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- Hard Disk Management - Level 1:
-
- DOS Disk Operating System (Director Of Services)
- ---
- Master control program for the flow of information within a PC. One of
- its primary functions is to oversee all disk activities -
- reading/writing information from/to a disk, and loading/executing
- programs. It controls (links) all hardware devices so they may
- communicate with one another including:
-
- Floppy Drives: 5.25", 3.5"
- Hard Drives: 10mb, 20mb, .....
- Ram Disk: Simulates a disk drive from within RAM
- Laser Disk: "CD's" for computers
- Tape Storage Device: Backup system typically using cassette type
- tapes
-
- PLUS, Screen, Keyboard, Printer, Modem, Mouse, ...
-
- As if this wasn't enough, this modest software called DOS also keeps
- track of the current time and date, and the usage of all memory
- locations within RAM.
-
-
- Once DOS has been properly BOOTed, you will see the familiar "DOS
- Prompt":
-
- A>
-
- This says: 1. DOS has been properly installed
- 2. "A" is the default drive
- 3. DOS is awaiting your next command
-
-
- HARD DISK DRIVES
- ----------------
- Also called Hard Drive, Hard Cards, Fixed Disk Drives. Hard Drives are
- essentially large floppies housed within the computer. They are much faster,
- much higher capacity, and less likely to fail due to the safe environment from
- within which they operate.
-
- Hard Disk cost is related to its capacity and it Access Time. Access Time is
- the amount of time it take the disk to locate a random piece of information.
- Access Time is measured in milliseconds (ms-millionths of a second). A fast
- one would be 28ms, a slow one 65ms.
-
-
- DOS REALITIES
- -------------
- There are three types of FILES that may be successfully "executed" from
- the DOS Prompt:
-
- 1. *.EXE Commands ("EXECUTE" Program files Lotus, dBASE,....)
- 2. *.COM Commands ("COMMAND" Program files Lotus, dBASE,....)
- 3. *.BAT ("BATCH" Custom programs )
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- To successfully execute one of the *.EXE, *.COM, or *.BAT command
- files, the file itself must be either:
-
- 1. In the Current directory
- 2. Within a directory that is part of the DOS "PATH" command
-
- Batch (.BAT) files are the only executable files you can write using a
- simple word processor, or DOS's built in Line Editor (EDLIN) - more later.
-
- BOOTING (or Bootstrap) To load and execute the Disk Operating System-DOS
- -------
- This term comes from the phrase "pull yourself up by your own bootstraps".
- This happens within a PC when it is turned on. Actually, a built-in program
- (ROM) is executed, then a couple of "hidden" files from the ROOT directory
- (hard drive) or DOS Disk (floppy disk), then COMMAND.COM (DOS internal command
- interpreter) followed by the Optional CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.
-
- COMMAND.COM: Must by loaded for DOS to operate properly, it contains
- the Internal DOS commands - those used most often: Copy,
- Dir, Del, etc. The remainder of files on the DOS disk
- are called External Files (DISKCOPY, CHKDSK,...). To
- utilized one of these commands, the DOS disk must be
- accessible.
-
- CONFIG.SYS: Optional. If it is located on the Disk that you are
- BOOTing from, DOS will "open" it and read and interpret a
- list of system configuration commands. This is a ASCII
- text file which can be created by any text editor.
- Configuration commands include: FILES, BUFFERS,
- DEVICE,...
-
- AUTOEXEC.BAT: Optional. An ASCII text file. "Opened" and read after
- CONFIG.SYS, IF it exists on the BOOT disk. A "batch"
- file. A set of DOS commands and other special commands.
-
-
- SOME FREQUENTLY USED DOS COMMANDS WITHIN A HARD DISK ENVIRONMENT
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- A Hard Disk is just like a floppy. However, due to its size additional file
- management commands are needed. The following can also be used on floppy
- disks, but they are most common in Hard Drive Environments.
-
- INTERNAL │ EXTERNAL (Insert DOS in Drive A)
- │
- MD │ CHKDSK
- CD │ BACKUP
- RD │ RESTORE
- PROMPT │ SUBST
- PATH │ TREE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **-- Internal DOS Commands -
-
- MD - Make a directory (see below)
-
- CD - Change to a directory (see below)
-
- RD - Remove a directory - must be rid of files first (see below)
-
- PROMPT $p$g - Changes the way the DOS prompt is display. $p$g insures that
- the current directory is shown at the prompt. Very useful.
- Usually "set" in the AUTOEXEC.bat file (see below)
-
- PATH=c:\DOS;c:\BATCH;c:\UTILITY
-
- Sets up a command (*.EXE, *.COM, *.BAT) search path in the DOS
- environment. When a command is issued from the DOS prompt, it
- first looks in the directory you are currently in, then looks in
- each directory noted on this path. Usually this command is built
- into the AUTOEXEC.bat file (see below)
-
-
- **-- External DOS Commands -
-
-
- CHKDSK C:\*.* /F
-
- Checks the integrity of disk files - the level of fragmentation of files.
- Indicates the number of files and amount of free storage space remaining on
- the disk in drive A. It also indicates the amount of RAM storage.
