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- Path: sparky!uunet!wupost!usc!usc!not-for-mail
- From: alves@calvin.usc.edu (William Alves)
- Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
- Subject: Re: Fundamental Frequencies of Musical Notes
- Date: 3 Jan 1993 18:21:19 -0800
- Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Lines: 52
- Message-ID: <1i86uvINNkrc@calvin.usc.edu>
- References: <1993Jan1.104912.46019@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu> <1i50piINNl3s@golem.wcc.govt.nz> <8515@charon.cwi.nl>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: calvin.usc.edu
-
- In article <8515@charon.cwi.nl> dik@cwi.nl (Dik T. Winter) writes:
-
- >The frequency of A' at 440 is currently indeed standard, but for older music
- >you would like to have a lower pitch.
-
- It is a myth that absolute pitch has been getting gradually higher since the
- baroque. See Arthur Mendel's comprehensive look at absolute pitch in Acta
- Musicologica. At least in the baroque pitch references were local at best,
- and though there were the different pitches for choir and instruments in
- many areas (usually referred to, even by English-speakers, as chorton and
- kammerton - there's also so-called tief-kammerton in some areas), there
- was no ONE chorton or ONE kammerton. Each varied by as much as a major third
- one way or the other from place to place.
-
- >Further, the relative frequencies as given above are first used by Bach in
- >his 'Wohltemperiertes Klavier'.
-
- First of all, it is another myth that Bach used equal temperament. While we
- don't have any direct evidence exactly what tuning system he used, his son
- Emanuel said in a letter to Kirnberger specifically that J.S. Bach did NOT
- use equal temperament. It is likely that he preferred one of the many so-
- called "good" or "well" temperaments in which all keys are playable, but
- the more common keys are somewhat more consonant. After all, it is the
- "well" tempered, not "equal" tempered klavier.
-
- Secondly, equal temperament had been recognized long before Bach's day. The
- theoretical possibility of it had been alluded to by Aristoxeneus, and
- by at least the 17th century, several people had written about it. It isn't
- that equal temperament was unknown until the 18th century, just that compo-
- sers made a deliberate decision to use something else. In particular, they
- don't seem to have liked the relatively out-of-tune thirds (in relation to
- pure 5/4 and 6/5 thirds).
-
- > An older list of relative frequencies is:
- > C D E F G A B C
- > 24 27 30 32 36 40 45 48
-
- This is called a "just" tuning system because the frequency ratios are
- represented by relatively small numbers. I suppose one could make a case
- for it being "older" than equal temperament in the sense that we have
- evidence for just tuning systems going back to Sumeria, but many other
- tuning systems were more widely used in European music: mean-tone
- temperaments, "good" temperaments, "circular" temperaments, and equal
- temperament were apparently more popular, though at different times.
-
- This is not to say that I have anything against just intonation, quite
- the contrary. I use just intonation in my own composition. Sythesizers
- and computers allow one to adopt just intonation without having to build
- my own instruments. I'm even a member of the Just Intonation Network (email
- me for more information about the JIN).
-
- Bill Alves
-