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- The War in brief......
-
- The Second World War can roughly be divided into three phases and for
- the purposes of giving a quick overview of the conflict, we have
- summarised these below.
-
- FIRST PHASE.
- On Friday,Sept 1st the German armies invaded Poland. Two days later,
- Britain and then France declared war on Germany. Within less than a
- month Poland had been overrun. Shortly after the German invasion, the
- Soviets also invaded Poland from the East.
- The rapid overruning of Poland was followed by six months lull - the
- so called Phoney War but the appearence of calm was deceptive. A truer
- name would have been the `Winter of Illusion`. The leaders of Western
- countries spent the time in fanciful plans for attacking Germany`s
- flanks.
- The loud talk of the Allies in attacking Germany`s flanks, prompted
- Hitler to forstall them and the Germans occupied Denmark and Norway in
- April 1940. On May 10 the Germans struck at France through Holland and
- Belgium and the world was introduced to the concept of `Blitzkrieg` or
- `lightning war`. German tanks made wide pincer movements around enemy
- forces and then these in turn were surrounded and smashed by the German
- infantry followingin the wake of the armour. Within a few weeks France
- capitulated and the British escaped from Dunkirk, saving most of
- the British Expeditionary Force but loosing vast quantities of arms
- and equipment.
-
- SECOND PHASE
- Britain was now the only remaining opponent of Germany , but she was
- left in the most perilous situation, militarily naked whilst enveloped
- by a 2000-mile stretch of enemy coastline.
- The Germans threatened invasion under the code name `Operation Sea-Lion`
- but first needed control of the air. This never happened as the Luftwaffe
- were soundly beaten by the Royal Air Force and by October 1940, the
- battle was called off by the Germans.Hitlers attitude to Britain was
- in fact very ambiguous and his desire to see the British Empire preserved
- may also have had a bearing on the invasion being called off.
- In April 1941 the Germans to help out their Axis allies, the Italians
- struck at the Balkans and then in June 1941, Hitler launched `Operation
- Barbarossa` , the invasion of the Soviet Union. Rapid success and the
- destruction of millions of red army troops did not bring the collapse
- of the Soviet Empire the Germans had hoped for and by the Winter of 1941
- the attack on Moscow had petered out with big German losses and the
- Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front faced the Russian winter and the Russian
- counter attacks.
- Hitlers new offensive in the spring of 1942 again swept all before it
- with the Germans conquering most of southern Russian and the Caucasus
- until they were checked at Stalingrad. Their defeat there was one of the
- turning points of the war and marked the high tide of Axis expansion.
- In the winter of 1941/42, the Germans were thrown back and lost over
- 300,000 men at Stalingrad from then on in Russia, apart from a few
- local successes, they were on the retreat.
- In 1940, the war had extended to the Mediterranean and the Germans
- again going to the rescue of the Italians became embroiled in North
- Africa. Under Rommel`s brilliant leadership, the Germans kept the
- Allies in check but with US involvement and the strains of the other
- fronts eventual defeat for the Afrika Korps was certain.
- In December 1941, Japan made a suprise attack on the U.S fleet at
- Pearl harbour enabling the Japanese to overrun the Allied positions
- in the South-west pacific - Malaya,Burma,the Phillipines,and the Dutch East
- Indies.But in this rapid expansion, they became stretched out far beyond
- their capacity for holding their gains.For Japan was a small island
- state with limited industrial power.
-
- THIRD PHASE
- Once America`s strength developed, and Russia survived to develop hers,
- the defeat of the Axis powers, Germany,Italy and Japan -was certain, as
- their allied potential was much smaller.
- The only question was - how long it would take and how complete it would
- be.There was no real turning point in this phase of the war, but only
- an incoming tide. The tide flowed more easily in Russia and the Pacific
- because in these areas and ever growing superiority of force was
- combined with ample space for manouvre.In southern and western Europe
- the tide met more checks because space was more cramped.
- During 1943 the Allies threw the Germans out of North Africa and followed
- this by an invasion of Sicily and then Italy and the slow advance up the
- leg of Italy which ended in April 1945, began.
- On June 6th 1944, the Allies landed in Normandy,France and the Germans
- faced a three front European war.The invasion was succesful and from the
- East and West the Germans were squeezed but massive Allied armies until
- April 1945 when with Hitler and Mussolini dead the war in Europe was
- over.
- In the Far East, the master-key of airpower made the collapse of Japan
- certain and with the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
- Nagasaki, the Second World War came to a close.
-