)

  This chip is one of the two commonly found on the low price PCI ne2000
  cards sold by lots of manufacturers. Note that this is still a 10+
  year old design just glued onto a PCI bus. Performance won't be
  staggeringly better than the equivalent ISA model.


  5.41.  Xircom


  For the longest time, Xircom wouldn't release the programming
  information required to write a driver, unless you signed your life
  away. Apparently enough linux users have pestered them for driver
  support (they claim to support all popular networking operating
  systems...) so that they have changed their policy to allow
  documentation to be released without having to sign a non-disclosure
  agreement. Some people have said they they will release the source
  code to the SCO driver, while others have been told that they are no
  longer providing information on `obsolete' products like the earlier
  PE models.  If you are interested and want to check into this
  yourself, you can reach Xircom at 1-800-874-7875, 1-800-438-4526 or
  [phone].


  5.41.1.  Xircom PE1, PE2, PE3-10B*

  Status: Not Supported.

  Not to get your hopes up, but if you have one of these parallel port
  adaptors, you may be able to use it in the DOS emulator with the
  Xircom-supplied DOS drivers. You will have to allow DOSEMU access to
  your parallel port, and will probably have to play with SIG (DOSEMU's
  Silly Interrupt Generator).




  5.41.2.  Xircom PCMCIA Cards

  Status: Semi-Supported, Driver Name: ????

  Some of the Xircom PCMCIA card(s) have drivers that are available with
  David Hinds PCMCIA package. Check there for the most up to date
  indformation


  5.42.  Zenith



  5.42.1.  Z-Note

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: znet

  The built-in Z-Note network adaptor is based on the Intel i82593 using
  two DMA channels. There is an (alpha?) driver available in the present
  kernel version. As with all notebook and pocket adaptors, it is under
  the `Pocket and portable adaptors' section when running make config.
  Also note that the IBM ThinkPad 300 is compatible with the Z-Note.


  5.43.  Znyx



  5.43.1.  Znyx ZX342 (DEC 21040 based)

  Status: Supported, Driver Name: de4x5, tulip

  You have a choice of two drivers for cards based on this chip. There
  is the DE425 driver written by David, and the generic 21040 driver
  that Donald has written.

  Note that as of 1.1.91, David has added a compile time option that may
  allow non-DEC cards (such as the Znyx cards) to work with this driver.
  Have a look at README.de4x5 for details.

  See ``DEC 21040'' for more information on these cards, and the present
  driver situation.


  5.44.  Identifying an Unknown Card


  Okay, so your uncle's cousin's neighbour's friend had a brother who
  found an old ISA ethernet card in the AT case he was using as a cage
  for his son's pet hampster. Somehow you ended up with the card and
  want to try and use it with linux, but nobody has a clue what the card
  is and there isn't any documentation.

  First of all, look for any obvious model numbers that might give a
  clue. Any model number that contains 2000 will most likely be a NE2000
  clone. Any cards with 8003 or 8013 on them somewhere will be
  Western/Digital WD80x3 cards or SMC Elite cards or clones of them.


  5.44.1.  Identifying the Network Interface Controller

  Look for the biggest chip on the card. This will be the network
  controller (NIC) itself, and most can be identified by the part
  number. If you know which NIC is on the card, the following might be
  able to help you figure out what card it is.

  Probably still the most common NIC is the National Semiconductor
  DP8390 aka NS32490 aka DP83901 aka DP83902 aka DP83905 aka DP83907.
  And those are just the ones made by National! Other companies such as
  Winbond and UMC make DP8390 and DP83905 clone parts, such as the
  Winbond 89c904 (DP83905 clone) and the UMC 9090.  If the card has some
  form of 8390 on it, then chances are it is a ne1000 or ne2000 clone
  card. The second most common 8390 based card are wd80x3 cards and
  clones. Cards with a DP83905 can be configured to be an ne2000 or a
  wd8013. Never versions of the genuine wd80x3 and SMC Elite cards have
  an 83c690 in place of the original DP8390. The SMC Ultra cards have an
  83c790, and use a slightly different driver than the wd80x3 cards.
  The SMC EtherEZ cards have an 83c795, and use the same driver as the
  SMC Ultra. All BNC cards based on some sort of 8390 or 8390 clone will
  usually have an 8392 (or 83c692, or ???392) 16 pin DIP chip very close
  to the BNC connector.

  Another common NIC found on older cards is the Intel i82586.  Cards
  having this NIC include the 3c505, 3c507, 3c523, Intel EtherExpress-
  ISA, Microdyne Exos-205T, and the Racal-Interlan NI5210.

  The original AMD LANCE NIC was numbered AM7990, and newer revisions
  include the 79c960, 79c961, 79c965, 79c970, and 79c974.  Most cards
  with one of the above will work with the Linux LANCE driver, with the
  exception of the old Racal-Interlan NI6510 cards that have their own
  driver.

  Newer PCI cards having a DEC 21040, 21041, 21140, or similar number on
  the NIC should be able to use the linux tulip or de4x5 driver.

  Other PCI cards having a big chip marked RTL8029 or 89C940 or 86C926
  are ne2000 clone cards, and the ne driver in linux version v2.0 and up
  should automatically detect these cards at boot.


  5.44.2.  Identifying the Ethernet Address


  Each ethernet card has its own six byte address that is unique to that
  card. The first three bytes of that address are the same for each card
  made by that particular manufacturer.  For example all SMC cards start
  with 00:00:c0.  The last three are assigned by the manufacturer
  uniquely to each individual card as they are produced.

  If your card has a sticker on it giving all six bits of its address,
  you can look up the vendor from the first three.  However it is more
  common to see only the last three bytes printed onto a sticker
  attached to a socketed PROM, which tells you nothing.

  You can determine which vendors have which assigned addresses from
  RFC-1340. Apparently there is a more up to date listing available in
  various places as well. Try a WWW or FTP search for EtherNet-codes or
  Ethernet-codes and you will find something.


  5.44.3.  Tips on Trying to Use an Unknown Card


  If you are still not sure what the card is, but have at least narrowed
  it down some, then you can build a kernel with a whole bunch of
  drivers included, and see if any of them autodetect the card at boot.

