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- From: mmalak@cco.caltech.edu (Michael Jay Malak)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: below absolute zero?
- Message-ID: <1k6r3uINNg4p@gap.caltech.edu>
- Date: 27 Jan 93 20:25:34 GMT
- Article-I.D.: gap.1k6r3uINNg4p
- References: <C1EEo5.8Jr@well.sf.ca.us> <25442@galaxy.ucr.edu> <1k66mhINN7pd@mailgzrz.TU-Berlin.DE>
- Organization: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
- Lines: 52
- NNTP-Posting-Host: punisher.caltech.edu
-
- prissi@marie.physik.tu-berlin.de (Markus Pristovsek) writes:
-
- >An easy way to construct "lower than zero"-temperatures:
- >All you need is a magnetic material and a strong magnet.
- >Then 1) Cool the whole thing and switch an the magnet.
- >2) Wait until ALL spins are orientated upwards.
- >3) Change the direction of the field.
- >So the spin are all looking against the lines of the field.
- >The is identified with negative absolute temperatures.
- >But this is only a statistical definition.
-
- Well, let's be more precise here. The statistical-mechanics
- definition of absolute temperature is that 1/T = dS/dE (that is, the
- partial derivative of entropy with respect to energy). All we care
- about is the sign. For most physical systems, the energy can be
- arbitrarily large, and the entropy always increases with energy.
-
- But let us consider a system which has a maximum possible energy.
- A simple one is the case of two spins in a magnetic field. A particle
- can have one of two possible energies, represented here as ``+'' and ``-''.
- A particle in the `+' state has an energy E, and one in the `-' state
- has energy 0. The possible states of the whole system are:
-
- State Energy Entropy
-
- -- 0 0
-
- +- OR -+ E S = k ln 2
-
- ++ 2E 0
-
- The middle (energy E) system has two indistinguishable possible
- configurations, so its entropy is nonzero. Increasing the energy
- of the system to 2E _reduces_ the entropy.
-
- It doesn't make much sense to speak of a `temperature' for such a small
- system, but you can consider a system of a large number of spins:
- as you add energy, the entropy increases until the total energy is 1/2
- the maximum energy; after that, the entropy decreases. According to
- the definition of absolute temperature, the system has a negative
- temperature in this higher-energy regime.
-
- Intuitively, you would think that adding energy to a system
- should make it hotter. This is correct. Negative temperatures
- are hotter than positive ones!
-
- This isn't nearly a complete discussion; most textbooks on thermodynamics
- or statistical mechanics have a few pages on negative temperatures.
-
- --
- Michael Malak | 1. All syllogisms have three parts.
- mmalak@looking_glass.caltech.edu | 2. Therefore, this is not a syllogism.
-