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- From: rplourde@leotech.mv.com (Richard Plourde)
- Sender: uucp@leotech.mv.com
- Path: sparky!uunet!noc.near.net!mv!leotech!uucp
- Newsgroups: sci.electronics
- Subject: Clocks
- Message-ID: <725704626.F00001@leotech.mv.com>
- Date: Tue, 29 Dec 1992 19:42:00
- Lines: 102
-
- Thomas David Kehoe Clocks
-
- TD>I have a different clock problem...when using bucket brigade
- TD>devices (BBDs), the clock frequency is twice the sampling
- TD>frequency. Is there a way to make the clock frequency
- TD>four or eight times the sampling frequency?
- TD>
- The problem here sounds (pun?---ah, well) like a fundamental sampling
- theory problem. The BBD takes one sample at each clock ... there is
- no
- information inside each sample. The Nyquist bandwidth is half the
- sampling frequency. Now, let's assume that you are sampling at
- 16kHz.
- The Nyquist bandwidth is then 8kHz. During the initial sampling, the
- voltages in each "bucket" would be the same for either a 7kHz or a
- 9kHz
- input signal. This means that you had best do something to guarantee
- that
- the initial input frequencies are below 8 kHz, or, no matter what you
- do,
- things are going to end up sounding pretty odd.
-
- But we're not finished. Even if you *do* exclude all the above-8-kHz
- frequencies that would "alias" to non-harmonically-related lower
- frequencies, the raw output of your BBD would *still* contain higher
- frequencies. (Think of the output as a superposition of square waves
- -
- then look up the frequency spectrum of a square wave.) As you've
- noticed,
- one of the frequencies that comes through is the Nyquist frequency
- itself!
-
- You *need* a low-pass filter on output to correctly reconstruct the
- sound.
- A handy low pass filter is the ear; most adults simply do not hear
- anything above 15kHz or so. (Go to rock concerts if you want to make
- your
- biological low pass filter more effective.)
-
- The cheapest way out of this is probably to stack up two BBD's to
- double
- the delay, then double your clock frequency to get back to the delay
- you
- want. A sharp low pass filter with a notch tuned to the Nyquist
- frequency
- might work reasonably well. Simple RC filters will almost certainly
- *not*
- work. (An interesting - and solvable - filter theory problem is to
- determine the behavior of an infinite-order RC filter network; the
- behavior, especially given the number of components used, is
- disappointing, being not much different from a single RC filter.)
-
- Try the following circuit - a Salen-Key 2nd order LP filter followed
- by an
- LC Notch filter; it might do the trick, and with op-amps < $.50,
- could be
- cheap enough:
-
- |~\ /-----Output
- in ---R---X----R--X-----|+ \ |
- | | | \____x___r___X____L_____c____
- | C2 | / | |
- C1 | ,-|- / | Gnd
- | Gnd | |_/ |
- |___________X__________|
-
- X= Connection Point - not a component
- R=1K (or so)
- C1=C2=1.3/(2 * pi * NyquistFrequency * R)
- the 1.3 factor is a "fudge" to make the cutoff frequency just
- a little bit lower than Nyquist. Nyquist = ClockFreq/2
- r=(2 * pi * NyquistFreq * L) / 10 ... give or take.
- note: the smaller r, the sharper the highfreq notch, but the
- op-amp might have troubles with r < 100 ohms or so
- (2 * pi * NyquistFreq * L) = 1 / (2 * pi * NyquistFreq * c)
- tune the LC to "short out" the Nyquist component of the
- output
- signal. BTW, the resistance of L should be << the value of
- r.
- You might want to make L or c tunable.
- If you keep the value of C1 * C2 constant, you can put a bit of a peak
- in
- the output response, just before the notch. This might sound better.
- To
- make a peak in the response, increase the value of C1 while reducing
- the
- value of C2.
-
- Before anybody complains that this is an inelegant circuit, I already
- know
- that. But, it is simple and easy. Besides, a full-fledged 9th order
- eliptical filter would have been a real pain to type out.
-
- I hope this works. Good luck.
-
- -Dick
- rplourde@leotech.mv.com
-
-
-
- * Origin: Leo Technology (603)432-2517/432-0922 (HST/V32)
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