  If the kernel doesn't detect the card, it may be that the card is not
  configured to one of the addresses that the driver probes when looking
  for a card. In this case, you might want to try getting
  scanport.tar.gz from your local linux ftp site, and see if that can
  locate where your card is jumpered for. It scans ISA I/O space from
  0x100 to 0x3ff looking for devices that aren't registered in
  /proc/ioports. If it finds an unknown device starting at some
  particular address, you can then explicity point the ethernet probes
  at that address with an ether= boot argument.

  If you manage to get the card detected, you can then usually figure
  out the unknown jumpers by changing them one at a time and seeing at
  what I/O base and IRQ that the card is detected at. The IRQ settings
  can also usually be determined by following the traces on the back of
  the card to where the jumpers are soldered through. Counting the `gold
  fingers' on the backside, from the end of the card with the metal
  bracket, you have IRQ 9, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 10, 11, 12, 15, 14 at fingers
  4, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 respectively.  Eight bit
  cards only have up to finger 31.

  Jumpers that appear to do nothing usually are for selecting the memory
  address of an optional boot ROM. Other jumpers that are located near
  the BNC or RJ-45 or AUI connectors are usually to select the output
  media. These are also typically near the `black box' voltage
  converters marked YCL, Valor, or Fil-Mag.

  A nice collection of jumper settings for various cards can be found at
  the following URL:

  Ethercard Settings <http://www.slug.org.au/NIC/>



  5.45.  Drivers for Non-Ethernet Devices


  There are a few other drivers that are in the linux source that
  present an ethernet-like device to network programs, while not really
  being ethernet. These are briefly listed here for completeness.

  dummy.c - The purpose of this driver is to provide a device to point a
  route through, but not to actually transmit packets.

  eql.c - Load Equalizer, enslaves multiple devices (usually modems) and
  balances the Tx load across them while presenting a single device to
  the network programs.

  ibmtr.c - IBM Token Ring, which is not really ethernet.  Broken-Ring
  requires source routing and other uglies.

  loopback.c - Loopback device, for which all packets from your machine
  and destined for your own machine go.  It essentially just moves the
  packet off the Tx queue and onto the Rx queue.

  pi2.c - Ottawa Amateur Radio Club PI and PI2 interface.

  plip.c - Parallel Line Internet Protocol, allows two computers to send
  packets to each other over two joined parallel ports in a point-to-
  point fashion.

  ppp.c - Point-to-Point Protocol (RFC1331), for the Transmission of
  Multi-protocol Datagrams over a Point-to-Point Link (again usually
  modems).

  slip.c - Serial Line Internet Protocol, allows two computers to send
  packets to each other over two joined serial ports (usually via
  modems) in a point-to-point fashion.

  tunnel.c - Provides an IP tunnel through which you can tunnel network
  traffic transparently across subnets

  wavelan.c - An Ethernet-like radio transceiver controlled by the Intel
  82586 coprocessor which is used on other ethercards such as the Intel
  EtherExpress.


  6.  Cables, Coax, Twisted Pair

  If you are starting a network from scratch, you will have to decide
  whether to use thin ethernet (RG58 co-ax cable with BNC connectors) or
  10baseT (twisted pair telco-style cables with RJ-45 eight wire `phone'
  connectors).  The old-fashioned thick ethernet, RG-5 cable with N
  connectors is obsolete and rarely seen anymore.

  See ``Type of cable...'' for an introductory look at cables.  Also
  note that the FAQ from comp.dcom.lans.ethernet has a lot of useful
  information on cables and such. FTP to rtfm.mit.edu and look in
  /pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/ for the FAQ for that newsgroup.


  6.1.  Thin Ethernet (thinnet)


  Thin ethernet cable is pretty inexpensive. If you are making your own
  cables solid-core RG58A is $0.27/m. and stranded RG58AU is $0.45/m.
  Twist-on BNC connectors are < $2 ea., and other misc. pieces are
  similarly inexpensive. It is essential that you properly terminate
  each end of the cable with 50 ohm terminators, so budget $2 ea. for a
  pair. It's also vital that your cable have no `stubs' -- the `T'
  connectors must be attached directly to the ethercards.

  There are two main drawbacks to using thinnet. The first is that it is
  limited to 10Mb/sec - 100Mb/sec requires twisted pair. The second
  drawback is that if you have a big loop of machines connected
  together, and some bonehead breaks the loop by taking one cable off
  the side of his tee, the whole network goes down because it sees an
  infinite impedance (open circuit) instead of the required 50 ohm
  termination. Note that you can remove the tee piece from the card
  itself without killing the whole subnet, as long as you don't remove
  the cables from the tee itself. Of course this will disturb the
  machine that you pull the actual tee off of. 8-) And if you are doing
  a small network of two machines, you still need the tees and the 50
  ohm terminators -- you can't just cable them together!


  There are also some fancy cable systems which look like a single lead
  going to the card, but the lead is actually two runs of cable laying
  side-by-side covered by an outer sheath, giving the lead an oval
  shaped cross-section. At the turnaround point of the loop, a BNC
  connector is spliced in which connects to your card. So you have the
  equivalent of two runs of cable and a BNC T, but in this case, it is
  impossible for the user to remove a cable from one side of the T and
  disturb the network.



  6.2.  Twisted Pair


  Twisted pair networks require active hubs, which start around $50, and
  the raw cable cost can actually be higher than thinnet.  You can
  pretty much ignore claims that you can use your existing telephone
  wiring as it is a rare installation where that turns out to be the
  case.

  On the other hand, all 100Mb/sec ethernet proposals use twisted pair,
  and most new business installations use twisted pair.  Also, Russ
  Nelson adds that `New installations should use Category 5 wiring.
  Anything else is a waste of your installer's time, as 100Base-whatever
  is going to require Cat 5.'

  If you are only connecting two machines, it is possible to avoid using
  a hub, by swapping the Rx and Tx pairs (1-2 and 3-6).

