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- Xref: sparky sci.electronics:21771 sci.energy:6516 rec.autos.tech:17286
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- From: stead@skadi.CSS.GOV (Richard Stead)
- Newsgroups: sci.electronics,sci.energy,rec.autos.tech
- Subject: Re: Flywheel batteries as EV power source
- Message-ID: <51725@seismo.CSS.GOV>
- Date: 31 Dec 92 00:47:41 GMT
- References: <1992Dec15.194558.2556@adobe.com> <30DEC199200153934@pierre.mit.edu>
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-
- In article <30DEC199200153934@pierre.mit.edu>, chuck@pierre.mit.edu (Chuck Parsons) writes:
- > Second mechanical strength of materials is _not_ greater than the
- > strength of the chemical bonds forming the material.
-
- This is something I wanted to address earlier - I have stated that I think
- it's true, but haven't been able to prove it.
-
- > Consider a thin hoop flywheel. Any flywheel can be thought of as being made
- > up of many such hoops. Let the hoop have a fixed cross-sectional area A
- > and the average mass of each atom in the material be M.
- >
- > The energy stored in each atom of the hoop is E=.5 M*V**2.
- >
- > When the hoop spins it tries to pull itself apart. It requires
- > on the order of .25*M*V**2/R _per_ atom of force to keep the loop intact.
-
- That's radial stress. The hoop stress is larger. Force in this case on
- an atom is M*V**2/D ! That's right, D, not R. Hoop stress on a thin hoop
- in rotation is much larger than radial stress.
- The reasoning is as follows: Hoop stress in the ring rho * V**2. (rho is
- density). So the stress is M*V**2/v where v is atomic volume (D**3).
- The stress is a force acting over atomic area (D**2) so force is M*V**2/D.
-
- The remainder of my analysis differs from yours. The total flywheel energy
- is pi*M*V**2*R/D. Thus the force on a single bond in terms of total
- flywheel energy is Ef/pi*R. The bond force is Ebond/D. The total chemical
- binding force is Ec=2*pi*R*Ebond/D. So the bond force Ec/2*pi*R. Then
- to keep flywheel force below bond force, Ef < Ec/2. In other words, the
- rotor can only store 1/2 the energy required to disintegrate the material.
-
- > Since for really bitchin materials the heat of vaporization
- > is similar the the binding energy, and because real materials have
- > defects and fall apart well before the strain (or is it stress)
- > aproaches the atomic limit. The flywheel will at _most_ have
- > enough energy to vaporize itself, probably much less. The flywheel
- > and enclsoure (assuming the enclosure mass is greater thant the flywheel)
- > only has to get hot it doesn't have to vaporize.
-
- Ok, now let's take a reasonable bond, C-C, for example, which has a
- strength of 400 kJ/mole (33 kJ/g). Now let's look at combustion of gasoline:
- 48 kJ/g. Thus, the flywheel could store at most 16 kJ/g, and a flywheel
- storing the energy equivalent of 2 gallons of gas would have a minimum mass of
- 51 kg.
-
- But how close is this to real materials? It was posted that carbon-fiber
- composite had a strength of 1 Mpsi.
- Density of graphite is 2.267 g/cc. This leads to D=2.06E-10 m.
- The energy per atom divided by D is 3.2E-9 N. The stress is then
- the number of atoms in a square meter times this: 7.54E10 N/m^2.
- Converting to psi, that's 11 Mpsi. So real materials only get about
- 1/10 th or less strength when compared to the bond energy present.
- So a 510 kg flywheel is the minimum feasible flywheel to store that
- 2 gallons of gas energy. Now figure shielding of at least that much
- mass, and you have over a ton of material. And you have yet to install
- the electric motor, and left no room for error.
-
- How big is that wheel? Let's say you design it as a cylinder (preserves
- the stress and energy assumptions above - if not a cylinder, it stores
- less energy per mass and experiences higher stress). Let's say the walls
- are 1 cm thick. Assume the density is the same as graphite. Assume it
- is 2 flywheels, each the length of the car, and the car is 4 m long.
- Then flywheel radius for the 510 kg rotor is 44 cm (the rotors are nearly
- a meter wide). These would fit in the area of the car (two by four meters,
- roughly). But then the passengers, etc., would be 1 meter up, plus shielding
- plus road clearance. Can you see climbing up 5 or 6 feet to get into your car?
-
- But it is realistic - I will grant it is possible, would not explode,
- but will still be dangerous. It may be possible to fully shield, but now
- I'm worried about a ton of careening composite tossing my body to the
- four winds or spreading it thinly across the asphalt. These suckers will
- not vaporize on failure, but rather are likely to conserve a great deal
- of the energy as angular momentum, transferred to the still solid housing,
- that will then transfer itself whereever it pleases.
-
-
- --
- Richard Stead
- Center for Seismic Studies
- Arlington, VA
- stead@seismo.css.gov
-