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- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Path: sparky!uunet!gumby!destroyer!wsu-cs!igor.physics.wayne.edu!atems
- From: atems@igor.physics.wayne.edu (Dale Atems)
- Subject: Hidden variables, Bell's inequality, and Wiener-Siegel theory
- Message-ID: <1993Jan3.203629.27026@cs.wayne.edu>
- Sender: usenet@cs.wayne.edu (Usenet News)
- Organization: Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Date: Sun, 3 Jan 1993 20:36:29 GMT
- Lines: 70
-
- When I was researching the EPR paradox and Bell's inequality for a
- term paper over 10 years ago, one hidden variables theory that I found
- especially interesting was Wiener-Siegel (WS) theory [1]. I'm sure
- Budnik and others in the field are familiar with it, but I thought I'd
- just mention it for everyone else's benefit, and to see if anyone
- knows the answer to a question that's puzzled me ever since. Bear in
- mind that everything here is culled from my term paper; I haven't
- looked at the references in over a decade.
-
- What is WS theory? It's an EPR-complete hidden variables theory that
- reproduces the predictions of QM exactly, and of course it violates
- Bell's inequality in the process. It's a classical statistical theory
- in which quantum states correspond to macrostates, and the hidden
- information forbidden to us by the uncertainty principle is contained
- in microstates in which noncommuting observables have simultaneous
- values. The microstates are defined by introducing an auxiliary state
- vector \Xi (not normalized). For any observable O, \Xi together with
- the usual state vector \Psi determines the result of measuring O, and
- an ad hoc "equilibrium" distribution of the norms of the expansion
- coefficients <\phi_k|\Xi> defines the statistics of the theory, where
- the {\phi_k} are eigenvectors of O.
-
- What's remarkable about WS theory? If Bell's inequality is violated in
- nature, then a certain class of hidden-variables theories, often
- called "local realistic", is ruled out. Most current research seems to
- focus on pinning down whether nature is or isn't really nonlocal. The
- bizarre feature of WS theory is that it throws out realism (on the
- quantum level only, of course) instead.
-
- A WS microstate determines which of the complete set of eigenvectors
- {\phi_k} the QM state vector will "collapse" to when a measurement is
- made. In case of degeneracy, each \phi_k generally corresponds to
- simultaneous eigenvalues of two or more commuting observables. The
- choice of basis corresponds to which observables are actually measured
- in a given (idealized) experiment. But the catch is that given a WS
- microstate, the value obtained for a given observable can depend on
- the basis {\phi_k} that you choose.
-
- For example, in a spin-half singlet state, if you expand in the basis
- of simultaneous eigenvectors of {S_x(1), S_x(2)}, in a given
- microstate S_x(1) might have one value, but if you expand in the basis
- {S_x(1), S_y(2)}, in the same microstate S_x(1) might have the
- opposite value. (Here 1 and 2 label the particles.) The connection
- with "quantum spookies" in this case is clear: the theory is saying
- that if I measure S_x(1) and S_x(2) I might find, say, spin up for
- S_x(1), but if I had decided to measure S_y(2) rather than S_x(2), I
- might have found that S_x(1) was "actually" spin down instead!
-
- But in general the basis-dependence of the information contained in a
- WS microstate has nothing to do with action at a distance, since it
- shows up in single-particle cases as well [2]. From the WS viewpoint,
- Budnik's billboard saying "SOMETHING IS FISHY HERE" is somewhat larger
- than Bell's inequality would seem to require. The question I've never
- seen answered is whether this is just an artifact of W and S's
- formulation, or whether it's a necessary price of making a theory
- along the lines of classical statistical mechanics reproduce the
- predictions of QM.
-
- References:
-
- [1] N. Wiener and A. Siegel, Phys. Rev. 91, 1551 (1953).
-
- [2] F. J. Belinfante, _A Survey of Hidden Variables Theories_ (1973),
- pp. 39-43, 112 et seq.
-
- ------
- Dale Atems
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- atems@igor.physics.wayne.edu
-