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- HARDWARE:
-
- CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT (CPU): Heart of the PC - it contains
- the microprocessor. The CPU is a set of miniaturized circuits that
- does all the "thinking". It controls the interpretation
- (arithmetic-logic unit) and execution (control unit) of instructions.
- It is this CPU in conjunction with RAM that comprise the computer's
- "brain". The CPU does the "thinking/calculating" while RAM contains
- the instructions or "memories". It is the CPU that largely determines
- the operating speed of the computer.
-
- BIT: Smallest unit of information recognized by the
- computer. BIT is short for Binary Digit. A Binary Digit can
- be either a 0 or a 1. Several bits make up a byte.
-
- BYTE: A group of 8 BITS. This grouping of adjacent binary
- digits (bits) is operated on by the computer as a unit.
- Computers use 1 BYTE to represent 1 character such as a
- letter of the alphabet, a number, a punctuation mark, a
- space, etc. A BYTE is also a unit of measure since it
- represents 1 character. For example, when the letter "A" is
- pressed, the keyboard actually sends the following to RAM:
- 10000001 - a set of 8 bits. See RAM, FLOPPY DISK.
-
- RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM): A set of miniaturized circuits which
- represents the working memory of the computer. This is where
- application programs (software) can be loaded from the outside and then
- executed. The larger the RAM the better. A typical single-user
- computer system may contain approximately 640,000 bytes of RAM. (This is
- often abbreviated as 640k RAM: 1 k bytes is actually = 1024 bytes)
-
- The RAM is emptied when the computer is turned off - thus it is
- often called "volatile" memory. WHAT YOU SEE ON YOUR COMPUTER MONITOR
- IS ACTUALLY IN RAM ONLY - a temporary storage location. To make it
- permanent we "save" it, or "write" it to a floppy disk or hard drive.
- These devices are not volatile storage - they do not require
- electricity.
-
- READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM): This is a special section of memory
- that contains instructions which are activated each time the
- computer is turned on. These instructions are set at the
- factory and cannot be changed - thus, they can only be "read"
- not written to. ROM instructions perform equipment checks
- and initialization of the computer prior to each use.
-
- DISK DRIVE: The port in which a floppy disk is inserted. Device that "reads"
- data from a magnetic disk and copies it into the computer's memory (RAM) so it
- can be used by the computer, and that "writes" data from the computer's memory
- onto a disk so it can be stored for later use. Each Disk Drive is labeled
- A,B,C,etc because we often must tell the computer which drive has the disk
- with the information or where to send the information. A Disk Drive reads and
- writes on a 5.25 inch or 3.5 inch floppy disk.
-
- FLOPPY DISKS: The most commonly used mass storage device. Allows
- entering programs to RAM and saving data from RAM. Will hold data even
-
-
-
-
-
- after the computer is turned off. Data on these disks is stored in
- concentric rings called tracks. The Disk surface is a thin piece of
- mylar and is coated with a magnetized material similar to audio or
- video tape.
-
- The read/write heads can magnetize and demagnetize the coated surface
- repeatedly. Therefore, the Disk can be used, erased, and reused
- indefinitely. An IBM PC disk holds approximately 360k worth of
- information (250 double-spaced pages of text). This is called a
- Double-sided, Double-density Diskette. Newer, smaller 3.5 inch disk
- exist which hold at least twice as much - 720k.
-
- FIXED DISK DRIVE: Usually named disk drive C. It is essentially a
- very large floppy disk. This Fixed Disk (commonly called a Hard Drive)
- is secured within the machine and cannot be seen or transported. The
- storage capacity is so large it is measured in megabytes (1M = 1K
- squared = 1,048,576 bytes). Fixed Disks are available from 5M on up.
- The advantage is that it is enough space to meet most users' total
- storage needs, operates much faster than a floppy (5-10x faster), and is less
- likely to fail since it lives within the protected computer.
-
- KEYBOARD: Input device that lets you enter data into the
- computer. The layout is similar to the standard QWERTY
- typewriter keyboard, however there are many extra special
- keys that are defined by the software you are running.
-
- MONITOR: A television-like device that the computer uses to
- communicate with you. Typically the monitor displays 80
- columns (characters) by 25 rows (lines) of information.
-
- PRINTER: Most users get at least one Printer for their
- computer. It produces a "Hard-Copy" output of your data
- rather than just being able to view it on the monitor. Dot-
- Matrix printers are inexpensive and fast and can draw
- graphics. Letter-Quality printers are more expensive and
- slower but create pages better than typewritten (even
- pressure on each keystroke).
-
- MODEM: Short for Modulator/Demodulator. A device to send
- and receive computer output over telephone lines.
-
-
- ┌──────────┐ ┌───────┐
- │KEYBOARD │ ┌─────┐ │MONITOR│
- │Mouse ├──── INPUT ────>│ CPU ├───── OUTPUT ──>│Printer│
- │Light Pen │ │ RAM │ │Plotter│
- │Microphone│ └──┬──┘ │Speaker│
- │Joystick │ │ INPUT └───────┘
- └──────────┘ │ and/or
- │ OUTPUT
- ┌────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┐
- │ DISK STORAGE, Tape Storage, Modem, Fixed Disk Storage │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- ***** END OF FILE: Press <ESC> to return to Main Menu *****
-