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- Path: sparky!uunet!spool.mu.edu!darwin.sura.net!cs.utk.edu!memstvx1!connolly
- From: connolly@memstvx1.memst.edu
- Newsgroups: sci.lang
- Subject: Re: what is a phoneme
- Message-ID: <1993Jan28.123513.5266@memstvx1.memst.edu>
- Date: 28 Jan 93 12:35:13 -0600
- References: <1993Jan27.040154.20592@midway.uchicago.edu> <1993Jan27.095659.5244@memstvx1.memst.edu> <1993Jan27.183540.15379@midway.uchicago.edu>
- Organization: Memphis State University
- Lines: 97
-
- In article <1993Jan27.183540.15379@midway.uchicago.edu>, goer@kimbark.uchicago.edu (Richard L. Goerwitz) writes:
- > connolly@memstvx1.memst.edu writes:
- >
- >>> What is a phoneme?
- >>
- >>I'll go way out on a limb and make most of the readership mad at me
- >>with this definition:
- >>
- >> A phoneme is the minimal psychological construct representing
- >> certain sounds which occur in a given language.
- >
- > This is intuitively correct. In fact, I don't think that Chomsky him-
- > self is really all that concerned about phonemes. It was Halle that
- > got into all the matrices. I also don't believe that either denied the
- > existence of systematic units called phonemes. They just made them far
- > more abstract, and treated them as bundles of features. The term for
- > their kind of phoneme is "systematic phoneme."
-
- I don't have their book at hand, but it is organized into several sections
- that, if I remember correctly, are often simply incompatible.
-
- That having been said, I remember that they indeed talk of systematic
- phonemes and even introduce a notation: |x| is a "systematic" phoneme
- while /x/ is a conventional one. By pointing out some interesting
- problems with the formulation and application of phonological rules,
- they show (to their satisfaction) that conventional phonemes are
- superfluous, at which point Ockham decided to shave. The trouble is
- that the same arguments apply to systematic phonemes, which in fact
- they hardly use. And the systematic phonemes are *not* tantamount
- to feature matrices, since the actual matrices they posit for
- words such as _spit_ do not correrspond to *any* sort of phoneme.
- Since English words do not begin with consonant + voiced stop,
- the matrix for the [p] is unspecified for the feature [voice]. So
- the actual matrix would have to correspond to that monstrosity, the
- archiphoneme, rather than to any phoneme at any level. And worse,
- since the only consonant allowed ahead of a stop in English is [s],
- the matrix for this consonant is simply [+cons]. What sort of phoneme
- is that? Not even one of theirs! And unless we want to posit an
- "arch-archiphoneme" (quod Deus avertat), we have no sort of unit
- at all, just a very imperfectly specified matrix.
-
- > The only criticism I would level at your definition is that it is
- > vague.
-
- Conceded.
-
- > Can you offer us a discovery procedure like the descriptivists
- > and structuralists had?
-
- The structuralist procedures are pretty good. It's the constructs
- that are wrong because of their hide-bound premise that a given
- phone can correspond to only only phoneme, not two or more. Alterna-
- tions such as _relate : relation_ can be blamed on "morphophonemics",
- but that's not an explanation: it's an attempt to avoid saying that
- some instances of [s^] are /s^/ while others are /ty/. German _Rad_
- 'wheel' was analyzed as /ra:t/, while the genitive _Rades_ was
- /ra:d@s/. Heck, the structuralists' procedures could show perfectly
- well that /t/ and /d/ were different phonemes; they simply couldn't
- bring themselves to analyze _Rad_ as /ra:d/, contrasting with _Rat_
- 'advice' (genitive _Rates_), which was obviously /ra:t ra:tes/ (no
- need for /@/ in German if you play your cards right).
-
- > Can you offer us a cognitive model and a for-
- > malism, like what generative phonologists have?
-
- A cognitive model is asking a bit much, and anything offered by
- generative phonologists or anyone else is partial. I am saying
- that phonemes are represented as indivisible units (not bundles
- of features), and that these units do not always correspond to units
- in speech on a 1:1 basis. We linguists can and do break these
- units down into features and write very plausible phonetic rules
- which are difficult even to express any other way. This may or
- may not be a good thing, and I don't know if such rules correspond
- to any mental processes. It might be better merely to note the
- correspondces between the abstract units and their varying realization
- in speech.
-
- > Simply calling a phoneme
- > a "psychological construct representing certain sounds" doesn't move us
- > off of square one.
-
- No, but it brings us there if we've been off chasing ghosts. Seriously:
- setting a plausible starting point is worth something if we haven't been
- able to agree where to start.
-
- > Tell you what. I'll believe that your definition is clear if you can
- > take a standard data set, and show how your definition of the phoneme
- > offers us a superior way of describing some synchronic phonological pro-
- > cess.
-
- I think _spit_ is a least a standard datum. Does what I said above about
- it clarify some of the issues? Isn't it better than messing with archi-
- phonemes or with segments represented merely as [+cons]? Haven't I
- put my phonemes in the right place? Let's see what others have to say
- before I elaborate any further.
-
- --Leo Connolly
-