  If you hold the RJ-45 connector facing you (as if you were going to
  plug it into your mouth) with the lock tab on the top, then the pins
  are numbered 1 to 8 from left to right. The pin usage is as follows:


          Pin Number              Assignment
          ----------              ----------
          1                       Output Data (+)
          2                       Output Data (-)
          3                       Input Data (+)
          4                       Reserved for Telephone use
          5                       Reserved for Telephone use
          6                       Input Data (-)
          7                       Reserved for Telephone use
          8                       Reserved for Telephone use



  If you want to make a cable, the following should spell it out for
  you.  Differential signal pairs must be on the same twisted pair to
  get the required minimal impedance/loss of a UTP cable.  If you look
  at the above table, you will see that 1+2 and 3+6 are the two sets of
  differential signal pairs. Not 1+3 and 2+6 !!!!!!  At 10MHz, with
  short lengths, you *may* get away with such errors, if it is only over
  a short length. Don't even think about it at 100MHz.

  For a normal patch cord, with ends `A' and `B', you want straight
  through pin-to-pin mapping, with the input and output each using a
  pair of twisted wires (for impedance issues). That means 1A goes to
  1B, 2A goes to 2B, 3A goes to 3B and 6A goes to 6B. The wires joining
  1A-1B and 2A-2B must be a twisted pair. Also the wires joining 3A-3B
  and 6A-6B must be another twisted pair.

  Now if you don't have a hub, and want to make a `null cable', what you
  want to do is make the input of `A' be the output of `B' and the
  output of `A' be the input of `B', without changing the polarity.  Tha
  means connecting 1A to 3B (out+ A to in+ B) and 2A to 6B (out- A to
  in- B). These two wires must be a twisted pair. They carry what
  card/plug `A' considers output, and what is seen as input for
  card/plug `B'. Then connect 3A to 1B (in+ A to out+ B) and also
  connect 6A to 2B (in- A to out- B). These second two must also be a
  twisted pair. They carry what card/plug `A' considers input, and what
  card/plug `B' considers output.

  So, if you consider a normal patch cord, chop one end off of it, swap
  the places of the Rx and Tx twisted pairs into the new plug, and crimp
  it down, you then have a `null' cable. Nothing complicated.  You just
  want to feed the Tx signal of one card into the Rx of the second and
  vice versa.

  Note that before 10BaseT was ratified as a standard, there existed
  other network formats using RJ-45 connectors, and the same wiring
  scheme as above. Examples are SynOptics's LattisNet, and AT&T's
  StarLAN.  In some cases, (as with early 3C503 cards) you could set
  jumpers to get the card to talk to hubs of different types, but in
  most cases cards designed for these older types of networks will not
  work with standard 10BaseT networks/hubs. (Note that if the cards also
  have an AUI port, then there is no reason as to why you can't use
  that, combined with an AUI to 10BaseT transceiver.)
  6.3.  Thick Ethernet

  Thick ethernet is mostly obsolete, and is usually used only to remain
  compatible with an existing implementation. You can stretch the rules
  and connect short spans of thick and thin ethernet together with a
  passive $3 N-to-BNC connector, and that's often the best solution to
  expanding an existing thicknet. A correct (but expensive) solution is
  to use a repeater in this case.

  7.  Software Configuration and Card Diagnostics


  In most cases, if the configuration is done by software, and stored in
  an EEPROM, you will usually have to boot DOS, and use the vendor
  supplied DOS program to set the cards IRQ, I/O, mem_addr and whatnot.
  Besides, hopefully it is something you will only be setting once. If
  you don't have the DOS software for your card, try looking on the WWW
  site of your card manufacturer. If you don't know the site name, take
  a guess at it, i.e. `www.my_vendor.com' where `my_vendor' is the name
  of your card manufacturer. This works for SMC, 3Com, and many many
  other manufacturers.

  There are some cards for which Linux versions of the config utils
  exist, and they are listed here.  Donald has written a few small card
  diagnostic programs that run under Linux. Most of these are a result
  of debugging tools that he has created while writing the various
  drivers. Don't expect fancy menu-driven interfaces. You will have to
  read the source code to use most of these. Even if your particular
  card doesn't have a corresponding diagnostic, you can still get some
  information just by typing cat /proc/net/dev -- assuming that your
  card was at least detected at boot.

  In either case, you will have to run most of these programs as root
  (to allow I/O to the ports) and you probably want to shut down the
  ethercard before doing so by typing ifconfig eth0 down first.


  7.1.  Configuration Programs for Ethernet Cards



  7.1.1.  WD80x3 Cards


  For people with wd80x3 cards, there is the program wdsetup which can
  be found in wdsetup-0.6a.tar.gz on Linux ftp sites.  It is not being
  actively maintained, and has not been updated for quite a while. If it
  works fine for you then great, if not, use the DOS version that you
  should have got with your card. If you don't have the DOS version, you
  will be glad to know that the SMC setup/driver disks are available at
  SMC's ftp site.  Of course, you have to have an EEPROM card to use
  this utility.  Old, old wd8003 cards, and some wd8013 clones use
  jumpers to set up the card instead.


  7.1.2.  Digital / DEC Cards


  The Digital EtherWorks 3 card can be configured in a similar fashion
  to the DOS program NICSETUP.EXE. David C. Davies wrote this and other
  tools for the EtherWorks 3 in conjunction with the driver. Look on you
  local linux FTP site in the directory
  /pub/linux/system/Network/management for the file that is named
  ewrk3tools-X.XX.tar.gz.


  7.1.3.  NE2000+ or AT/LANTIC Cards


  Some Nat Semi DP83905 implementations (such as the AT/LANTIC and the
  NE2000+) are software configurable. (Note that these cards can also
  emulate a wd8013 card!) You can get the file
  /pub/linux/setup/atlantic.c from Donald's ftp server,
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov to configure this card.  In addition, the
  configuration programs for the Kingston DP83905 cards seem to work
  with all cards, as they don't check for a vendor specific address
  before allowing you to use them. Follow the following URL: Kingston
  Software <http://www.kingston.com/download/etherx/etherx.htm> and get
  20XX12.EXE and INFOSET.EXE.

  Be careful when configuring NE2000+ cards, as you can give them bad
  setting values which can cause problems. A typical example is
  accidentally enabling the boot ROM in the EEPROM (even if no ROM is
  installed) to a setting that conflicts with the VGA card. The result
  is a computer that just beeps at you when you turn it on and nothing
  appears on the screen.

