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- IF YOU HAVE NEVER USED A COMPUTER BEFORE:
-
- Welcome! Computers have been around since the Chinese Abacus.
- They are here to stay. There is a certain feel and flow to the
- logic which directs their activities.
-
- Electronically all computers work about the same. The one you
- are using is called a MICROcomputer. This is due to its size.
- Larger computers include MINIcomputers and Mainframe computers.
-
- RAM
- ---
- Think of a computer as a human brain. Your brain is a memory sponge.
- It contains a lifetime of memories which cause us to act or react
- based on inputs. Inputs come via our 5 senses. If you see and smell
- a steak burning on the grill (inputs) you know how to react based on
- previous experiences (memory - go out to eat).
-
- The computer's brain is comprised of a large memory area called Random
- Access Memory (RAM) and a calculating portion called the Central Processing
- Unit (CPU). The CPU and RAM work together as the computer's "brain". Each
- day when we start up the computer one of the first tasks will be to fill
- RAM with instructions to give it an ability to perform work. This work may
- be in the creation of documents or tracking accounting data (more information
- on CPU is found under the HARDWARE section).
-
- You control which instructions will go into the computer's brain.
- You control which sets of experiences you will provide the
- computer. Once in RAM, the computer will evaluate inputs from
- many devices and react. The most typical input device is a
- keyboard. As you type commands, the computer evaluates them and
- based on the set of instructions within its RAM, will follow some
- action - perhaps print a document, calculate, or send information
- over a telephone line.
-
- At some later point you may empty the computer's brain and
- install a different set of instructions, thus giving it a
- different ability.
-
- Unlike a human, the computer requires electricity to keep the
- information within RAM. Each time the computer is turned off,
- all information within RAM is lost. RAM is a temporary memory.
- To save instructions for use at a later date, a storage device is
- required. Computers use many such devices. Your computer uses a
- Floppy Disk and/or a Hard Disk. Both are similar.
-
- DISKS
- -----
- Think of these disks as cassettes. You can record information on
- a cassette which can be replayed indefinitely and if desired,
- recorded over. Floppy and Hard Disks operate in a similar fashion.
- We record (Save) something we have created - like a document - onto the
- disk. Then, hours, days, or months later we are able to play back
- (Retrieve) the document into the computer to alter or print out. Just
- like cassettes, the Floppy and Hard Disks do not require electricity to
-
-
-
-
-
- retain their information.
-
- Hard Disks and Floppy Disks are similar. Hard Drives have a larger
- capacity for file storage, are faster and are less likely to fail due
- to the protected environment from within which they operate.
-
- RAM is called volatile memory because of the electricity
- requirement. Floppy and Hard Disks are called non-volatile
- memory because they will retain their information without the aid
- of electricity.
-
- A computer system includes computer hardware, software and
- people. A computer is a device capable of solving problems
- or manipulating data by accepting data, performing prescribed
- operations on the data, and displaying the results.
-
- HARDWARE versus SOFTWARE
- ------------------------
- HARDWARE: Physical equipment such as electronic,
- magnetic, and mechanical devices (monitor, keyboard,
- printer, microchip boards,...). Includes INPUT/OUTPUT
- DEVICES which allow the operator to communicate with the
- computer and vice versa.
-
- SOFTWARE: Sets of programs (stored sets of
- instructions) that govern the operation of computer system
- and make the hardware run. These programs (instructions)
- tell the hardware how to perform a particular task such as
- word processing, games, database management, etc.
-
- Software refers to the instructions that are used to enable
- an otherwise dead machine to understand your inputs and
- transform them into desired outputs.
-
- Computer hardware by itself has no personality; this is
- determined by the software. Word processing software turns
- the computer into a word processor, accounting software turns
- the computer into an accounting tool, etc.
-
- The computer requires two types of Software:
-
- DOS - Disk Operating System
- Application Software - Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Games,
- Database Management, Accounting, Payroll, etc.
