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- From: tim@iss.nus.sg (Tim Poston)
- Subject: Re: Can space-time intersect itself?
- Message-ID: <1992Dec21.084718.14554@nuscc.nus.sg>
- Sender: usenet@nuscc.nus.sg
- Organization: Institute of Systems Science, NUS, Singapore
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- References: <mcirvin.724718726@husc8>
- Date: Mon, 21 Dec 1992 08:47:18 GMT
- Lines: 55
-
- mcirvin@husc8.harvard.edu (Matt McIrvin) writes:
-
- : I get the feeling sometimes that something like this is what people
- : want when they express a fondness for an embedded universe: you have
- : a four-dimensional spacetime, and you explain curvature by saying
- : that it "curves through some still higher dimensions." You can do this
- : if the bigger manifold is Minkowskian, of course, but it takes away
- : some of the elegance of the idea.
-
- Why so?
- Indefinite geometry is much more elegant than definite
- (for instance, two _indefinite_ real quadratic forms with
- the same zero sets must be scalar multiples of each other),
- but that's not the point at issue here.
- The question is whether intrinsic curvature
- (Gaussian scalar curvature in 2D,
- the Rieman tensor in general)
- can always be realized by a suitably curved embedding
- in a flat space --- an affine space with a translation-invariant metric.
- The answer is Yes for a pseudo-Riemannian manifold,
- though around black holes --- where the metric goes kerfloop ---
- I'm not up to date on whether embeddability is known.
- To make even a local embedding mentally useful in the case of spacetime,
- you do need to beef up your intuitive sense of (e.g.) how
- geodesics work in such indefinite embeddings;
- I drew some relevant pictures in
- Dodson & Poston, Tensor Geometry, Springer.
-
- The fact of this possibility does _not_ mean that spacetime
- `is' isometrically embedded in some flat space.
- A very nice example is in the other direction: PacMan's universe.
- That is a flat square with opposite edges identified,
- topologically therefore a torus.
- But to get a _flat_ intrinsic geometry for the torus
- by an embedding, you need more than the usual 3D surrounding space;
- you can't do it in less than four flat dimensions
- (where it's easy, as the product of a circle in the (x0,x1)-plane
- with a circle in the (x2,x3)-plane ).
- Thus that manifold needs more dimensions to be `flat around'
- than to be `curved around', and nothing about PacMan's 2D universe
- has any stronger flavour of 4D than our own has of the many
- flat dimensions we would need (even locally) to embed that.
- The simplest local embedding of a 2D (time,radius) slice around the Sun,
- (which does help in understanding the way that geodesics go,
- i.e., how planets move) is periodic in time
- (Tensor Geometry, Fig.XII.3.2);
- this does _not_ mean that time is looped for the Solar System.
- Embeddability and embeddedness are very different questions.
-
- Tim Poston
-
-
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