  You can typically recover from this by doing the following: Remove the
  card from the machine, and then boot and enter the CMOS setup.  Change
  the `Display Adapter' to `Not Installed' and change the default boot
  drive to `A:' (your floppy drive).  Also change the `Wait for F1 if
  any Error' to `Disabled'.  This way, the computer should boot without
  user intervention.  Now create a bootable DOS floppy (`format a: /s
  /u') and copy the program default.exe from the 20XX12.EXE archive
  above onto that floppy. Then type echo default > a:autoexec.bat so
  that the program to set the card back to sane defaults will be run
  automatically when you boot from this floppy.  Shut the machine off,
  re-install the ne2000+ card, insert your new boot floppy, and power it
  back up. It will still probably beep at you, but eventually you should
  see the floppy light come on as it boots from the floppy. Wait a
  minute or two for the floppy to stop, indicating that it has finished
  running the default.exe program, and then power down your computer.
  When you then turn it on again, you should hopefully have a working
  display again, allowing you to change your CMOS settings back, and to
  change the card's EEPROM settings back to the values you want.

  Note that if you don't have DOS handy, you can do the whole method
  above with a linux boot disk that automatically runs Donald's atlantic
  program (with the right command line switches) instead of a DOS boot
  disk that automatically runs the default.exe program.


  7.1.4.  3Com Cards


  The 3Com Etherlink III family of cards (i.e. 3c5x9) can be configured
  by using another config utility from Donald.  You can get the file
  /pub/linux/setup/3c5x9setup.c from Donald's ftp server,
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov to configure these cards. (Note that the DOS
  3c5x9B config utility may have more options pertaining to the new
  ``B'' series of the Etherlink III family.)



  7.2.  Diagnostic Programs for Ethernet Cards


  Any of the diagnostic programs that Donald has written can be obtained
  from this URL.

  Ethercard Diagnostics
  <ftp://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/linux/diag/index.html>
  Allied Telesis AT1700 -- look for the file /pub/linux/diag/at1700.c on
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov.

  Cabletron E21XX -- look for the file /pub/linux/diag/e21.c on
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov.

  HP PCLAN+ -- look for the file /pub/linux/diag/hp+.c on
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov.

  Intel EtherExpress -- look for the file /pub/linux/diag/eexpress.c on
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov.

  NE2000 cards -- look for the file /pub/linux/diag/ne2k.c on
  cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov.  There is also a PCI version for the now common
  NE2000-PCI clones.

  RealTek (ATP) Pocket adaptor -- look for the file /pub/linux/diag/atp-
  diag.c on cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov.

  All Other Cards -- try typing cat /proc/net/dev and dmesg to see what
  useful info the kernel has on the card in question.


  8.  Technical Information


  For those who want to understand a bit more about how the card works,
  or play with the present drivers, or even try to make up their own
  driver for a card that is presently unsupported, this information
  should be useful. If you do not fall into this category, then perhaps
  you will want to skip this section.


  8.1.  Programmed I/O vs. Shared Memory vs. DMA


  If you can already send and receive back-to-back packets, you just
  can't put more bits over the wire. Every modern ethercard can receive
  back-to-back packets. The Linux DP8390 drivers (wd80x3, SMC-Ultra,
  3c503, ne2000, etc) come pretty close to sending back-to-back packets
  (depending on the current interrupt latency) and the 3c509 and AT1500
  hardware have no problem at all automatically sending back-to-back
  packets.

  The ISA bus can do 5.3MB/sec (42Mb/sec), which sounds like more than
  enough for 10Mbps ethernet. In the case of the 100Mbps cards, you
  clearly need a faster bus to take advantage of the network bandwidth.


  8.1.1.  Programmed I/O (e.g. NE2000, 3c509)


  Pro: Doesn't use any constrained system resources, just a few I/O
  registers, and has no 16M limit.

  Con: Usually the slowest transfer rate, the CPU is waiting the whole
  time, and interleaved packet access is usually difficult to
  impossible.


  8.1.2.  Shared memory (e.g. WD80x3, SMC-Ultra, 3c503)


  Pro: Simple, faster than programmed I/O, and allows random access to
  packets. Where possible, the linux drivers compute the checksum of
  incoming IP packets as they are copied off the card, resulting in a
  further reduction of CPU usage vs. an equivalent PIO card.

  Con: Uses up memory space (a big one for DOS users, essentially a non-
  issue under Linux), and it still ties up the CPU.


  8.1.3.  Slave (normal) Direct Memory Access (e.g. none for Linux!)


  Pro: Frees up the CPU during the actual data transfer.

  Con: Checking boundary conditions, allocating contiguous buffers, and
  programming the DMA registers makes it the slowest of all techniques.
  It also uses up a scarce DMA channel, and requires aligned low memory
  buffers.


  8.1.4.  Bus Master Direct Memory Access (e.g. LANCE, DEC 21040)


  Pro: Frees up the CPU during the data transfer, can string together
  buffers, can require little or no CPU time lost on the ISA bus.  Most
  of the bus-mastering linux drivers now use a `copybreak' scheme where
  large packets are put directly into a kernel networking buffer by the
  card, and small packets are copied by the CPU which primes the cache
  for subsequent processing.

  Con: (Only applicable to ISA bus cards) Requires low-memory buffers
  and a DMA channel for cards. Any bus-master will have problems with
  other bus-masters that are bus-hogs, such as some primitive SCSI
  adaptors. A few badly-designed motherboard chipsets have problems with
  bus-masters. And a reason for not using any type of DMA device is
  using a 486 processor designed for plug-in replacement of a 386: these
  processors must flush their cache with each DMA cycle. (This includes
  the Cx486DLC, Ti486DLC, Cx486SLC, Ti486SLC, etc.)



  8.2.  Writing a Driver


  The only thing that one needs to use an ethernet card with Linux is
  the appropriate driver. For this, it is essential that the
  manufacturer will release the technical programming information to the
  general public without you (or anyone) having to sign your life away.
  A good guide for the likelihood of getting documentation (or, if you
  aren't writing code, the likelihood that someone else will write that
  driver you really, really need) is the availability of the Crynwr (nee
  Clarkson) packet driver. Russ Nelson runs this operation, and has been
  very helpful in supporting the development of drivers for Linux. Net-
  surfers can try this URL to look up Russ' software.

