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- From: underdog@leland.Stanford.EDU (Dwight Joe)
- Subject: Buying a Multi-user Computer System with a Unix Operating System
- Message-ID: <1992Dec31.040449.11817@leland.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: ?@leland.Stanford.EDU
- Organization: Miners for a Heart of Gold
- References: <BzzHKw.Fyv@news.udel.edu>
- Date: Thu, 31 Dec 92 04:04:49 GMT
- Lines: 192
-
- I thought perhaps that you people might find the following to be interesting.
- I wrote it as a final report in one my classes. Please note that it was
- intended to be neither (1) scholarly nor (2) exhaustive but that its purpose
- was to provide some reference points for future purchases of computer hardware.
- (I did pass the class.)
-
- If you have an opinion, then please send e-mail. Thanks. Enjoy!
- (You are free to reference this in any of _your_ reports, provided
- that you make a reference to me.)
-
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (c) 1992,1993
-
- Buying a Multi-user Computer System
- with a Unix Operating System
- by Dwight Joe
- I. Introduction
- In purchasing a multi-user computer system, we must
- consider the components that form the total system; they include
- the operating system, the interconnecting network, the mass-
- storage system, the printer, and the personal computer or
- workstation. Our focus in this report is the Unix operating
- system, off-the-shelf cards and devices for interconnecting the
- network and for providing mass storage, a laser printer, and the
- 80x86 workstations (where I refer only to 80x86 machines with "x
- > 2"). Although 80x86-based computers are commonly known as
- personal computers, later generations of such machines using the
- 80386 or 80486 offer the same speed and memory addressability as
- traditional workstations; the 80386 and its successors are full
- 32-bit microprocessors. Furthermore, compared to more
- traditional workstations, machines based on the 80486 tend to be
- much cheaper and enable financially strapped institutions like
- universities to increase the computing resources per student to
- an extent beyond what the university could afford for
- traditional high-priced workstations.
- II. Operating System
- Unlike traditional workstations, 80x86 workstations
- predominantly run the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS),
- and few run any variant of Unix. Nevertheless, many companies
- produce a Unix OS for 80x86 machines; examples are Next, SCO,
- SunSoft, and Univel (USL in collaboration with Novell). With
- the exception of USL's Unix, SVR4.2, each variant of Unix
- produced by these companies are incompatible with most other
- major Unix OS's on the market.
- So, which Unix OS should we select? The decision rests on
- two important criteria: (1) compatibility with other Unix OS's
- to ensure that our selected Unix OS can run many future Unix
- applications in the event that it does not become the de facto
- industry standard and (2) relatively low cost. One important
- but less significant criterion is the incorporation of the X-
- Window System, which is widely used in the engineering
- community.
- Among Unix implementations, SVR4.2 (which is sold as
- UnixWare by Novell) best meets these criteria. It is compatible
- with seven major Unix OS's; among these are SunOS/Solaris,
- SVR3.2, BSD, and Xenix. The X-Window System is included, and so
- is TCP/IP networking in the base version of SVR4.2. The base
- version supports only the vital functions expected in a Unix
- implementation; in this way, the size and cost are reduced. The
- base version requires only a minimum configuration of 4 MB of
- memory and a 60-MB hard drive and is expected to cost in the
- range of $100-$150.[1]
- III. Interconnecting Network
- The Unix OS provides networking capability that requires
- communication boards and cable to link the 80x86 workstations
- into a network. For our purposes, we assume a network of 8
- computers among which we wish to share data and programs.
- So, what type of network should be select? The most
- important criteria are that the selected network can be serviced
- at many repair sites and that the amortized cost per workstation
- be relatively low. The presence of many repair companies
- fosters competition in terms of price and speed of service.
- When data is shared among many users across many computers, we
- must try to minimize the down time of a network in order to
- avoid the ire of the users, so the speed of service is
- important. If one repair site proves unreliable, we can easily
- switch to another repair site simply because there are many
- repair sites due to the popularity of the selected network.
- In terms of popularity, the best local area network is
- Ethernet. The typical price of an Ethernet set, including
- communication cards and cables for an 8-computer network plus a
- fileserver, should be approximately $2800; the amortized cost
- per workstation (including the fileserver) is about $300
- dollars, which is relatively inexpensive compared to the cost of
- the workstation itself. The price is virtually invariant with
- respect to the type of 80x86 computer that we choose to buy
- because almost all IBM-PC compatible machines are 100%
- compatible with IBM, and hence, a card that plugs into one PC
- clone can also be plugged into another PC clone. Also, because
- of the intense competition in the PC clone market and the
- related peripherals market, the prices of all PC hardware is
- continuously declining at least for the immediate future[2].