- If any lost clusters are found (data without a home), they can be converted
- to *.CHK files so you can delete them to free up the disk space.
-
- SUBST E: c:\LOTUS\123FILES - Assigns a 1-letter drive ID to a
- directory path
-
- SUBST E: /D - Cancel previous designation
-
- TREE /F - Displays a list of files and directories on the disk.
- /F - more detail - all files, all directories
-
- BACKUP (see below)
-
- RESTORE (see below)
-
-
- DIRECTORIES
- -----------
- As previous mentioned, a hard disk is essentially a large floppy disk.
- However, it offers some distinct advantages:
-
- Is much larger
- Stays inside the machine
- Operates (transfers data) at a much higher rate (5-10x)
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Because a Hard Disk is so much larger than a floppy, we use an
- additional file organization tool called SUBDIRECTORIES.
-
- If a floppy is like a filing drawer, than a Hard Drive is like a wall
- of file drawers, each drawer call a SUBDIRECTORY.
-
- DOS lets you organize files using tree-structured directories rather than a
- single directory. In other words, since a 20 meg (20,000,000 byte) capacity
- hard drive can contain approximately 60 floppy disks worth of files, an
- additional organization tool is needed. The creation of SUBDIRECTORIES allows
- us to subdivide a disk to contain related files. It's as if we have many file
- cabinets available to store our files rather than a single giant one.
-
- DOS permits up to 112 files on a floppy disk. However, with that many
- it is a labor to examine via a DIR and it also slows DOS's file access
- and retrieval.
-
- ROOT DIRECTORY - Main directory - it provides support for all the
- SUBDIRECTORIES. It contains all the SUBDIRECTORIES.
-
- Each SUBDIRECTORY can contain files as well as other SUBDIRECTORIES.
- These other Subdirectories could be thought of as SUB-SUBDIRECTORIES.
-
- To use a file in a different drive we have specified the drive and
- filename (B:Filename.ext). Similarly, if we want to access a file in a
- SUBDIRECTORY we specify a PATH, OR make that SUBDIRECTORY the "current"
- one.
- ┌──────────────┐
- │ROOT DIRECTORY│
- │ │
- │ files│
- └──────┬───────┘
- │
- ┌────────────────────┼────────────────────┐
- │ │ │
- ┌──────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐
- │SUBDIRECTORY │ │SUBDIRECTORY │ │SUBDIRECTORY │
- │ files│ │ files│ │ files│
- └────────┬─────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────┬───────┘
- │ │
- ┌─────┴──────────────────┐ │
- ┌──────┴───────────┐ ┌─────────┴────────┐ ┌──────┴───────────┐
- │"SUB-SUBDIRECTORY"│ │"SUB-SUBDIRECTORY"│ │"SUB-SUBDIRECTORY"│
- │ files│ │ files│ │ files│
- └──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘
-
- PATH: A PATH specifies the names of the directories that DOS must go
- through from the ROOT DIRECTORY to get to the file. The directories
- are separated by a forward slash ( \ ). (NOT the same as the DOS PATH
- command noted above)
-
-
-
-
-
-
- EX: C:\123FILES\PROJECTX\BUDGET.WK1
-
-
- C:\ Root Directory
- │
- ├─ 123FILES Lotus files Subdirectory
- │
- └──┬── PROJECTX Sub-Subdirectory containing all "PROJECTX"
- │ files
- │
- └───── BUDGET.WK1 A specific Lotus file called BUDGET within
- the PROJECTX Subdirectory
-
-
- DOS & SUBDIRECTORIES - there are only 3 key commands in dealing with
- Subdirectories: MD, CD, and RD
-
- TO MAKE A SUBDIRECTORY
- ----------------------
- MD dirspec - Internal - to MaKe a DIRectory -dirspec is the name of
- the subdirectory or its PATH
-
- EX: C>MD 123FILES <ENTER> - This creates a subdirectory
- called 123FILES
-
- - Naming a SUBDIRECTORY follows the same rules for
- file naming, except extensions are not used
- - You can created unlimited number of SUBDIRECTORIES
- - Identical Filenames can exist in different SUBs
- (Remember, 2 files with identical filenames CANNOT coexist
- in the same SUBDIRECTORY)
-
- TO CHANGE THE "CURRENT" SUBDIRECTORY
- ------------------------------------
- The computer can only have 1 "file drawer" open at a time - thus this is
- called the current directory. Unless instructed otherwise, the computer will
- assume all files sought and sent will go into this current subdirectory.
-
- CD\dirspec - to Change the "current" Directory
-
- - EX: C>CD\LOTUS <ENTER> - This makes a subdirectory
- called LOTUS the current one
- TO REMOVE/ERASE A SUBDIRECTORY
- ------------------------------
- 1. First make this directory the current one C>cd/dirspec
- 2. DELETE all the files within this directory
- C>DEL *.*
- It will ask if you are sure - Y
- 3. Go to the ROOT DIRECTORY C>cd\
- 4. RD dirspec - Reove Directory
-
- C>RD dirspec
-
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-