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- From: philjohn@garnet.berkeley.edu
- Newsgroups: sci.bio
- Subject: Gould versus Dawkins
- Message-ID: <1i3ctlINN91f@agate.berkeley.edu>
- Date: 2 Jan 93 06:32:21 GMT
- Organization: University of California, Berkeley
- Lines: 65
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-
- Stephen Jay Gould's very negative review of Helena Cronin's book
- "The Ant and the Peacock" appeared in the New York Review of
- Books for Nov. 19, 1992. Cronin is a follower of the "gene
- selection" theory of Richard Dawkins, and so Dawkins is the real
- target of Gould's ire. Cronin and Dawkins are concerned to
- explain complex adaptations, including behavior, on the basis of
- the neo-Darwinian mechanism of random mutation and natural
- selection. Hence other kinds of evolution -- e.g., neutral
- mutations at the molecular level that do not affect fitness --
- are beside the point for them. Similarly, whether occasional
- examples of species selection occur is of little importance if
- selection at the species level isn't responsible for creating
- complex adaptive organs or behaviors such as altruism. As
- readers of Dawkins are aware, he believes that in adaptationist
- evolution, natural selection operates by preserving genes or gene
- combinations that produce characteristics that provide superior
- fitness in the phenotypes.
-
- Gould attacks this gene-focused approach as "bankrupt," in
- language that raises questions about just how Gould himself would
- account for the existence of those complex marvels of biology
- that the natural theologians before Darwin attributed to the hand
- of the Designer. Here is the crucial passage from Gould's
- review:
-
- "...the replicator criterion is at best insufficient, and at
- worst entirely mistaken. A simple appeal to vernacular usage
- tells us that a lower unit (a gene, for example) can't be an
- exclusive agent if all the action occurs at higher levels
- (organisms, for example) -- and the properties that generate this
- action are 'emergent' characters of the higher level -- that is,
- not a simple summation of features built by the lower units
- (genes). Now, manifestly (and gene selectionists do not deny
- this) organisms are primary objects struggling for reproductive
- success in nature. How, then, can "hidden" genes be the true
- agents if organisms are doing the fighting, cooperating,
- generating, and dying? Gene selectionists respond that all the
- relevant properties of organisms can be described as results of
- the various genes involved in their construction. Such
- properties, the argument continues, are therefore only the
- complex manifestation of genetic action.
- But many, undoubtedly most, properties of organisms are not
- simple summations of contributions from several genes. They are
- products of interactions among genes and therefore THEY CANNOT,
- IN PRINCIPLE, BE ADEQUATELY PREDICTED OR KNOWN AT THE LEVEL OF
- GENES. Since selection acts on such emergent properties of
- organisms, genes cannot be exclusive units of selection."
- [Emphasis added]
-
- Does this passage make sense? According to neo-Darwinism,
- natural selection builds complexity by acting upon inheritable
- characteristics, which is to say characteristics that are
- traceable ultimately to some gene or combination of genes.
- Granted that the properties in question are products of
- interactions among genes, one would still expect the combination
- of genes that produced a particular property (e.g., incipient
- wings or eyes) to have a predictable tendency (at least) to
- interact again to reproduce the same property in the organism's
- descendants. Otherwise, how does a mutation conferring superior
- fitness get passed on to succeeding generations? And how does
- Gould know that most properties of organisms cannot IN PRINCIPLE
- be adequately predicted or known at the level of genes?
-
- To put it another way, if Gould is right and Dawkins is wrong,
- how did the bat get its wings and echolocation capabilities?
-