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- Path: sparky!uunet!biosci!uwm.edu!rpi!gatech!taco!csemail.cropsci.ncsu.edu!samodena
- From: samodena@csemail.cropsci.ncsu.edu (S. A. Modena)
- Newsgroups: bionet.info-theory
- Subject: Animate Nature and Noise
- Summary: Isothermal-ism is a dead end idea
- Keywords: info theory isothermal noise physical limit receptors
- Message-ID: <1993Jan27.062112.13859@ncsu.edu>
- Date: 27 Jan 93 06:21:12 GMT
- Sender: news@ncsu.edu (USENET News System)
- Organization: Crop Science Dept., NCSU, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620
- Lines: 103
-
- Animate Nature Operates at or below the Ambient Noise Level
-
- "Walker and Bitterman's measurement of the threshold sensitivity of
- the bees to a small static anomoly superimposed on the background
- [earth's magnetic] field is the most dramatic experimental result
- to date from their conditioning experiments. By starting with a
- moderately strong anomoly in a small two-choice training program,
- and by reducing the amplitude of the anomoly in small exponential
- steps, the threshold sensitivity could be determined by the point
- at which bees were no longer able to discriminate correctly. Of
- nine bees run through the procedure, the median threshold was 250
- nanoTelsa (nT, 0.6% of the background field in Hawaii), whereas
- their best bee lost the ability to discrimiate in fields below 25
- nT (0.06%)."
- ....Discrimination of Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields
- by Honeybees: Biophysics and Experimental Tests
- J. L. Kirschvink et al.
-
- "In Limulus photoreceptors the rate of normal spontaneous waves
- is ~1/s at room temp. Such events are likely to come from a
- variety of sources including spontaneous rhodopsin
- isomerization, reversion of deactivated meta-rhodopsin back to
- the active state, spontaneous activation of G protein, and
- spontaneous activations of subsequent steps in the cascade. The
- fraction of spontaneous events that are generated by spontaneous
- activation of the G protein is not clear, but for our purposes we
- can make the worst case assumption that all spontaneous events
- are due to G protein. This gives an upper limit on the rate
- constant for apparent spontaneous nulceotide exchange on G
- proteins as follows: if there is one spontaneous event per second
- in a cell with 10^8 G proteins--there are 10^9 rhodopsin
- molecules per cell and ~ 0.1 G protein/rhodopsin--the apparent
- rate constant for spontaneous activation of G protein is 10^-
- 8/sec. Remarkably this number is more than three orders of
- magnitude lower than the the rate of spontaneous nucleotide
- exchange measured biochemically for the vertebrate photoreceptor
- G protein (2 x 10^-5/s). Similar measurements on G proteins from
- other tissues show an even faster rate of exchange. This large
- discrepancy raises the question, Why do most spontaneously
- activated G proteins fail to produce an electrical response?
- Stated differently, the biochemical evidence would predict that
- ~1000 G proteins would undergo nucletide exchange per second and
- that this would generate enormous electrical noise. We do not
- observe noise of this magnitude......"
-
- .....Mechanisms of Amplification, Deactivation, and Noise
- Noise Reduction in Invertabrate Photoreceptors
- J. Lisman et al.
-
- "Hearing Limits
-
- "Hearing is an altogether different situation. The quantum of
- sound is the phonon....Although firm numbers are hard to arrive
- at, basilar membrane displacements at the hearing threshold are
- believed to be in the range of atomic, even subatomic,
- dimensions: ~0.1 to 1 Angstrom. The motion is even less than the
- thermal excursions of the hair bundle itself.....The astounding
- sensitivity of hearing is evident from recent experiments of Denk
- and Webb showing that hair cells faithfully transduce Brownian
- (thermal) noise at their inputs. These experiments were made
- possible by the developemt of optical instrumentation that...."
-
- "Thermoreception Limits
-
- "What about thermal signals themselves?.... The record holder in
- the insect world is probably the eyeless cave beetle..., whose
- antennal sensillum shows both hot and cold sensitivity, with a
- threshold for firing near 3 x 10^-3 deg C/s (3 mDeg/s).....The
- California cockroach does just a bit less well: 20 mDeg/s...The
- golden eyelash viper...can sense thermal gradients estimated at
- 1-10 mDeg C/s. Bialek has derived an expression for the noise
- level in a thermoreceptor, considered as a blackbody radiator in
- thermal equilibrium with its environment. He found that the cave
- beetle, in particular, performs close to the physical limit...."
-
- "APPENDIX: Thermal Fluctuations in Concentration
-
- ... delta-E = 0.5 ( kT/n) delta-n^2 where n = # of molecules
-
-
- ...Biophysical Principles of Sensory Transduction
- Steven M. Block
-
- IN "Sensory TRansduction"
- Society of General Physiologists Series Vol. 47 (46th Ann.
- Symp.)
- Edited by D.P. Corey & S.D. Roper
- New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1991
- ISBN 0-87470-051-5
-
- Steve
- ---
- +------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | In person: Steve Modena AB4EL |
- | On phone: (919) 515-5328 |
- | At e-mail: nmodena@unity.ncsu.edu |
- | samodena@csemail.cropsci.ncsu.edu |
- | [ either email address is read each day ] |
- | By snail: Crop Sci Dept, Box 7620, NCSU, Raleigh, NC 27695 |
- +------------------------------------------------------------------+
- Lighten UP! It's just a computer doing that to you. (c)
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