home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: talk.origins
- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!torn!utgpu!lamoran
- From: lamoran@gpu.utcs.utoronto.ca (L.A. Moran)
- Subject: THE MODERN SYNTHESIS
- Message-ID: <C1BvJ7.9xF@gpu.utcs.utoronto.ca>
- Organization: UTCS Public Access
- Date: Sat, 23 Jan 1993 22:23:31 GMT
- Lines: 103
-
-
-
- THE MODERN SYNTHESIS
- A Theory of the Mechanism of Evolution
- (version 1.5, January 22, 1993)
-
- Many people do not understand current ideas about evolution. The following
- is a brief summary of the modern consensus among evolutionary biologists.
-
- The idea that life on Earth has evolved was widely discussed in Europe in
- the late 1700's and the early part of the last century. In 1859 Charles
- Darwin supplied a mechanism, namely natural selection, that could explain how
- evolution occurs. Darwin's theory of natural selection helped to convince
- most people that life has evolved and this point has not been seriously
- challenged in the past one hundred and thirty years.
-
- It is important to note that Darwin's book "The Origin of Species by Means
- of Natural Selection" did two things. It summarized all of the evidence
- in favor of the idea that all organisms have descended with modification
- from a common ancestor, and thus built a strong case for evolution. In
- addition Darwin advocated natural selection as a mechanism of evolution.
- Biologists no longer question whether evolution has occurred or is occurring.
- That part of Darwin's book is now considered to be so overwhelmingly
- demonstrated that is is often referred to as the FACT of evolution. However,
- the MECHANISM of evolution is still debated.
-
- We have learned much since Darwin's time and it is no longer appropriate
- to claim that evolutionary biologists beleive that Darwin's theory of Natural
- Selection is the best theory of the mechanism of evolution. I can understand
- why this point may not be appreciated by the average non-scientist because
- natural selection is easy to understand at a superficial level. It has been
- widely promoted in the popular press and the image of "survival of the
- fittest" is too powerful and too convenient.
-
- During the first part of this century the incorporation of genetics and
- population biology into studies of evolution led to a Neo-Darwinian theory
- of evolution that recognized the importance of mutation and variation within
- a population. Natural selection then became a process that altered the
- frequency of genes in a population and this defined evolution. This point of
- view held sway for many decades but more recently the classic Neo-Darwinian
- view has been replaced by a new concept which includes several other
- mechanisms in addition to natural selection. Current ideas on evolution are
- usually referred to as the Modern Synthesis which is described by Futuyma;
-
- "The major tenets of the evolutionary synthesis, then, were
- that populations contain genetic variation that arises by random
- (ie. not adaptively directed) mutation and recombination; that
- populations evolve by changes in gene frequency brought about
- by random genetic drift, gene flow, and especially natural
- selection; that most adaptive genetic variants have individually
- slight phenotypic effects so that phenotypic changes are gradual
- (although some alleles with discrete effects may be advantageous,
- as in certain color polymorphisms); that diversification comes
- about by speciation, which normally entails the gradual evolution
- of reproductive isolation among populations; and that these
- processes, continued for sufficiently long, give rise to changes
- of such great magnitude as to warrent the designation of higher
- taxonomic levels (genera, families, and so forth)."
-
- Futuyma, D.J. in EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
- Sinauer Associates, 1986; p.12
-
- This description would be incomprehensible to Darwin since he was unaware
- of genes and genetic drift. The modern theory of the mechanism of evolution
- differs from Darwinism in three important respects:
-
- 1) It recognizes several mechanisms of evolution in addition
- to natural selection. One of these, random genetic drift,
- may be as important as natural selection.
-
- 2) It recognizes that characteristics are inherited as discrete
- entities called genes. Variation within a population is due
- to the presence of multiple alleles of a gene.
-
- 3) It postulates that speciation is (usually) due to the gradual
- accumulation of small genetic changes. This is equivalent to
- saying that macroevolution is simply a lot of microevolution.
-
- In other words, the Modern Synthesis is a theory about how evolution works
- at the level of genes, phenotypes, and populations whereas Darwinism was
- concerned mainly with organisms, speciation and individuals. This is a major
- paradigm shift and those who fail to appreciate it find themselves out of
- step with the thinking of evolutionary biologists. Many instances of such
- confusion can be seen here in the newsgroups, in the popular press, and in
- the writings of anti-evolutionists.
-
- The major controversy among evolutionists today concerns the validity of
- point #3 (above). The are many who believe that the fossil record at any one
- site does not show gradual change but instead long periods of stasis followed
- by rapid speciation. This model is referred to as Punctuated Equilibrium and
- it is widely accepted as true, at least in some cases. The debate is over
- the relative contributions of gradual versus punctuated change, the average
- size of the punctuations, and the mechanism. To a large extent the debate is
- over the use of terms and definitions, not over fundamentals. No new
- mechanisms of evolution are needed to explain the model.
-
- Some scientists continue to refer to modern thought in evolution as
- Neo-Darwinian. In some cases these scientists do not understand that the
- field has changed but in other cases they are referring to what I have
- called the Modern Synthesis, only they have retained the old name.
-
-
- Laurence A. Moran (Larry)
-