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- Path: sparky!uunet!dziuxsolim.rutgers.edu!ruhets.rutgers.edu!bweiner
- From: bweiner@ruhets.rutgers.edu (Benjamin Weiner)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: Trouble understanding bra-ket notation
- Message-ID: <Jan.21.20.42.41.1993.24091@ruhets.rutgers.edu>
- Date: 22 Jan 93 01:42:42 GMT
- References: <31c31z=@rpi.edu> <1993Jan17.214117.27235@galois.mit.edu> <1jd41cINNdh4@gap.caltech.edu> <1jlhucINNrtj@darkstar.UCSC.EDU>
- Distribution: usa
- Organization: Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
- Lines: 45
-
- ask@ucscb.UCSC.EDU (Andrew Stanford Klingler) writes:
-
- >quantities mean, I find it helpful to think of the inner product. When
- >you hear "The probability is the square of the amplitude" you're thinking
- > <a|a> = |a|^2 is the probability or density. ...
-
- Actually, <a|a> = |a|^2 is the squared norm (length) of the vector |a>.
- In order to get a probability amplitude, you need to put the vector
- together with (another) state vector. I am sorry to pick this nit,
- but this was something that S*rf*tti gave us much grief by
- misunderstanding. The rest of this is directed to the original poster:
-
- For example,
-
- <psi|x> , which is what is written psi(x) in intro modern physics texts,
-
- is the probability amplitude of finding a particle in state psi at
- position x. The probability density is <psi|x><x|psi>, i.e.
- |<psi|x>|^2
- The probability of finding the particle between x and x + dx is
-
- P(x,x+dx) = |<psi|x>|^2 dx = <psi|x> <x|psi> dx
-
- A properly normalized state |psi> has norm 1, so <psi|psi> = 1.
- The particle should be somewhere between -infinity and +infinity,
- i.e. it is certain (probability = 1) that it is _somewhere_, so the
- total probability should be 1:
-
- +inf
- /
- P(-inf,+inf) = | <psi|x> <x|psi> dx = 1
- /
- -inf
-
- /
- You see that I inserted a | |x><x| dx into the middle of <psi|psi>
- /
-
- (where the integral is understood to be over all possible values of x,
- in this case -inf to +inf) without changing the value. This is known
- as expanding in the basis "x". I could equally well have expanded in
- the basis "p", where p is the momentum of the particle. In some cases
- there are discrete bases, such as photon polarization, where vertical
- and horizontal form a complete basis - in this case you sum over the
- basis rather than integrating. Which basis you use is a matter of
- convenience - whatever helps you get the problem done.
-