  Russ Nelson's Packet Drivers <http://www.crynwr.com/crynwr/home.html>

  Given the documentation, you can write a driver for your card and use
  it for Linux (at least in theory).  Keep in mind that some old
  hardware that was designed for XT type machines will not function very
  well in a multitasking environment such as Linux. Use of these will
  lead to major problems if your network sees a reasonable amount of
  traffic.

  Most cards come with drivers for MS-DOS interfaces such as NDIS and
  ODI, but these are useless for Linux. Many people have suggested
  directly linking them in or automatic translation, but this is nearly
  impossible. The MS-DOS drivers expect to be in 16 bit mode and hook
  into `software interrupts', both incompatible with the Linux kernel.
  This incompatibility is actually a feature, as some Linux drivers are
  considerably better than their MS-DOS counterparts. The `8390' series
  drivers, for instance, use ping-pong transmit buffers, which are only
  now being introduced in the MS-DOS world.

  (Ping-pong Tx buffers means using at least 2 max-size packet buffers
  for Tx packets. One is loaded while the card is transmitting the
  other. The second is then sent as soon as the first finished, and so
  on. In this way, most cards are able to continuously send back-to-back
  packets onto the wire.)

  OK. So you have decided that you want to write a driver for the Foobar
  Ethernet card, as you have the programming information, and it hasn't
  been done yet. (...these are the two main requirements ;-) You should
  start with the skeleton network driver that is provided with the Linux
  kernel source tree. It can be found in the file
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/skeleton.c in all recent kernels.  Also
  have a look at the Kernel Hackers Guide, at the following URL: KHG
  <http://www.redhat.com:8080/HyperNews/get/khg.html>



  8.3.  Driver interface to the kernel


  Here are some notes on the functions that you would have to write if
  creating a new driver. Reading this in conjunction with the above
  skeleton driver may help clear things up.



  8.3.1.  Probe


  Called at boot to check for existence of card. Best if it can check
  un-obtrsively by reading from memory, etc. Can also read from I/O
  ports. Initial writing to I/O ports in a probe is not good as it may
  kill another device.  Some device initialization is usually done here
  (allocating I/O space, IRQs,filling in the dev->??? fields etc.)  You
  need to know what io ports/mem the card can be configured to, how to
  enable shared memory (if used) and how to select/enable interrupt
  generation, etc.


  8.3.2.  Interrupt handler


  Called by the kernel when the card posts an interrupt.  This has the
  job of determining why the card posted an interrupt, and acting
  accordingly. Usual interrupt conditions are data to be rec'd, transmit
  completed, error conditions being reported. You need to know any
  relevant interrupt status bits so that you can act accordingly.


  8.3.3.  Transmit function


  Linked to dev->hard_start_xmit() and is called by the kernel when
  there is some data that the kernel wants to put out over the device.
  This puts the data onto the card and triggers the transmit. You need
  to know how to bundle the data and how to get it onto the card (shared
  memory copy, PIO transfer, DMA?) and in the right place on the card.
  Then you need to know how to tell the card to send the data down the
  wire, and (possibly) post an interrupt when done.  When the hardware
  can't accept additional packets it should set the dev->tbusy flag.
  When additional room is available, usually during a transmit-complete
  interrupt, dev->tbusy should be cleared and the higher levels informed
  with mark_bh(INET_BH).


  8.3.4.  Receive function


  Called by the kernel interrupt handler when the card reports that
  there is data on the card. It pulls the data off the card, packages it
  into a sk_buff and lets the kernel know the data is there for it by
  doing a netif_rx(sk_buff). You need to know how to enable interrupt
  generation upon Rx of data, how to check any relevant Rx status bits,
  and how to get that data off the card (again sh mem, PIO, DMA, etc.)


  8.3.5.  Open function


  linked to dev->open and called by the networking layers when somebody
  does ifconfig eth0 up - this puts the device on line and enables it
  for Rx/Tx of data. Any special initialization incantations that were
  not done in the probe sequence (enabling IRQ generation, etc.)  would
  go in here.


  8.3.6.  Close function (optional)


  This puts the card in a sane state when someone does ifconfig eth0
  down.  It should free the IRQs and DMA channels if the hardware
  permits, and turn off anything that will save power (like the
  transceiver).


  8.3.7.  Miscellaneous functions


  Things like a reset function, so that if things go south, the driver
  can try resetting the card as a last ditch effort.  Usually done when
  a Tx times out or similar. Also a function to read the statistics
  registers of the card if so equipped.


  8.4.  Technical information from 3Com


  If you are interested in working on drivers for 3Com cards, you can
  get technical documentation from 3Com. Cameron has been kind enough to
  tell us how to go about it below:

  3Com's Ethernet Adapters are documented for driver writers in our
  `Technical References' (TRs). These manuals describe the programmer
  interfaces to the boards but they don't talk about the diagnostics,
  installation programs, etc that end users can see.

  The Network Adapter Division marketing department has the TRs to give
  away. To keep this program efficient, we centralized it in a thing
  called `CardFacts.' CardFacts is an automated phone system. You call
  it with a touch-tone phone and it faxes you stuff. To get a TR, call
  CardFacts at 408-727-7021. Ask it for Developer's Order Form, document
  number 9070. Have your fax number ready when you call. Fill out the
  order form and fax it to 408-764-5004.  Manuals are shipped by Federal
  Express 2nd Day Service.

  There are people here who think we are too free with the manuals, and
  they are looking for evidence that the system is too expensive, or
  takes too much time and effort.  So far, 3Com customers have been
  really good about this, and there's no problem with the level of
  requests we've been getting. We need your continued cooperation and
  restraint to keep it that way.


  8.5.  Notes on AMD PCnet / LANCE Based cards


  The AMD LANCE (Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet) was the
  original offering, and has since been replaced by the `PCnet-ISA'
  chip, otherwise known as the 79C960.  Note that the name `LANCE' has
  stuck, and some people will refer to the new chip by the old name.
  Dave Roberts of the Network Products Division of AMD was kind enough
  to contribute the following information regarding this chip:

  `Functionally, it is equivalent to a NE1500. The register set is
  identical to the old LANCE with the 1500/2100 architecture additions.
  Older 1500/2100 drivers will work on the PCnet-ISA.  The NE1500 and
  NE2100 architecture is basically the same.  Initially Novell called it
  the 2100, but then tried to distinguish between coax and 10BASE-T
  cards. Anything that was 10BASE-T only was to be numbered in the 1500
  range. That's the only difference.

