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- Path: sparky!uunet!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!ames!olivea!gossip.pyramid.com!pyramid!lstowell
- From: lstowell@pyrnova.mis.pyramid.com (Lon Stowell)
- Newsgroups: rec.audio
- Subject: Re: Impedence and Loudness control - explain, please...
- Message-ID: <184742@pyramid.pyramid.com>
- Date: 31 Dec 92 17:15:38 GMT
- Sender: daemon@pyramid.pyramid.com
- Reply-To: lstowell@pyrnova.pyramid.com.pyramid.com (Lon Stowell)
- Organization: Pyramid Technology Corporation
- Lines: 81
-
- In article <1992Dec31.043409.8133@dunix.drake.edu> kjt001@dunix.drake.edu (Devil Bunny!) writes:
- >I have a couple of things I'm curious about. I'm looking for relatively
- >basic definitions, but not the kind of definition you'd have to give
- >your grandparents....
- >
- >
- >1> What exactly is impedence? I know it has to do with speaker
- >resistance, but how do amplifiers react to it? What are common
- >impedences? I know that my Infinity speakers are rated at 6 ohms, but
- >what does that mean, exactly? Is it better to have an amp hooked up for
- >a higher or lower impedence than the speakers if you can't match it
- >exactly? What are the effects of either one?
-
- a. As you've guessed, impedance is opposition to the flow of
- current. The main difference between impedance and resistance
- is that resistance is constant over the frequency band.
- Impedance is a bit more complex, if you'll pardon the term.
- Impedance is the combination of resistance, capacitance, and
- inductance.
-
- In a purely resistive circuit, the current and voltage are
- always in phase...changes in one are directly correlated with
- changes in the other. This is known as resistive impedance.
-
- In a capacitive or inductive circuit, the voltage and current
- lead or lag each other by an amount known as the phase angle.
- This phase angle will change with frequency, as the effective
- opposition to current flow and/or voltage changes is not
- constant with frequency.
-
- Both inductive and capacitive opposition to current/voltage
- changes are termed "reactive" impedance. A circuit in which
- the voltage and current are not in phase is termed "reactive".
-
- The total impedance of a circuit or circuit element (say a
- speaker) is the vector sum of the reactive impedances
- (inductive and capacitive impedances have opposite signs) and
- resistive impedances......and it is ALWAYS frequency dependent.
- A circuit can be characterized by the phase angle, or how far
- the voltage curve for a sine wave leads or lags the current
- curve for that sine wave. If the phase angle is 0 degrees, at
- THAT frequency the circuit acts as a pure resistor.
- The POWER in a circuit depends on the phase angle of the
- circuit and the impedance.
-
- Practical speakers always have reactive impedance as well as
- resistive impedance. The phase angle of the speaker will vary
- with frequency...some speakers more than others. Some of the
- more exotic speaker types have either very low ( 1 ohm or less)
- and/or very reactive impedances.
-
- Some amplifiers are designed to produce their outputs into
- purely resistive 8 ohm loads. They may oscillate or even self
- destruct if presented with loads well under 8 ohms OR loads
- with high phase angle. Good amplifiers can drive reactive
- loads without harm.
-
- Speaker manufacturer's rate their impedance in different ways.
- Some take the safe approach and rate the speaker at the minimum
- impedance across the audio band, most tend to give a rating
- for a weighted average across the bass region...where the most
- power is consumed. On the more common brands, the crossovers,
- etc. tend to keep the impedance more or less resistive in the
- upper frequencies anyway...but there are a few with highly
- capacitive impedances in the tweeters that some [IMHO poorly
- designed] amplifiers cannot tolerate.
- cannot tolerate.
-
-
-
- >
- >2> Is the loudness control on receivers anything more than a bass
- >booster?
- >
- >
- Depends on the receiver. Some boost both the bass and treble.
- Some actually vary the amount of boost in inverse proportion to
- volume level. Whether any of them are worth a darn is a religious
- flame-bait issue.
-
-
-