home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
- [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][]
- [] []
- [] THE INS AND OUTS []
- [] OF []
- [] PACKET SWITCHING []
- [] []
- [] by: The Seker []
- [] Tribunal of Knowledge! []
- [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][]
- [] Written (c) June 23, 1986 []
- [][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][][]
-
- 'TRIBUNAL COMMUNICATIONS LTD'
- """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
- Not many people are quite aware how complex packet switched networks are.
- In this file I hope to clear up all confusion and answer all questions
- concerning packet switching and making international datacalls via packet
- switched networks.
-
- HISTORY
- =======
- Using normal phone lines, computers can only transmit data at speeds up to
- 1200 bps efficiently. This is very slow compared to the inner workings of even
- the slowest computer. If computers could transmit across phone lines at higher
- speeds, 9600 bps for example, there would still be the problem of using a
- compatible protocol. Packet switched networks take care of these and other
- problems dealing with communications.
- The idea of developing a completely computerized network for computers was
- first discussed in the mid 1960's..probably someplace like Bell Labs, MIT, or
- the like. But it wasn't until a decade later that the theory was put into
- construction.
- The first packet network was a project of the Defense Department. They
- labeled it ArpaNet. It was and still is a boon for advanced hackers, as it is
- host to over 300 government related computers. (See 'Hacking ArpaNet' written
- by the Wizard of ArpaNet for an indepth look at breaching this system.)
- Today there are over five commercial packet networks in the United States
- alone (Telenet, Tymnet, CompuServe, etc), and many more throughout the world.
-
- HOW IT WORKS
- ============
- In essence, packet switching services operate at 4800 bps full duplex
- (both direction simulstaneously) and use a form of TDM (Time Division
- Multiplexing), a transmission which is basis for most of the world's voice
- communications. Transmission streams are separated into convenient sized
- blocks or 'packets', each one of which contains a head and tail signifying the
- origination and destination of the data. The packets are assembled by either
- the originating system or by a special facility supplied by the packet switch
- system. Packets in a single transmission may follow the same physical path
- (same cable) or may use an alternate route (ie. a detour cable) depending on
- the congestion of the system. The packets from one 'conversation' are very
- likely to be interleaved with packets from other 'conversations'. The
- originating and receiving computers see none of this mixing. At the receiving
- end, the various packets are stripped of their routing information, and
- re-assembled in correct order before presentation to the computer terminal.
- All public networks that use packet switching have installed a standard
- protocall to try and be compatible with each other. (good luck) The standard,
- which is called CCITT X.25 (Developed at the Geneva conferences.), is
- implemented on all international datacalls. This is a complex system for
- interface between data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating
- equipment.
-
- ACCESSING
- =========
- Users (hackers) can access packet switching in a variety of ways. Special
- terminals called Packet Terminals, which are usually hard wired to the nearest
- PSS (Packet Switch Stream), that are able to create and arrange data into the
- correct format are often used. This is very expensive, a reason why you will
- only be likely to see these type of terminals within large company office
- buildings. The average person will probably access a packet network using an
- ordinary ascii terminal (computer and modem), and connect to a special PSS
- facility called a PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler) which will handle the
- formatting for them.
-
- USING
- =====
- To use a public packet network it is usually required for one to have a
- NUI (Network User Identity) which is registered at your local PSE (Packet
- Switch Exchange) for billing purposes...or a way around this.
- Dial into your local PAD (often called port) and enter your NUI. If a
- valid ID is not given, the port will usually throw you off. (There are a few
- exceptions which we will discuss later.) Then one enters the NUA (Network User
- Address) or call name of the computer he/she wants to access. Each computer on
- a network has one given to them. This is usually in the form of numbers or
- somtimes letters. (As in Tymnet's case.) After the correct information is
- entered, the network will connect you via its private sattelite system to the
- local phone system of your destination and then onto the computer you wish
- to access.
-
- BILLING
- =======
- Billing on networks is done to either the user or reversed and charged to
- the designated computer. Charging is not done according to the distance of the
- call or by the time passed, rather by how many packets exchanged and sometimes
- a small fee for CPU (Centeral Processing Unit) time.