  Many companies offer PCnet-ISA based products, including HP, Racal-
  Datacom, Allied Telesis, Boca Research, Kingston Technology, etc.  The
  cards are basically the same except that some manufacturers have added
  `jumperless' features that allow the card to be configured in
  software. Most have not. AMD offers a standard design package for a
  card that uses the PCnet-ISA and many manufacturers use our design
  without change.  What this means is that anybody who wants to write
  drivers for most PCnet-ISA based cards can just get the data-sheet
  from AMD. Call our literature distribution center at [phone] and
  ask for the Am79C960, PCnet-ISA data sheet. It's free.

  A quick way to understand whether the card is a `stock' card is to
  just look at it. If it's stock, it should just have one large chip on
  it, a crystal, a small IEEE address PROM, possibly a socket for a boot
  ROM, and a connector (1, 2, or 3, depending on the media options
  offered). Note that if it's a coax card, it will have some transceiver
  stuff built onto it as well, but that should be near the connector and
  away from the PCnet-ISA.'

  A note to would-be card hackers is that different LANCE
  implementations do `restart' in different ways. Some pick up where
  they left off in the ring, and others start right from the beginning
  of the ring, as if just initialised.


  8.6.  Multicast and Promiscuous Mode


  Another one of the things Donald has worked on is implementing
  multicast and promiscuous mode hooks.  All of the released (i.e. not
  ALPHA) ISA drivers now support promiscuous mode.

  Donald writes: `I'll start by discussing promiscuous mode, which is
  conceptually easy to implement. For most hardware you only have to set
  a register bit, and from then on you get every packet on the wire.
  Well, it's almost that easy; for some hardware you have to shut the
  board (potentially dropping a few packet), reconfigure it, and then
  re-enable the ethercard.  OK, so that's easy, so I'll move on
  something that's not quite so obvious: Multicast. It can be done two
  ways:


  1. Use promiscuous mode, and a packet filter like the Berkeley packet
     filter (BPF). The BPF is a pattern matching stack language, where
     you write a program that picks out the addresses you are interested
     in. Its advantage is that it's very general and programmable. Its
     disadvantage is that there is no general way for the kernel to
     avoid turning on promiscuous mode and running every packet on the
     wire through every registered packet filter. See ``The Berkeley
     Packet Filter'' for more info.


  2. Using the built-in multicast filter that most etherchips have.

  I guess I should list what a few ethercards/chips provide:



          Chip/card  Promiscuous  Multicast filter
          ----------------------------------------
          Seeq8001/3c501  Yes     Binary filter (1)
          3Com/3c509      Yes     Binary filter (1)
          8390            Yes     Autodin II six bit hash (2) (3)
          LANCE           Yes     Autodin II six bit hash (2) (3)
          i82586          Yes     Hidden Autodin II six bit hash (2) (4)





  1. These cards claim to have a filter, but it's a simple yes/no
     `accept all multicast packets', or `accept no multicast packets'.

  2. AUTODIN II is the standard ethernet CRC (checksum) polynomial. In
     this scheme multicast addresses are hashed and looked up in a hash
     table. If the corresponding bit is enabled, this packet is
     accepted. Ethernet packets are laid out so that the hardware to do
     this is trivial -- you just latch six (usually) bits from the CRC
     circuit (needed anyway for error checking) after the first six
     octets (the destination address), and use them as an index into the
     hash table (six bits -- a 64-bit table).


  3. These chips use the six bit hash, and must have the table computed
     and loaded by the host. This means the kernel must include the CRC
     code.


  4. The 82586 uses the six bit hash internally, but it computes the
     hash table itself from a list of multicast addresses to accept.

  Note that none of these chips do perfect filtering, and we still need
  a middle-level module to do the final filtering. Also note that in
  every case we must keep a complete list of accepted multicast
  addresses to recompute the hash table when it changes.


  8.7.  The Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF)


  The general idea of the developers is that the BPF functionality
  should not be provided by the kernel, but should be in a (hopefully
  little-used) compatibility library.

  For those not in the know: BPF (the Berkeley Packet Filter) is an
  mechanism for specifying to the kernel networking layers what packets
  you are interested in. It's implemented as a specialized stack
  language interpreter built into a low level of the networking code. An
  application passes a program written in this language to the kernel,
  and the kernel runs the program on each incoming packet. If the kernel
  has multiple BPF applications, each program is run on each packet.

  The problem is that it's difficult to deduce what kind of packets the
  application is really interested in from the packet filter program, so
  the general solution is to always run the filter. Imagine a program
  that registers a BPF program to pick up a low data-rate stream sent to
  a multicast address.  Most ethernet cards have a hardware multicast
  address filter implemented as a 64 entry hash table that ignores most
  unwanted multicast packets, so the capability exists to make this a
  very inexpensive operation. But with the BPF the kernel must switch
  the interface to promiscuous mode, receive _all_ packets, and run them
  through this filter. This is work, BTW, that's very difficult to
  account back to the process requesting the packets.


  9.  Networking with a Laptop/Notebook Computer


  There are several ways to put your laptop on a network.  You can use
  the SLIP code (and run at serial line speeds); you can get a notebook
  with a supported PCMCIA slot built-in; you can get a laptop with a
  docking station and plug in an ISA ethercard; or you can use a
  parallel port Ethernet adapter.


  9.1.  Using SLIP


  This is the cheapest solution, but by far the most difficult. Also,
  you will not get very high transmission rates. Since SLIP is not
  really related to ethernet cards, it will not be discussed further
  here. See the NET-2 Howto.



  9.2.  PCMCIA Support


  Try and determine exactly what hardware you have (ie. card
  manufacturer, PCMCIA chip controller manufacturer) and then ask on the
  LAPTOPS channel. Regardless, don't expect things to be all that
  simple.  Expect to have to fiddle around a bit, and patch kernels,
  etc.  Maybe someday you will be able to type `make config' 8-)

  At present, the two PCMCIA chipsets that are supported are the
  Databook TCIC/2 and the intel i82365.