- IV. Storage
- To service the mass-storage needs of the 8 computers on our
- network, we need at least 1 file server. We can choose from a
- number of different fileservers: AcerFrame 1000, ALR PowerPro,
- AST Premium SE 4/50, Compaq Systempro/Lt, DECpc 450ST, Dell
- 450SE/2, Everex Step 486DX2/50 EISA Tower, Gateway 50-MHz 486DX2
- EISA, IBM PS/2 Model 95 XP 486, NCR 3447, Northgate 486 EISA
- DX2, Tangent MultiServer, etc.
- Which fileserver should we select? The two most important
- criteria are (1) relatively low cost and (2) saturation
- behavior. The prices of the fileservers can range from about
- $5000 to $20,000. With regards to the second criterion, network
- saturation occurs as a result of file access requests that
- become bottlenecked at the fileserver. Network saturation is
- important because once a network reaches saturation, the
- throughput per workstation decreases as the number of
- workstations added to the network increases.
- Fortunately, for our 8-computer network, none of the above
- fileservers reach saturation in benchmarks performed by the
- staff at Byte. It recommends Compaq Systempro/LT and NCR 3447
- as the overall best fileservers running Unix; also, the Tangent
- MuiltiServer is recommended for those on a tighter budget.
- Since our chosen Unix OS is SVR4.2 and since only the NCR 3447
- runs that implementation, we choose the NCR 3447. The NCR
- fileserver costs about $11,000, which puts it in the middle of
- the field. For that price, we get 1.34 Gbytes of storage, and
- an additional 10 hard drives, each having 0.67 Gbyte of storage,
- can be added.[3]
- A relatively inexpensive tape-backup system is also needed
- in our network. Such a system can be obtained for a relatively
- inexpensive price of $299.95.[2]
- V. Printer
- Of course, we also wish to print the data and other results
- produced by our multi-user computer system. For about $1500, we
- can attach a high-quality laser printer to the network.[2]
- VI. Workstations
- Finally, the core of our computer network is the computing
- nodes: 80x86 workstations. Due to intense price competition in
- the PC market, the 80x86 machines have been virtually turned
- into commodity products with profit margins that are razor thin.
- The result is that we can buy a 80486 workstation for about
- $3500. Most of the IBM-PC's and clones are reliable and cost
- effective.
- Further, there are few differences among them. The main
- criterion in selecting one brand over another is the long term
- prospects of the company selling the machine. Buying one from a
- company that collapses before the warranty has expired might
- leave us with very expensive repair bills in the event that the
- workstation breaks down.
- One good machine is the Compaq Deskpro 4/33i with a 33-Mhz
- 80486. This workstation is comparable in speed to a
- Sparcstation 1+ but costs only about $3500; the Sparcstation
- costs at least $5000.[4]
- VII. Conclusion
- Therefore, our selected multi-user computer system has the
- following costs:
- 1 Unix OS = $150
- network equipment = $2800
- 1 fileserver = $11,000
- 8 workstations @ $3500 = $28,000
- 1 laser printer = $1500
- Thus, the total cost is approximately $43,450 for a cluster of 8
- Compaq Deskpro 4/33i workstations connected via Ethernet, a NCR
- 3447 fileserver, a laser-printer, an Ethernet network, and USL's
- SVR4.2 Unix OS. For an even higher performance system, we can
- substitute Compaq Deskpro 50M workstations for the Compaq
- Deskpro 4/33i workstations. The former is comparable in speed to
- a Sparcstation 2 but costs about $7000; a Sparcstation 2 costs
- about $20,000.[5] So the total cost of the system with Compaq
- Deskpro 50M workstations becomes $71,450.
-
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- References
- [1] Yager, Tom and Ben Smith. "Is Unix Dead?" Byte. September,
- 1992. Pages 134-146.
- [2] Radio Shack catalogue for 1993, Pages 155-164.
- [3] Platt, Stephen, Tadesse Giorgis, Leslie Reisz, and Steve
- Apiki. "Fast 486 File Servers" Byte. October 1992. Pages 212-
- 220.
- [4] Eglowstein, Howard and Stan Wszola. "486 Systems for a
- Graphical World" Byte. November 1992. Pages 209-236.
- [5] Smith, Ben and Raymond Ga Cote. "Stalking the Ultimate
- Workstation" Byte. November 1992. Pages 192-108.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------+------------
- Jinsei no imi wa nan desu ka. Sister, can you | \| |`
- Shitte itara oshiete kuremasen ka. spare a coin? | | -+-
- | /| / \
- Copyright 1992, 1993 Disclaimer: 1 + 1 = 3 |
- ------------------------------------------------------------------+------------
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