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- DOS Level 2:
-
- We have seen that DOS's mission is one of file management. Every software
- has a purpose and DOS's is for housekeeping of files. However, we also saw
- that DOS is unique because we can't run the computer without it. We must
- "boot" the system with the internal DOS files each time we start the computer.
- Finally, most people don't realize that DOS is also the Swedish word for
- toilet. Which DOS is more important in your life? Too obvious to comment.
-
- WHEN A COMPUTER IS POWERED-UP
- -----------------------------
- What actually happens when the computer is started? First, a factory preset
- set of instructions residing in ROM are activated. ROM stands for Read Only
- Memory. This set of chips can send instructions TO RAM, but it cannot receive
- them - thus cannot be altered. The unalterable set of ROM instructions
- performs systems checks to make sure all critical hardware components are
- hooked up properly and in the case of RAM - operating properly.
-
- Once the hardware check is performed, ROM instructs RAM to search the A drive
- for internal DOS files. If no disk is present in drive A, then ROM directs
- RAM to check the Root directory of the hard drive for the necessary files
- (more on Root directories in Hard Disk DOS lessons). If the files are found,
- they are automatically loaded into to RAM (booted).
-
- There are 3 files which comprise internal DOS: IBMDOS.SYS, IBMBIO.SYS and
- COMMAND.COM. The first 2 files are hidden files. They cannot be seen in a
- DIR command, nor can they be copied or deleted with conventional DOS commands.
- These files are responsible for the linking of the hardware components. The
- final file, COMMAND.COM CAN be seen, copied or deleted, and contains the
- frequently used internal DOS file management commands. Again, the system will
- not boot without these 3 files.
-
- It is from the DOS prompt: A>
- that we can go forward with
- the task of file management.
-
- We have already seen a handful of the most useful DOS file management
- commands. Lets expand their abilities with the use of file WILDCARDS.
-
- WILDCARDS
- ---------
- Wildcards allow the power of a DOS command to expand. For example, imagine
- that you need to copy 12 files from a disk containing 100. The 10 files all
- begin with the word SALES. Sales.Jan, Sales.Feb, Sales.Mar ...
-
- We could copy each file individually: A>Copy Sales.Jan B:
- A>Copy Sales.Feb B:
- ......
-
- Or, we could do it in one command with the use of a wildcard:
-
- A>Copy Sales.* B:
-
- The asterisk (*) represents a wildcard. It is often referred to as a star.
- The above command would read "Copy Sales dot star space B full colon".
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Any DOS command that references a filename can make use of wildcards to
- expand the command. When a Copy command is issued, DOS is instructed which
- single file to copy. However, when we use a wildcard, DOS is instructed to
- use any files that meet the criteria. The asterisk expands the criteria for
- qualifying files.
-
- A>Copy Sales.* B: says "copy any file from drive A to drive B that contains
- SALES as the filename, regardless of the extension"
-
- What if we wanted to include the files: SALES1.DOC, SALES10.DOC and
- SALESMAN.SUM
-
- SALES.* is not broad enough criteria to include these files. Rather, we would
- state it:
- A>Copy SALES*.* B:
-
- Now the criteria is to copy ANY file as long as the first 5 characters are S A
- L E S regardless of what other characters come after these first 5 in the
- filename or what exists in the extension.
-
- The asterisk is the broadest and most often used wildcard. Some other
- examples of its use:
-
- A>Copy *.DOC B: (all files with the extension DOC)
- A>Del S*.* (any file that begins with the letter S)
- A>Del B:*.* (ALL files from the B drive - be careful!)
- A>Dir B:*.COM (A list of all files with an extension of COM
- on the B drive)
-
- Anywhere a file specification can be given in DOS, the specification can be
- broadened with a wildcard. The asterisk is very useful.
-
- Another wildcard is the question mark (?). It too broadens the criteria for a
- command, however, it is "location specific". For example:
-
- A>Copy S?.DOC B:
-
- Any file that has S as the first character followed by a single character
- in the second position or not, but NO more characters in the filename plus an
- extension of DOC.
-
- Therefore, these files would make it: S.DOC SA.DOC SI.DOC S5.DOC.
- And, these files would not: SALES.DOC SAT.DOC S5.EXE
-
- Wildcards can be used together:
-
- A>Copy S?L*.* B:
-
- This will use the following: SALES.COM SAL S5L.DOC SL.EXE
- But not: SAM.DOC BUDGET.SL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- The wildcard characters, * and ? are used with DOS commands such as DIR,
- COPY and DEL to broaden their application. An asterisk, or "star" allows up
- to 8 characters at any position in a file name. A question mark does the
- same, but for only 1 character position.
-
-
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-