  There is a number of programs on tsx-11.mit.edu in
  /pub/linux/packages/laptops/ that you may find useful. These range
  from PCMCIA Ethercard drivers to programs that communicate with the
  PCMCIA controller chip. Note that these drivers are usually tied to a
  specific PCMCIA chip (ie. the intel 82365 or the TCIC/2)

  For NE2000 compatible cards, some people have had success with just
  configuring the card under DOS, and then booting linux from the DOS
  command prompt via loadlin.

  Things are looking up for Linux users that want PCMCIA support, as
  substantial progress is being made. Pioneering this effort is David
  Hinds. His latest PCMCIA support package can be obtained from:

  PCMCIA Package <ftp://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/pcmcia>


  Look for a file like pcmcia-cs-X.Y.Z.tgz where X.Y.Z will be the
  latest version number. This is most likely uploaded to the
  tsx-11.mit.edu FTP site as well.

  Note that Donald's PCMCIA enabler works as a user-level process, and
  David Hinds' is a kernel-level solution.  You may be best served by
  David's package as it is much more widely used and under continuous
  development.


  9.3.  ISA Ethercard in the Docking Station.


  Docking stations for laptops typically cost about $250 and provide two
  full-size ISA slots, two serial and one parallel port. Most docking
  stations are powered off of the laptop's batteries, and a few allow
  adding extra batteries in the docking station if you use short ISA
  cards. You can add an inexpensive ethercard and enjoy full-speed
  ethernet performance.


  9.4.  Pocket / parallel port adaptors.


  The `pocket' ethernet adaptors may also fit your need.  Note that the
  transfer speed will not be all that great (perhaps 200kB/s tops?) due
  to the limitations of the parallel port interface.

  Also most tie you down with a wall-brick power supply.  You can
  sometimes avoid the wall-brick with the adaptors by buying or making a
  cable that draws power from the laptop's keyboard port. (See
  ``keyboard power'')

  See ``DE-600 / DE-620'' and ``RealTek'' for two supported pocket
  adaptors.



  10.  Miscellaneous.


  Any other associated stuff that didn't fit in anywhere else gets
  dumped here. It may not be relevant, and it may not be of general
  interest but it is here anyway.


  10.1.  Passing Ethernet Arguments to the Kernel


  Here are two generic kernel commands that can be passed to the kernel
  at boot time (ether and reserve).  This can be done with LILO,
  loadlin, or any other booting utility that accepts optional arguments.

  For example, if the command was `blah' and it expected 3 arguments
  (say 123, 456, and 789) then, with LILO, you would use:

  LILO: linux blah=123,456,789

  For more information on (and a complete list of) boot time arguments,
  please see the BootPrompt-HOWTO
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/BootPrompt-HOWTO.html>





  10.1.1.  The ether  command


  The ether= argument is used in conjunction with drivers that are
  directly built into the kernel. The ether= argument will have
  absolutely no effect on a modular driver.  In its most generic form,
  it looks something like this:


       ether=IRQ,BASE_ADDR,PARAM_1,PARAM_2,NAME


  All arguments are optional.  The first non-numeric argument is taken
  as the NAME.

  IRQ: Obvious.  An IRQ value of `0' (usually the default) means to
  autoIRQ.  It's a historical accident that the IRQ setting is first
  rather than the base_addr -- this will be fixed whenever something
  else changes.

  BASE_ADDR: Also obvious.  A value of `0' (usually the default) means
  to probe a card-type-specific address list for an ethercard.

  PARAM_1: It was orginally used as an override value for the memory
  start for a shared-memory ethercard, like the WD80*3.  Some drivers
  use the low four bits of this value to set the debug message level.  0
  -- default, 1-7 -- level 1..7, (7 is maximum verbosity)  8 -- level 0
  (no messages). Also, the LANCE driver uses the low four bits of this
  value to select the DMA channel.  Otherwise it uses auto-DMA.

  PARAM_2: The 3c503 driver uses this to select between the internal and
  external transceivers.  0 -- default/internal, 1 -- AUI external.  The
  Cabletron E21XX card also uses the low 4 bits of PARAM_2 to select the
  output media. Otherwise it detects automatically.

  NAME: Selects the network device the values refer to.  The standard
  kernel uses the names `eth0', `eth1', `eth2' and `eth3' for bus-
  attached ethercards, and `atp0' for the parallel port `pocket'
  ethernet adaptor. The arcnet driver uses `arc0' as its name.  The
  default setting is for a single ethercard to be probed for as `eth0'.
  Multiple cards can only be enabled by explicitly setting up their base
  address using these LILO parameters.  The 1.0 kernel has LANCE-based
  ethercards as a special case.  LILO arguments are ignored, and LANCE
  cards are always assigned `eth<n>' names starting at `eth0'.
  Additional non-LANCE ethercards must be explicitly assigned to
  `eth<n+1>', and the usual `eth0' probe disabled with something like
  `ether=0,-1,eth0'.  ( Yes, this is bug. )


  10.1.2.  The reserve  command


  This next lilo command is used just like `ether=' above, ie. it is
  appended to the name of the boot select specified in lilo.conf


       reserve=IO-base,extent{,IO-base,extent...}


  In some machines it may be necessary to prevent device drivers from
  checking for devices (auto-probing) in a specific region. This may be
  because of poorly designed hardware that causes the boot to freeze
  (such as some ethercards), hardware that is mistakenly identified,
  hardware whose state is changed by an earlier probe, or merely
  hardware you don't want the kernel to initialize.

  The reserve boot-time argument addresses this problem by specifying an
  I/O port region that shouldn't be probed. That region is reserved in
  the kernel's port registration table as if a device has already been
  found in that region. Note that this mechanism shouldn't be necessary
  on most machines. Only when there is a problem or special case would
  it be necessary to use this.

  The I/O ports in the specified region are protected against device
  probes. This was put in to be used when some driver was hanging on a
  NE2000, or misidentifying some other device as its own.  A correct
  device driver shouldn't probe a reserved region, unless another boot
  argument explicitly specifies that it do so.  This implies that
  reserve will most often be used with some other boot argument. Hence
  if you specify a reserve region to protect a specific device, you must
  generally specify an explicit probe for that device. Most drivers
  ignore the port registration table if they are given an explicit
  address.

  For example, the boot line


       LILO: linux  reserve=0x300,32  ether=0,0x300,eth0


  keeps all device drivers except the ethercard drivers from probing
  0x300-0x31f.