-
- DOS (Disk Operating System)
- ---
- All computers require an operating system and the one IBM
- PC's use is referred to as DOS (sounds like floss). DOS is
- software that allows the terminal, printer, computer and mass
- storage systems (floppy disks) to work together as a unit,
- and controls the execution of programs. It also allows you
- to perform housekeeping chores in regards to managing disks
- and files.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Therefore - DOS: 1. Links Hardware
- 2. Enables File Management
-
-
- PROPER HANDLING OF DISKS - DISKS NEED CARE!
- ------------------------
- - Never touch the mylar surface - Do not bend the disks
- - Always store in their protective sleeve
- - Hold the disk by its label or any part of the sleeve
- - Avoid bringing disks near magnets (TVs, telephones,..)
- - Do not leave in hot or cold areas (radiators, car-dash, in
- car during winter, etc.)
- - Use felt tip pens if possible when labeling. Ball points
- can crease the mylar.
-
- Note the write-protect notch on the disk. If this is covered
- by tape or non-existent, data cannot be "written" to the disk.
- However, data can still be "read" from the disk.
-
- It is a good idea to always save data and programs on two
- separate disks in case one is destroyed. Even with the most
- cautious of care, the delicate Floppy Disks sometimes fail
- for no apparent reason.
-
-
- HISTORY:
-
- The first computational device was the abacus. This has been
- in continuous use for thousands of years. During the 1600's the
- Pascal adding machine was developed. This was a mechanical
- device which laid the groundwork for today's odometers and
- gas meters. The 1800's saw many machines developed that were
- controlled by punch cards - weaving looms, etc. The
- theoretical basis for electronic circuitry was developed in
- the mid 1800's.
-
- The first electronic computer was developed in 1942 at Iowa
- State College. From this point forth there were numerous
- firsts as computers became less mechanical, smaller, faster
- and cheaper. IBM began dominating the computer market by the
- mid-1950's and still does today in the mainframe (very large
- computer installation) market. Digital Equipment Corp.
- (DEC) became a significant competitor by the mid-1960's. DEC
- is generally considered technically better (faster, smaller,
- etc.) than IBM but still only has a fraction of the total
- market due to marketing snafus. Today the Cray Supercomputer
- is the fastest in the world, is manufactured in Wisconsin,
- and is set in a vat of liquid helium to increase the
- conductivity for faster operation.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- TIME vs SPEED
-
- Method of Calculation Approximate Speed
- Human (manual calculation) 1 each 60 seconds
- Burroughs E101 (1954) 4 per second
- IBM 1130 (1964) 600,000 per second
- DEC PDP 11 (1974) 1,000,000 per second
- Cray supercomputer 13,000,000 per second
-
- The Personal Computer is defined by its size, cost
- applications for small business and the home. The first one
- appeared in January 1975 and was the Altair 8800 kit. Only
- hobbyist bought these. Then the Radio Shack TRS 80 and Apple
- computers hit the market as the first pre-assembled
- microcomputers.
-
- Market growth remained sluggish until two business students -
- Dan Bricklin and Dan Fylstra developed a program to run on
- Apple computers to handle the tedious recalculations in their
- school assignments. This program was called VisiCalc and is
- the forerunner to the spreadsheet program Lotus 123.
-
- With VisiCalc as a useful tool, Apple sales took off. Apple
- became the standard because all programs were written for
- Apple. Today we still see Apple dominate the school market.
-
- In 1981 IBM introduced its PC which is unable to run Apple
- software. Unlike Apple or other IBM products, the IBM PC had
- an open architecture which means the technical details of how
- it operated were published right along with the product's
- introduction. This permitted hundreds of companies to write
- software (programs) for the IBM PC as well as a variety of
- accessories. Adding IBM's sterling reputation, the open
- architecture did enable rapid market penetration. The
- microcomputer was no longer a toy, it was a business tool.
-
- The open architecture however, also allowed for the
- generation of a host of lower cost compatible computers.
- IBM had traded quick initial market entry for eventual erosion
- of market share. In both instances, we the consumers
- benefit.
-
-
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