- Many packet networks do not require you to have an NUI at all. One of
- these that many of you probably have worked with is Telenet. It is a leading
- public network throughout the continent. Billing on there is a variation of
- the norm. There is only a charge to a user when he/she wants to access a
- computer internationally or one which doesn't accept the charges of the
- datacall. (ie. REFUSE COLLECT CONNECT 00 AA) Billing like this will probably
- disappear soon due to the greed of big business.
-
- INTERNATIONAL DATACALLS
- =======================
- If a person wishes to call a computer located on a foreign network, there
- is a little procedure which must be done. As I said earlier, each computer on
- a network has its own address. (NUA) Networks also have their own 'address',
- which is called a DNIC. (Data Network Identification Code) This code is four
- numerical digits long. The first three numbers in this code represent which
- country the network is located in. The fourth digit is which service in that
- particuliar country, as some countries have more than one network. (For
- example, 5052 is Australia's Auspac DNIC. 505 is the country code. 2 is the
- service code.) A list follows:
-
- COUNTRY NETWORK DNIC
- -------------------------------------------------------
- Australia Auspac 5052
- Australia Midas 5053
- Belgium Euronet 2062/2063
- Canada Datapac 3020
- Canada Globedat 3025
- Canada Infoswitch 3029
- Denmark Euronet 2383
- France Transpac 2080
- France Antilles Euronet 3400
- Germany (West) Datex P 2624
- Germany (West) Euronet 2623
- Great Britain IPSS 2342
- Hong Kong IDAS 4542
- Irish Republic Euronet 2723
- Italy Euronet 2223
- Japan DDX-P 4401
- Japan Venux-P 4408
- Luxembourg Euronet 2703
- Netherlands Euronet 2043
- Norway Norpak 2422
- Singapore Telepac 5252
- South Africa Saponet 6550
- Spain TIDA 2141
- Sweden Telepak 2405
- Switzerland Datalink 2289
- Switzerland Euronet 2283
- USA Autonet 3126
- USA CompuServe 3132
- USA ITT (UDTS) 3103
- USA RCA (LSDS) 3113
- USA Telenet 3110
- USA Tymnet 3106
- USA Uninet 3125
- USA WUI (DBS) 3104
-
- As you can see, the the United States has many services. But their DNIC
- doesn't follow the pattern I described earlier. (ie. first three digits
- represent country, last is service) I am not quite sure why this is, but I
- think it may be because each of the US services listed are privately owned.
- As I was saying earlier, there is a little extra bit of information you
- must give the network when making an international call. Instead of just
- emtering the NUA like on a domestic call, you have to enter the DNIC and append
- the NUA or you will not complete you call and probably will get an error code.
- Here is what a call from Telenet to Cambridge University's port selector in
- England, which is located on Euronet (In Britain they call it IPSS.) would
- look like:
-
- TELENET
- 714A
-
- TERMINAL= d1
-
- @ ID EXAMPLE
- PASSWORD?
-
- ID VALID
-
- @ c 234222339399
-
- CONNECTED TO 234 222339399
-
-
- What I just did was connect to a Telenet port. Enter my NUI. Then enter
- the DNIC for IPSS in Britain (2342) and appended the NUA for Cambridge
- University. (22339399) Then I was connected.
-
- REFERENCES
- ==========
- For more detailed info on packet switching and its uses, etc, I recommend
- the following two books:
-
- 'Data Communications: Facilities, Networks, and Systems Design'
- Doll, Dixon R., New York, Wiley, c1978
-
- 'Packet Radio'
- Rouleau, Robert and Ian Hodgson, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa., Tab Books, c1981
-
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- ================
- Much of the imformation within was provided by:
-
- Cyclone II
- Slave Driver
-
-
- NOTE: This document was written for informational purposes only. Any
- application of what was provided within is responsibility of the user, not the
- author.
-
- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> (c) 1986 TRIBUNAL OF KNOWLEDGE! <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
-
-
-
-
- Downloaded from Just Say Yes. 2 lines, More than 500 files online!
- Full access on first call. 415-922-2008 CASFA
-
-
-
-
-