home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: talk.origins
- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!torn!utgpu!lamoran
- From: lamoran@gpu.utcs.utoronto.ca (L.A. Moran)
- Subject: DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION
- Message-ID: <C1BvC3.9MA@gpu.utcs.utoronto.ca>
- Organization: UTCS Public Access
- Date: Sat, 23 Jan 1993 22:19:15 GMT
- Lines: 122
-
-
- WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
- version 2, January 22, 1993
-
- Most non-scientists seem to be quite confused about precise definitions of
- biological evolution. Such confusion is due in large part to the inability of
- scientists to communicate effectively to the general public and also to
- confusion among scientists themselves about how to define such an
- important term. When discussing evolution it is important to distinguish
- between the existence of evolution and various theories about the mechanism
- of evolution. And when referring to the existence of evolution it is important
- to have a clear definition in mind. What, exactly, do biologist mean when they
- say that they have observed evolution or that humans and chimps have evolved
- from a common ancestor.
-
- One of the most respected evolutionary biologists has defined biological
- evolution as follows,
-
- "In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change, and so is
- all-pervasive; galaxies, languages, and political systems all
- evolve. Biological evolution ... is change in the properties
- of populations of organisms that transend the lifetime of a
- single individual. The ontogeny of an individual is not considered
- evolution; individual organisms do not evolve. The changes in
- populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are
- inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the
- next. Biological evolution may be slight or substantial; it embraces
- everything from slight changes in the proportion of different
- alleles within a population (such as those determining blood
- types) to the successive alterations that led from the earliest
- protoorganism to snails, bees, giraffes, and dandelions."
-
- Douglas J. Futuyma in Evolutionary Biology, Sinauer Associates 1986
-
- It is important to note that biological evolution refers to populations and
- not to individuals and that the changes must be passed on to the next
- generation. In practice this means that,
-
- Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a
- population spread over many generations
-
- This is a good working scientific definition of evolution; one that can be
- used to distinguish between evolution and similar changes that are not
- evolution. Another common short definition of evolution can be found in
- many textbooks,
-
- "In fact, evolution can be precisely defined as any change in the
- frequency of alleles within a gene pool from one generation to
- the next."
-
- Helena Curtis and N. Sue Barnes BIOLOGY 5th ed. 1989
- Worth Publishers, p.974
-
- One can quibble about the accuracy of such a definition (and we have often
- quibbled on these newsgroups) but it also conveys the essence of what
- evolution really is. When biologists say that they have observed evolution
- they mean that they have detected a change in the frequency of genes in a
- population. (Often the genetic change is inferred from phenotypic changes that
- are heritable.) When biologists say that humans and chimps have evolved from
- a common ancestor they mean that there have been successive heritable changes
- in the two separated populations since they became isolated.
-
- Unfortunately the common definitions of evolution outside of the scientific
- community are different. For example, in the Oxford Concise Science Dictionary
- we find the following definition;
-
- "evolution: The gradual process by which the present diversity
- of plant and animal life arose from the earliest and most primitive
- organisms, which is believed to have been continuing for the
- past 3000 million years."
-
- This is inexcusable for a dictionary of science. Not only does this definition
- exclude prokaryotes, protozoa, and fungi, but it specifically includes a term
- "gradual process" which should not be part of the definition. More importantly
- the definition seems to refer more to the history of evolution than to
- evolution itself. Using this definition it is possible to debate whether
- evolution is still occurring but the definition provides no easy way of
- distinguishing evolution from other processes. For example, is the increase
- in height among Caucasians over the past several hundred years an example of
- evolution? Are the color changes in the peppered moth population examples
- of evolution? This is not a scientific definition.
-
- Standard dictionaries are even worse.
-
- "evolution: ...the doctrine according to which higher forms of
- life have gradually arisen out of lower.." Chambers
-
- "evolution: ...the development of a species, organsim, or organ
- from its original or primitive state to its present or
- specialized state; phylogeny or ontogeny: Webster's
-
- These definitions are simply wrong. Unfortunately it is common for non-
- scientists to enter into a discussion about evolution with such a definition
- in mind. This often leads to fruitless debate since the experts are thinking
- about evolution from a different perspective. When someone claims that they
- don't believe in evolution they cannot be referring to an acceptable
- scientific definition of evolution because that would be denying something
- which is easy to demonstrate. It would be like saying that they don't believe
- in gravity!
-
- Recently I read a statement from a creationist who claimed that scientists
- are being dishonest when they talk about evolution. This person believed that
- evolution was being misrepresented to the public. The real problem is that
- the public, and creationists, do not understand what evolution is all about.
- This person's definition of evolution was very different from the common
- scientific definition and as a consequence he was unable to understand
- what evolutionary biology really meant. This is the same person who claimed
- that one could not "believe" in evolution and still be religious! But once
- we realize that evolution is simply "a process that results in heritable
- changes in a population spread over many generations" it seems a little silly
- to pretend that this excludes religion!
-
- Scientists such as myself, must share the blame for the lack of public
- understanding of science. We need to work harder to convey the correct
- information. Sometimes we don't succeed very well but that does not mean that
- we are dishonest. On the other hand, the general public, and creationists
- in particular, need to also work a little harder in order to understand
- science. Reading a textbook would help.
-
-
- Laurence A. Moran (Larry)
-
-