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- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!concert!uvaarpa!murdoch!kelvin.seas.Virginia.EDU!crb7q
- From: crb7q@kelvin.seas.Virginia.EDU (Cameron Randale Bass)
- Subject: Re: can sound waves boil water?
- Message-ID: <1992Dec24.173418.28563@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
- Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
- Organization: University of Virginia
- References: <1992Dec22.151439.29874@nuscc.nus.sg> <1992Dec22.173302.7146@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
- Date: Thu, 24 Dec 1992 17:34:18 GMT
- Lines: 86
-
- In article <1992Dec22.173302.7146@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> crb7q@kelvin.seas.Virginia.EDU (Cameron Randale Bass) writes:
- >In article <1992Dec22.151439.29874@nuscc.nus.sg> eng10370@nusunix1.nus.sg (CHEW JOO SIANG) writes:
- >>I was thinking of this the other day - we all know that a microwave oven
- >>works by resonating the water molecules at its natural frequency - this
- >>causes a rise in its temperature. The question is, can we do the same
- >>with sound waves - using it to resonate the water molecules. I know that
- >>you need incredibly high frequecies to achieve it but is the concept
- >>sound theoretically?
- >
- > a) That is not the way microwaves work. Try "Dielectrics and Waves"
- > by Von Hipple, available at research libraries everywhere.
- > b) Yes, one can induce boiling and cavitation by sound. Try
- > "Cavitation" by Young, available at research libraries everywhere,
- > and any treatise on ultrasonics.
- > c) Depending on what you mean by 'incredibly high' frequencies
- > and 'resonate', your statements above may not be an accurate
- > portrayal of the physical circumstances under which this happens.
-
- I didn't have time the other day, but here goes. Yes, there are several
- phenomena that could reasonably be construed as 'boiling' in liquid
- (specifically water for the purposes of this discussion) under the
- influence of sound. Two that come to mind are a) cavitation
- and b) heating. Cavitation involves the extremely localized creation
- of the necessary thermal conditions for vapor-phase creation, while
- heating comes simply from the fluid's absorption of sound energy averaged
- over time and space.
-
- Focusing solely on heating, a fluid is characterized by a certain
- attenuation of the incident sound wave. A part of this attenuation
- (usually a large part) is due to heat generation in the medium
- and is described by an absorption or attenuation coefficient. For
- a homogeneous medium like water, the two coefficients are the same.
- In general, the absorption is less than the attenuation. For
- water, typical coefficients are:
-
- Freq (MHz) \alpha (dB/cm)
-
- 0.2 0.000088
- 1.0 0.0022
- 10.0 0.22
- 100.0 22.0
-
- In monged units, the heating rate due to the sound waves can easily be
- given by
-
- Heating rate = 0.055 * \alpha * I
-
- where \alpha is given in dB/cm, I is the intensity of the incident
- radiation given in W/cm^2 and heating rate is given in cal/cm^3-s.
- So if we have a 10 Mhz plane wave of field average intensity 10 W/cm^2
- incident on a very thin flat water plate, we will see a roughly
- 0.121 cal/cm^3-s heating rate. For other shapes we could easily
- determine the local time-averaged intensity and integrate the
- above expression over space to determine the global heating rate.
-
- Now comes the reason for the monged units. In water, of course,
- if you put 1 cal into 1 cm^3 you get a 1 C increase in temperature
- (subject to various conditional caveats). So, in the above situation,
- you'll get about 0.121 C a second temperature rise, or a roughly
- 7 C a minute.
-
- So, how 'realistic' is this in the context of the usual ultrasound
- device that the ob-gyn slaps on your wife's burgeoning belly? Not very,
- for the simple reason that they don't want to boil the fetus.
- Typical spatial-peak temporal average (SPTA) limits on such
- equipment (pulsed doppler devices) run about about 120-155 mW/cm^2
- intensity. Spatial-peak pulse averages are much lower, about
- 18-22 mW/cm^2.
-
- This is not to say that you couldn't boil your coffee with a properly
- constructed device.
-
- Further reading on sonic heating of bone, tissues and fetuses
- can be had by visiting your local medical library or local
- radiologist. Most of the information in the above was gleaned from
- "Biological Effects of Ultrasound" edited by Nyborg and Ziskin.
-
- Now if only someone could give me a good experimental attenuation
- coefficient in 24 K deuterium.
-
- dale bass
- --
- C. R. Bass crb7q@virginia.edu
- Department of Mechanical,
- Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering
- University of Virginia (804) 924-7926
-