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- DOS Level 3:
-
- The world of DOS is a large one. There are many, many commands with optional
- switches in the realm of file management. Fortunately, like most software
- there is a flow and feel to DOS. After you are familiar with the core
- commands, looking up additional ones and figuring out how to use them becomes
- easier. The pattern is a DOS word (DIR, COPY, DEL....) followed by the
- necessary, minimum information to make it go. For example:
-
- A>DIR B: DIR only needs the drive the directory is
- desired
-
- A>Copy C:sample.doc B: COPY needs 3 pieces of information - what file
- on which drive is to be copied to which drive
-
- A>DEL B:Test.EXE DEL needs 2 pieces of information - what file
- on which drive to delete
-
-
-
- SOFTWARE VERSIONS
- -----------------
- Software is labeled with a version number. With each subsequent release of
- the product, the version number increases. The reason for these upgrades are
- to rid "bugs" (problems) within the software, significant product
- improvements, and/or to exploit new hardware advancements. In general,
- anything created on an earlier version of a software will work with a later
- version of the same software. This is known as upward compatibility. The
- reverse is rarely true.
-
- DOS first hit the market as version 1.0 in 1981. It has gone thru many
- upgrades as new hardware components became available and new DOS features were
- added. Currently DOS 4.X is available. However, most systems are still
- using DOS 3.X versions. For a single user system, any DOS version over 2.1
- is probably adequate. If you are using high density 3.5 inch floppy
- drives, you will need at least DOS 3.X.
-
- When application software is purchased, DOS version requirements are noted on
- the package as well as RAM requirements.
-
-
- FILE ALLOCATION TABLE
- ---------------------
- As was discussed earlier formatting a new floppy disk prior to use,
- electronically superimposes a grid system on the disk. Each grid intersection
- (sector) is numbered. The location of files pieces on a disk are noted in a
- File Allocation Table (FAT) on each disk. When a file is copied to a disk,
- the FAT is checked for available sector locations.
-
- The FAT is like an index to the location of file pieces on the disk. File
- portions DO NOT have to be in adjacent sectors. As a disk repeatedly has new
- files copied to it and old files deleted, files become fragmented - portions
- of the file exist in non-adjacent sectors. This situation is referred to
- as non-contiguous sectors. Data integrity is not affected by this situation,
- but the speed in which data can be retrieved is. There are many third party
-
-
-
-
-
- products to "defragment" a disk. If the programs you will be using are disk
- intensive - like accounting or database management, you will notice a slowing
- of program execution over time as files become fragmented.
-
- When a file is deleted from a disk, the contents are not wiped from the
- sectors, rather the file name is removed from the FAT and the associated
- sectors are now simply declared available for new data. This is important to
- understand because deleted files are actually still on the disk but their
- locations are now not considered off limits. Again, many third party software
- products are available to undelete these files.
-
- If you do delete a file, try not to use the disk until the proper utility
- software is available to reverse the deletion. With more use, you are running
- the risk that the next file that is copied to the disk will occupy the
- sectors of file you wish to undelete. If that should happen, you will not be
- able to undelete the "old" file.
-
- Some popular third party utility tools to defragment a disk and allow
- undeletion include PC TOOLS, NORTON UTILITIES, MACE UTILITIES, VOPT DISK
- OPTIMIZER.
-
- BATCH FILES
- -----------
- Batch files are a DOS tool that allow you to automatically execute 1 or more
- DOS commands sequentially. A more detailed explanation can be found under
- Hard Disk Dos sections.
-
- For example, you are tired of changing default drives, subdirectories and
- typing the word LOTUS each time you wish to enter into the LOTUS 123
- spreadsheet program. The 3 steps required are:
-
- A>C:
- C>cd\lotus
- C>lotus
-
- These steps can be combined with a single BATCH file called LOT.BAT.
-
- To build:
-
- C>copy con:lot.bat --- Begin creating a file called lot.bat
- C:
- cd\lotus
- lotus
- <F6> --- End building and save to disk by
- pressing the <F6> function key
-
- Now, each time LOT is entered at the DOS prompt, the commands within the
- LOT.BAT file are automatically executed sequentially.
-
- C>lot
-
-
-
-
-
-
- REDIRECTION
- -----------
- Redirection refers to having input or output come or go to devices other than
- the standards of Keyboard (Input) and Monitor (output). In DOS we expect to
- enter commands from the Keyboard and have the results displayed on the
- Monitor.
-
- A>DIR --- Gives a directory of the A drive disk on the
- monitor
-
- A>DIR >PRN --- PRN means to send the results of this command
- to the printer
-
- A>DIR >LIST.TXT --- Now the output of this command is put into a
- file on the A disk called LIST.TXT (any
- filename could have been used)
-
- The greater than sign ( > ) used above was to REDIRECT the output to a
- Printer and a Disk File rather than the default output device; the monitor.
- This is useful for getting a hard copy print-out of a particular disk's
- contents.
-
- PIPING - FILTERS
- ----------------
- Piping is a way of telling DOS to transfer the output from one command to be
- the input for another command. Piping is a form of redirection except DOS
- will create a temporary file on a disk to accomplish the task.
-
- Piping usually involves the use of special commands, termed Filters, to accept
- data, do something with it, and then pass it to the next step. There are 3
- standard filters used by DOS in piping:
-
- FIND - used to search a file directory for a specified string of text
- MORE - used to display one 1 screen of output at a time
- SORT - used to sort disk filenames
-
- The symbol used by DOS to indicate a Piping operation is the vertical bar (|).
-
- Examples:
-
- A>DIR |sort --- Will display on the monitor the list of files
- on the A disk, BUT in filename alphabetic order.
-
- A>DIR |sort/+10 --- Will display on the monitor the list of files
- on the A disk, BUT by alphabetic order of the
- filename extensions. Extensions are 10
- characters from the left on the screen during a
- DIR.
-
- A>DIR |sort >prn -- Same as the 1st example except the results of
- this command will be printed out.
-
- A>DIR |sort >SAM.D - Same as the 1st example except the results of
- this command will be saved in a file on the disk
- called SAM.D
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A>DIR |sort |more -- Will display in sorted order one screen at a time
-
- A>DIR |find "05-14-89" -- Will display a list of files that were last
- changed on May 14, 1989
-
- A>DIR |find "SALES" -- Will display a list of files that have the
- word SALES in the file name
-
-
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-