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- Xref: sparky sci.physics:21809 alt.sci.physics.new-theories:2626
- Newsgroups: sci.physics,alt.sci.physics.new-theories
- Path: sparky!uunet!well!sarfatti
- From: sarfatti@well.sf.ca.us (Jack Sarfatti)
- Subject: Feynman42 -gravity explains electron mass?
- Message-ID: <BzyExK.KxF@well.sf.ca.us>
- Sender: news@well.sf.ca.us
- Organization: Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link
- Date: Mon, 28 Dec 1992 05:22:32 GMT
- Lines: 196
-
-
- Feynman 42 QED & renormalization Part IV gravitational cut-off in QED?
-
- 4. self-energy in momentum and energy space
- ".. the Fourier transform of D+(s21^2) is
-
- -D+(s21^2) = (pi)^-1 S[e^-ikx21 (k/^-2) d^4k] (10)
-
- ... noting that I+(2,1) for m^2 = 0 is D+(s21^2) ... the k/^-2 means ...
- the limit as d->0 of (k.k +id)^-1 ... imagine that quanta (i.e., photons)
- are particles of zero mass.. we make the general rule that all poles are to
- be resolved by considering the masses of the particles (i.e. electrons) and
- quanta to have infinitesimal negative imaginary parts. ... we see that the
- self-energy is the matrix elementa between (spinors) uadjoint and u of the
- matrix
-
- (e^2/ipi) S[G(p/-k/-m)^-1Gk/^-2 d^4k] (11)
-
- / 2
- / p
- /
- /
- |\ 4
- | \
- | \
- p-k | \ k^-2
- | /
- | /
- |/
- / 3
- /
- / p
- /
- / 1
-
- Simplest (and numerically largest) electron self-energy Feynman diagram in
- energy-momentum space with one virtual "zero point vacuum fluctuation
- "photon.
-
- "the equation can be understood by imagining that the electron of (four)
- momentum p emits (gamma G) a quantum of (four)momentum k and makes its way
- now with momentum p - k to the next event (propagtor factor (p/ - k/ -m)^-
- 1) which is to absorb the quantum (another 4x4 gamma matrix factor G, note
- 4-vector subscript understood JS). The amplitude of propagation of quanta
- is k^-2. (There is a factor e^2/ipi for each virtual quantum). One
- integrates over all (virtual) quanta.
-
- The reason an electron of 4-momentum propagates as 1/(p/ - m) is that this
- operator is the reciprocal of the Dirac equation operator, and we are
- simply solving this equation. Likewise light goes as 1/k^2, for this is the
- reciprocal D'Alembertion operator of the wave equation of light. The first
- gamma G reprsents the current which generates the vector potential, while
- the second is the velocity operator by which this potential is multiplied
- in the Dirac equation when an external field acts on an electron."
-
- Sarfatti homework problems
-
- 1. Can we make a consistent, but causality-violating QED with superluminal
- (i.e.,tachyonic) electrons with propagator 1/(p/-im) in which 3-vector
- magnitude part varies only from m to infinity? Do we have to use boson
- quantum statistics for the tachyonic electrons? How do they interact with
- ordinary subluminal electrons?
-
- 2. Can we replace simple Fourier transforms using plane waves by a "wavelet
- transform" to get better "nonperturbative" convergence?
-
- Back to Feynman: he then discuses radiative corrections (i.e. virtual
- photon effects) to scattering and distinguishes three cases. "We have now
- achieved our simplification of the form of writing matrix elements arising
- from virtual processes." He then describes Compton electron-real photon
- scattering (Klein-Nishina formula)as an example. "Pair annihilation with
- emission of two quanta are given by the same (Compton scattering) matrix,
- positron states being those with negative time components of p. Whether
- (real) quanta are absorbed or emitted depends on whether the time component
- of q is positive or negative."
-
- 5. The convergence of processes with virtual quanta.
- "... the self-energy expression (9)
-
- dE1 = (e^2)S[(uGK0+(4,3)Gu)e^ipx43D+(s43^2)d4] (9)
-
- gives an infinite result when evaluated. The infinity arises, apparently,
- from the coincidence of the Dirac delta function singularities in K+(4,3)
- and D+(s43^2). Only at this point is it necessary to make a real departure
- from conventional electrodynamics ...."
-
- Sarfatti homework problem: What happens if we just put in a gravitational
- cut-off at the Planck frequency 10^43 Hz where Lorentz symmetry breaks down
- anyway?
-
- Don't forget that the Lorentz invariant D+(s^2) requires both retarded
- waves that propagate from now to future and advanced waves that propagate
- from now to past - future causation is intrinsic to Lorentz invariance
- contrary to conventional wisdom! Forbidding future causes really violates
- special relativity - though Einstein of course forbade future cause which I
- believe narrows the range of application of relatvity unnecessarily. Causal
- special relativity is to causality-violating special relativity as
- Euclidean geometry is to non-Euclidean geometry. This feature is
- independent of Feynman's boundary condition.
