home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!darwin.sura.net!spool.mu.edu!agate!physics3!aephraim
- From: aephraim@physics3 (Aephraim M. Steinberg)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: Why does the moon keep the same face to the Earth?
- Date: 25 Jan 1993 21:44:39 GMT
- Organization: /etc/organization
- Lines: 68
- Message-ID: <1k1n07$b2s@agate.berkeley.edu>
- References: <1993Jan23.154116.13409@aifh.ed.ac.uk>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: physics3.berkeley.edu
-
- In article <1993Jan23.154116.13409@aifh.ed.ac.uk> tw@aifh.ed.ac.uk (Toby) writes:
- >
- >Some friends and I were trying to work out why the moon maintains
- >the same face towards the earth. Our favourite theory is that the
- >moon is asymmetric, and its orientation is a minimum of gravitional
- >energy - this would explain why it maintains this orientation under
- >disturbances like large asteroid strikes, gravitational influences
- >of the sun .... A rival theory was that its angular velocity is
- >a direct consequence of it being spun off the Earth (the "where did the
- >Pacific Ocean go?" theory). However, I am more dubious that this
- >would be so stable? Can anyone help answer this question? Thanks
- >in advance,
-
- If you allow angular momentum to be "traded" back and forth between the
- moon's orbit and its spin, but conserve the total, you find the state
- of minimal rotational kinetic energy to be the one in which the orbital
- angular velocity is equal to the rotational angular velocity-- i.e.,
- the one in which the moon spins around (relative to an inertial frame)
- once a month, thus keeping one face towards the Earth at all times.
-
- In order for this to have happened, there must be some dissipative
- coupling between the two degrees of freedom. The standard line is that
- this is due to tidal effects, i.e., friction between sand masses sliding
- back and forth against one another. I actually once ran across an
- article that made me guffaw in the middle of the physics library, so much
- did it remind me of the "suppose we have a spherical cow" joke, only with
- a perverse twist. A perfectly rigid, symmetric moon would not exhibit
- the desired effect. In order to present a not overly complicated model
- calculation, some theorists decided to make the simplest asymmetric
- assumption. They assumed that the moon was a cube, and calculated how
- the dissipation would progress!
-
- Anyway, this should happen for all bodies. The Earth will eventually
- face the same side to the sun constantly if nothing else happens to the
- solar system first (which it will), and if it's fair to ignore effects
- of other gravitational effects (I don't know to what extent it is). But
- it would take a damn long time. If I remember correctly, Mercury ALMOST
- does this-- but on the other hand, that may be an old, incorrect theory
- which is now known to be false! Embarrassingly, I don't remember, so don't
- quote me on it. I know there was some sci-fi (Niven?) story about such
- a planet, where the only habitable region was right along the strip of
- perpetual sunrise (set).
-
- A related model is one of two masses sliding along on a frictionless
- table, connected by a weak, dissipative spring. Such a coupling does
- not affect the total momentum of the two masses, but can lower the
- total energy of the system. If the total momentum
- m_1 v_1 + m_2 v_2 = P is a constant, let us try to minimize the energy
- (m_1 v_1^2 + m_2 v_2^2)/2. To do this, we will differentiate with respect
- to v_1, after setting v_2 = (P - m_1 v_1)/m_2.
-
- m_1 v_1 + m_2 v_2 (-m_1/m_2) = 0 by the chain rule
-
- m_1 v_1 - m_1 v_2 = 0
-
- or v_1 = v_2 !
-
- It's no harder to do this for the angular case (v -> \omega, m -> I, etc.),
- but I find this version instructive because you can actually picture the
- two masses and find it believable that the lowest energy state is the one
- in which they simply slide along together.
-
-
- --
- Aephraim M. Steinberg | "WHY must I treat the measuring
- UCB Physics | device classically?? What will
- aephraim@physics.berkeley.edu | happen to me if I don't??"
- | -- Eugene Wigner
-