  As usual with boot-time specifiers there is an 11 parameter limit,
  thus you can only specify 5 reserved regions per reserve keyword.
  Multiple reserve specifiers will work if you have an unusually
  complicated request.


  10.2.  Using the Ethernet Drivers as Modules


  Most of the linux distributions now ship kernels that have very few
  drivers built-in.  The drivers are instead supplied as a bunch of
  independent dynamically loadable modules.  These modular drivers are
  typically loaded by the administrator with the modprobe(8) command, or
  in some cases they are automatically loaded by the kernel through
  `kerneld' (in 2.0) or `kmod' (in 2.1) which then calls modprobe.

  You particular distribution may offer nice graphical configuration
  tools for setting up ethernet modules. If possible you should try and
  use them first. The description that follows here gives information on
  what underlies any fancy configuration program, and what these
  programs change.

  The information that controls what modules are to be used and what
  options are supplied to each module is usually stored in the file
  /etc/conf.modules.  The two main options of interest (for ethernet
  cards) that will be used in this file are alias and options.  The
  modprobe command consults this file for module information.

  The actual modules themselves are typically stored in a directory
  named /lib/modules/`uname -r`/net where the uname -r command gives the
  kernel version (e.g. 2.0.34).  You can look in there to see which
  module matches your card.

  The first thing you need in your conf.modules file is something to
  tell modprobe what driver to use for the eth0 (and eth1 and...)
  network interface.  You use the alias command for this.  For example,
  if you have an ISA SMC EtherEZ card which uses the smc-ultra.o driver
  module, you need to alias this driver to eth0 by adding the line:

          alias eth0 smc-ultra



  The other thing you may need is an options line indicating what
  options are to be used with a particular module (or module alias).
  Continuing with the above example, if you only used the single alias
  line with no options line, the kernel would warn you (see dmesg) that
  autoprobing for ISA cards is not a good idea.  To get rid of this
  warning, you would add another line telling the module what I/O base
  the card is configured to, in this case say the hexidecimal address
  0x280 for example.


          options smc-ultra io=0x280



  Most ISA modules accept parameters like io=0x340 and irq=12 on the
  insmod command line. It is REQUIRED or at least STRONGLY ADVISED that
  you supply these parameters to avoid probing for the card. Unlike PCI
  and EISA devices, there is no real safe way to do auto-probing for
  most ISA devices, and so it should be avoided when using drivers as
  modules.

  A list of all the options that each module accepts can be found in the
  file:

  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/net-modules.txt

  It is recommended that you read that to find out what options you can
  use for your particular card.  Note that some modules support comma
  separated value lists for modules that have the capability to handle
  multiple devices from a single module, such as all the 8390 based
  drivers, and the PLIP driver.  For exmple:


  ______________________________________________________________________
          options 3c503 io=0x280,0x300,0x330,0x350 xcvr=0,1,0,1
  ______________________________________________________________________



  The above would have the one module controlling four 3c503 cards, with
  card 2 and 4 using external transcievers. Don't put spaces around the
  `=' or commas.

  Also note that a busy module can't be removed. That means that you
  will have to ifconfig eth0 down  (shut down the ethernet card) before
  you can remove the module(s).

  The command lsmod will show you what modules are loaded, whether they
  are in use, and rmmod will remove them.


  10.3.  Related Documentation


  Much of this info came from saved postings from the comp.os.linux
  groups, which shows that it is a valuable resource of information.
  Other useful information came from a bunch of small files by Donald
  himself. Of course, if you are setting up an Ethernet card, then you
  will want to read the NET-2 Howto so that you can actually configure
  the software you will use.  Also, if you fancy yourself as a bit of a
  hacker, you can always scrounge some additional info from the driver
  source files as well. There is usually a paragraph or two in there
  describing any important points before any actual code starts..

  For those looking for information that is not specific in any way to
  Linux (i.e. what is 10BaseT, what is AUI, what does a hub do, etc.)  I
  strongly recommend making use of the newsgroup comp.dcom.lans.ethernet
  and/or comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.networking.  Newsgroup archives such
  as those at dejanews.com can also be an invaluable source of
  information.  You can grab the newsgroup FAQ from RTFM (which holds
  all the newsgroup FAQs) at the following URL:

  Usenet FAQs <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/>

  You can also have a look at the `Ethernet-HomePage' so to speak, which
  is at the following URL:

  Ethernet-HomePage <http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/ethernet-
  home.html>



  10.4.  Disclaimer and Copyright


  This document is not gospel. However, it is probably the most up to
  date info that you will be able to find. Nobody is responsible for
  what happens to your hardware but yourself. If your ethercard or any
  other hardware goes up in smoke (...nearly impossible!)  we take no
  responsibility. ie. THE AUTHORS ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES
  INCURRED DUE TO ACTIONS TAKEN BASED ON THE INFORMATION INCLUDED IN
  THIS DOCUMENT.

  This document is Copyright (c) 1993-1997 by Paul Gortmaker.
  Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
  manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
  preserved on all copies.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
  document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that this
  copyright notice is included exactly as in the original, and that the
  entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
  permission notice identical to this one.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
  document into another language, under the above conditions for
  modified versions.

  A hint to people considering doing a translation.  First, translate
  the SGML source (available via FTP from the HowTo main site) so that
  you can then generate other output formats.  Be sure to keep a copy of
  the original English SGML source that you translated from! When an
  updated HowTo is released, get the new SGML source for that version,
  and then a simple diff -u old.sgml new.sgml will show you exactly what
  has changed so that you can easily incorporate those changes into your
  translated SMGL source without having to re-read or re-translate
  everything.

  If you are intending to incorporate this document into a published
  work, please make contact (via e-mail) so that you can be supplied
  with the most up to date information available. In the past, out of
  date versions of the Linux HowTo documents have been published, which
  caused the developers undue grief from being plagued with questions
  that were already answered in the up to date versions.




  10.5.  Closing


  If you have found any glaring typos, or outdated info in this
  document, please send an e-mail. It is big, and it is easy to overlook
  stuff. If you have e-mailed about a change, and it hasn't been
  included in the next version, please don't hesitate to send it again,
  as it might have got lost amongst the usual sea of SPAM and junk mail
  I get.

  Thanks!

  Paul Gortmaker, [e-mail]