-
- Back to Feynman's boundary condition on propagators:
- "The obvious corresponding modification in the quantum theory is to replace
- the D+(s^2) appearing in the quantum mechanical interaction by a new
- function f+(s^2). We can postulate that if the Fourier transform of the
- classical f+(s^2) is the integral over all k of F(k^2)e^-ikx12 d^4k, then
- the Fourier transform of f+(s^2) is the same integral taken only over
- positive frequencies k4 for t2 > t1 and only over negative ones for t2 < t2
- in analogy to the relation of D+(s^2) to D(s^2). The function f(s^2) can be
- written as s^2 = x.x.
-
- f(x.x) = (2pi)^-2 S(k4=0 to infinity)S(angular)[sin(k4|x4|)cos(K.X)
-
- dk4d^3K g(k.k)]
-
- note that caps K and X are 3-vector parts of 4-vectorsk and x and
-
- g(k.k) is k4^-1 times the density of oscillators and may be expressed for
- positive k4 as
-
- g(k^2) = S(0 to infinity)[(D(k^2) - D(k^2-@^2)G(@)d@]
-
- where S(0 to infinity)G(@)d@ = 1 and G involves @ >> m"
-
- For gravity cut-off 10^-5 gm compared to 10^-27 gm.
-
- "This simply means that the amplitude for propagation of quanta of momentum
- k is
-
- -F+(k^2) = pi^-1S(0toinfinity)[(k^-2 - k^2-@^2)^-1)G(@)d@
-
- rather than k^-2. That is, writing F+ = -pi^-1k^-2C(k^2)
-
- -f+(s12^2) = pi^-1S[e^-ikx12k^-2C(k^2)d^4k (16)
-
- Every integral over an intermediate quantum which previously involved a
- factor d^4k/k^2 is now supplied with a convergence factor where
-
- C(k^2) = S(0toinfinity)[-@^2(K^2-@^2)^-1 G(@)d@] (17)
-
- The poles are defined by replacing k^2 by K^2 +id in the limit d->0. That
- is @^2 may be assumed to have a infinitesimal negative imaginary part."
-
- *Note, that although Feynman's models are visualizable there is still a lot
- of mathematical detail that cannot be so easily visualized here-
- Schwinger's method, for comparison, is much harder than Feynman's.
-
- "The function f+(s12^2) may still have a discontinuity in value on the
- light cone.... The condition that f is have no discontinuity ... on the
- light cone implies k^2C(k^2) ->0 as k-> infinity or, equivalently,
-
- S(0 to infinity)[@^2G(@)d@ = 0 (18)
-
- The expression for the self-energy matrix is now (i.e.,to lowest order in
- perturbation theory JS)
-
- (e^2/ipi)S[G(p/-k/-m)^-1Gk^-2C(k^2)d^4k] (19)
-
- which ... converges. For practical purposes we shall suppose hereafter
- that C(k^2) is simply -@^2/(k2-@^2) implying that some average (with weight
- G(@)d@) over values of @ may be taken afterwards. ....
-
- Since in all processes the (virtual) quantum momentum (k) will be contained
- in at least one extra factor of the form (p-k-m)^-1 representing
- propagation of an electron while that (vacuum fluctuation) quantum is in
- the field, we can expect all such integrals with their convergence factors
- to converge... all such processes will now be finite and definite
- (excepting the processes with closed loops.. in which the diverging
- integrals are over the momenta of the electrons rather than the quanta.
-
- The integral of (19) with C(k^2)= -@^2/(k2-@^2) noting that p^2 = m^2 and
- @>>M to lowest order in m/@ is
-
- (e^2/2pi)[4m(ln(@/m)+1/20 - p(ln(@/m)+5/4)] (20)
-
- deltam = m(e^2/2pi)(3ln(@/m)+3/4) (21)"
-
- Sarfatti,note for the Planck quantum gravity cut-off @/m is 10^-5/10^-27 =
- 10^22 so the order of magnitude of the dimensionless factor in (21) is
- (1/137)3ln(1022) of order unity roughly - that is the gravitational cut off
- suggests that the entire mass of the electron is a self-energy effect!
- These simple QED - gravity considerations extended to Yang-Mills theory
- with spontaneous broken symmetry of vacuum tell us something about Higgs
- mass and inflation - probably.
-
- Feynman does not discuss connection of QED to gravity in his paper but goes
- on the discuss radiative corrections to scattering in his section 6 ,
- vacuum polarization in his 7 longitudinal photon waves in 8 - the latter
- may have some connection to Bearden type stuff- though I do not understand
- anything Bearden says - but I have not tried hard to understand him. We
- should not place the papers of Puthoff and Bearden in the same category.
- Puthoff's papers are easy to follow and quite conventional realtive to
- Bearden's. Puthoff's papers get published in Physical Review.
-
- to be continued.
-
-
-