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- DOS Level 1:
-
- SOFTWARE: Sets of programs (stored sets of instructions) that govern
- the operation of computer system and make the hardware run. These
- programs (instructions) tell the hardware how to perform a particular
- task such as word processing, games, database management, etc.
-
- DOS
- ---
- DOS - Disk Operating System - is a piece of software. However, it is
- different from most software because a computer cannot run without it. It is
- the first piece of software that is installed in RAM every time the computer
- is turned on.
-
- When the user first starts the computer, the DOS files must be available in
- either the A drive or on a Hard Disk. The computer finds the desired DOS
- files and automatically loads them into RAM. This process is often called
- "BOOTING" the computer -from the computer pulling itself up by its BOOTstraps.
-
- TO LOAD DOS
- -----------
- "Cold" Boot: Turning the computer on
-
- "Warm" Boot: The computer has already been started, but you wish to
- completely "clean-out" RAM and re-load DOS. This is a
- much faster method of re-starting the computer since it
- skips the usual system checks. To accomplish, you press
- three keys simultaneously: <CTRL>-<ALT>-<DEL>
-
- DOS performs 2 functions:
-
- 1. Links the Hardware
- 2. Allows for file management
-
- We think of most software as enabling us to create something - like a document
- or a spreadsheet. DOS's mission is vital. Firstly, it enables the hardware
- devices to properly communicate with each other. It is a set of instructions
- so that the computer's brain understands how its arms and legs operate
- (keyboard, monitor, printers,...). We take this ability for granted. It is
- like starting a car - many complex systems must work in unison for it to work,
- yet we take it for granted that it will start.
-
- The second function of DOS is also important. We must have a means to manage
- the files that we save on our Floppy Disks or Hard Drives. There are times
- when we wish to copy these files from one disk to another, or erase them, or
- determine which files are on a disk. These tasks are performed often and the
- software required to do so is DOS.
-
- When DOS has been properly loaded from either a Floppy Disk or a Hard Drive,
- the familiar "DOS Prompt" will appear. This prompt will look something
- like this:
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A>
-
- This symbol signals 3 things:
-
- 1. DOS has been properly loaded into RAM
- 2. "A" is the DEFAULT drive
- 3. Awaits a DOS file management command
-
- Each disk drive and hard disk has a letter associated with it. If a drive is
- considered the DEFAULT drive, then the computer will always assume that the
- information needed is in that drive, OR if something you have created is saved
- - it will be saved to that drive, UNLESS you tell the computer otherwise.
-
- All types of disks contain files. We use DOS as a software tool to manage
- these files. We not only tell the computer which file we want to erase or
- copy but also which drive it is currently in.
-
-
- DOS FILE CONVENTIONS
- --------------------
- FILES: Any related set of instructions - programs, documents,
- spreadsheets, etc.. A floppy disk is like a file cabinet with each
- folder representing files on the disk (in the cabinet).
-
- Rules: filename | extension (optional)
- |
- 1-8 Characters | 1-3 Characters
- No Spaces | No Spaces
- Letters/Numbers| Letters/Numbers
-
- If an optional extension is used, a period is used to separate the filename
- and extension.
-
- Many characters are allowed in filenaming. The following are INVALID
- for filenames OR extensions:
-
- . " / \ [ ] : | < > + = ; ,
-
- Each file has a name. When you want DOS to act on a file, you must
- specify its proper name (including its extension if applicable). A
- file's name is made up of a filename and an optional extension:
-
- saledata.jly
- │ │ └──Extension (optional) - UP TO 3 CHARACTERS
- │ └─Period required as Separator IF extension used
- └──Filename - UP TO 8 CHARACTERS
-
- Some filenames: SAMPLE
- SAMPLE.DOC
- BUDGET.WK1
-
- Two files with the same exact name CANNOT exist on the same disk or
- subdirectory (subdirectories are covered under hard disk sections).
-
-
-
-
-
-
- FILESIZE
- --------
- Computers use 1 BYTE to represent 1 character such as a letter of the
- alphabet, a number, a punctuation mark, a space, etc. A BYTE is also a unit
- of measure since it represents 1 character. We measure the size of RAM in
- Bytes, as well as the size of Files/Programs in Bytes.
-
- We also measure the capacity of Disks and RAM in Bytes. So many Bytes
- can be contained on disks or RAM that we talk about:
-
- KILObytes = 1,000 bytes (often abbreviated "k")
- MEGAbytes = 1,000,000 bytes (often abbreviated "meg")
-
- 5.25" disks Double Sided, Double Density = 360k
- Double Sided, High Density = 1.2meg
-
- 3.5" disks Double Sided, Double Density = 720k
- Double Sided, High Density = 1.4meg
-
- Hard Drives = 10meg, 20meg, 30meg, 40meb, 60meg,......350meg
-
-
- FREQUENTLY USED DOS COMMANDS
- ----------------------------
- When DOS is booted, a copy of INTERNAL DOS commands are placed in the
- computer's memory (RAM). These are called INTERNAL commands because
- they stay in RAM until the computer is turned off. To use these
- commands you do not have to re-insert the DOS diskette.
-
- The rest of the commands on the DOS disk are called EXTERNAL commands
- because they are NOT read into RAM when you boot DOS. Rather, to use them
- DOS must accessible in one of the disk drives.
-
- The following are some frequently used DOS commands:
-
- INTERNAL │ EXTERNAL (Insert DOS in Drive A)
- │
- DIR TYPE │ FORMAT CHKDSK
- COPY CLS │ DISKCOPY
- ERASE DATE │ COMP
- RENAME TIME │ DISKCOMP
-
- **-- Internal DOS Commands -
-
- A>DIR B: - To find out what files are on a diskette in the specified
- drive (B in this example). If just DIR is typed and entered,
- a listing of files in the default drive (A in this case) will be
- displayed.
-
- A>DIR B:/P - Displays list of files one screen at a time
-
- A>DIR B:/W - Displays list of files using the entire width of the screen
-
-
- NOTE: The /P and /W options shown above for the DIR command are called
- command switches. Most DOS commands have a variety of switches to alter
- the core command.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A>COPY A:filename.ext B: - To copy one file from Disk A to Disk B
- instead of an entire diskette.
-
- A>DEL B:filename.ext - To remove the specified file(s) from the disk in
- the specified drive.
-
- A>DATE - To change the system date. This date will be "stamped" on each
- file created or edited.
-
- A>TIME - To change the system time.
-
- A>CLS - To clear the screen
-
-
- **-- External DOS Commands - DOS Disk required in Drive A or Hard Drive
-
- A>FORMAT B: - Prepares a new disk in Drive B for use on the IBM PC. If an
- old disk is used, it will erase its contents. (Follow on-
- screen directions)
-
- A>FORMAT B:/S - Same as above, BUT ALSO Installs the INTERNAL DOS
- commands on the new disk. Thus, this disk is now
- capable of starting the machine.
-
- A>CHKDSK B: - Indicates the number of files and amount of free storage
- space remaining on the disk in drive B. It also indicates the
- amount of RAM storage.
-
- A>CHKDSK A: /F - Fix any problems that CHKDSK finds (converts lost clusters
- to *.CHK files which can later be deleted)
-
- A>DISKCOPY A: B: - Making an exact copy of the diskette in Drive A onto the
- diskette in Drive B. (Follow on-screen directions)
-
-
- Remember, if the computer is not told differently, it will assume the DEFAULT
- drive:
- A>COPY A:sample.wk1 B:
-
- is the same as:
-
- A>COPY sample.wk1 B:
-
- The "A:" in the first example is redundant.
-
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-