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- Chapter 1
- GETTING STARTED
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- WHAT IS AN IDENTIFIER
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- Before you can do anything in any language, you must at least
- know how to name an identifier. An identifier is used for any
- variable, function, data definition, etc. In the programming
- language C, an identifier is a combination of alphanumeric
- characters, the first being a letter of the alphabet or an
- underline, and the remaining being any letter of the alphabet,
- any numeric digit, or the underline. In the case of some
- compilers, a dollar sign is permitted but not as the first
- character of an identifier. It should be pointed out that
- even though a dollar sign may be permitted by your C compiler,
- it is not used anywhere in this tutorial since it is not in
- general use by C programmers, and is not even allowed by most
- compilers. If you do not plan to write any portable code, you
- can use it at will if you feel it makes your code more
- readable.
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- Two rules must be kept in mind when naming identifiers.
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- 1. The case of alphabetic characters is significant. Using
- INDEX for a variable name is not the same as using index
- and neither of them is the same as using InDeX for a
- variable name. All three refer to different variables.
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- 2. According to the ANSI-C standard, at least 31 significant
- characters can be used and will be considered significant
- by a conforming ANSI-C compiler. If more than 31 are
- used, they will be ignored by the compiler.
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- WHAT ABOUT THE UNDERLINE?
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- Even though the underline can be used as part of a variable
- name, and adds greatly to the readability of the resulting
- code, it seems to be used very little by experienced C
- programmers. A few underlines are used for illustration in
- this tutorial. Since most compiler writers use the underline
- as the first character for variable names internal to the
- system, you should refrain from using the underline to begin
- a variable to avoid the possibility of a name clash.
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- It adds greatly to the readability of a program to use
- descriptive names for variables and it would be to your
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- Chapter 1 - Getting started
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- advantage to do so. Pascal programmers tend to use long
- descriptive names, but most C programmers tend to use short
- cryptic names. Most of the example programs in this tutorial
- use very short names for that reason.
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- KEYWORDS
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- There are 32 words defined as keywords in C. These have
- predefined uses and cannot be used for any other purpose in
- a C program. They are used by the compiler as an aid to
- compiling the program. They are always written in lower case.
- A complete list follows;
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- auto double int struct
- break else long switch
- case enum register typedef
- char extern return union
- const float short unsigned
- continue for signed void
- default goto sizeof volatile
- do if static while
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- In addition to this list of keywords, your compiler may use
- a few more. If it does, they will be listed in the
- documentation that came with your compiler. Each of the above
- keywords will be illustrated and used in this tutorial.
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- WE NEED DATA AND A PROGRAM
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- Any computer program has two entities to consider, the data,
- and the program. They are highly dependent on one another and
- careful planning of both will lead to a well planned and well
- written program. Unfortunately, it is not possible to study
- either completely without a good working knowledge of the
- other. For this reason, this tutorial will jump back and
- forth between teaching methods of program writing and methods
- of data definition. Simply follow along and you will have
- a good understanding of both. Keep in mind that, even though
- it seems expedient to sometimes jump right into the program
- coding, time spent planning the data structures will be well
- spent and the final program will reflect the original
- planning.
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- HOW THIS TUTORIAL IS WRITTEN
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- As you go through the example programs, you will find that
- every program is complete. There are no program fragments
- that could be confusing. This allows you to see every
- requirement that is needed to use any of the features of C as
- they are presented. Some tutorials I have seen give very few,
- and very complex examples. They really serve more to confuse
- the student. This tutorial is the complete opposite because
- it strives to cover each new aspect of programming in as
- simple a context as possible. This method, however, leads to
- a lack of knowledge in how the various parts are combined.
- For that reason, the last chapter is devoted entirely to using
- the features taught in the earlier chapters. It will
- illustrate how to put the various features together to create
- a usable program. They are given for your study, and are not
- completely explained. Enough details of their operation are
- given to allow you to understand how they work after you have
- completed all of the previous lessons.
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- Throughout this tutorial, keywords, variable names, and
- function names will be given in boldface as an aid to the
- student.
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- RESULT OF EXECUTION
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- The result of executing each program will be given in comments
- at the end of the program listing, after the comment is
- defined in about the fourth program of chapter 2. If you feel
- confident that you completely understand the program, you can
- simply refer to the result of execution to see if you
- understand the result. In this case, it will not be necessary
- for you to compile and execute every program. It would be a
- good exercise for you to compile and execute some of them
- however, because all C compilers will not generate exactly the
- same results and you need to get familiar with your own
- compiler.
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- At this point, you should load and run =============
- FIRSTEX.C if you have not yet done so, to see FIRSTEX.C
- that your C compiler is properly loaded and =============
- operating. Don't worry about what the
- program does yet. In due time you will
- understand it completely.
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- Chapter 1 - Getting Started
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- A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FILES
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- LIST.EXE
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- This file will list the source files for you with line numbers
- and filename. To use it, simply type LIST followed by the
- appropriate filename. At the user prompt, enter the command
- LIST FIRSTEX.C now for an example. C source code is given in
- Chapter 14 for a similar listing program along with a brief
- description of its operation. After you have completed your
- study of C, you will have the ability to read and understand
- the source code for this program.
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- PRINTALL.BAT
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- This is a batch file that will call the above LIST.EXE file
- once for each of the example C programs, printing all of the
- files out. If you want a hardcopy of all of the files, enter
- the command PRINTALL at the user prompt and watch as your
- printer fills about 70 sheets of paper with C programs.
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- THE \ANSWER DIRECTORY
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- There is a directory on the distribution disk named ANSWER
- which contains an answer to each of the programming exercises
- given at the end of the chapters. You should attempt to do
- original work on each of the exercises before referring to
- these answers in order to gain your own programming
- experience. These answers are given for your information in
- case you are completely stuck on how to solve a particular
- problem. These answers are not meant to be the only answer,
- since there are many ways to program anything, but they are
- meant to illustrate one way to solve the suggested programming
- problem.
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- The answers are all in executable files named in the format
- CHnn_m.C where nn is the chapter number, and m is the exercise
- number. If more than one answer is required, an A, B, or C
- is included following the exercise number.
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