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- From: ric@hpspdla.spd.HP.COM (Ric Peregrino)
- Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1992 18:37:40 GMT
- Subject: Re: Covariant vs. Lie Derivative in Gen. Rel.?
- Message-ID: <12950099@hpspdla.spd.HP.COM>
- Organization: HP Stanford Park - Palo Alto, CA
- Path: sparky!uunet!charon.amdahl.com!pacbell.com!ames!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!sdd.hp.com!hpscit.sc.hp.com!scd.hp.com!hpscdm!hplextra!hpl-opus!hpspdla!ric
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- References: <1992Nov16.221115.9273@galois.mit.edu>
- Lines: 115
-
-
- I wrote:
-
- >The "connection" is an additional restraint that need not
- >be imposed to insure the tensor character of the resulting tensor.
-
- John writes:
-
- >Huh? This makes no sense to me, which is probably related to
- >the problem you are having. The "connection" is not a restraint, or
- >constraint. There are many ways of thinking about connections but the
- >most relevant here is that the connection simply IS the entity
- >
- > k
- > G
- > ij
- >
- >More precisely, the Christoffel symbol expresses the connection in a
- >given coordinate system (or frame). It's obvious from this point of
- >view that one needs a connection to define covariant derivatives.
-
- I don't know but,,,
-
- I found in Spain's "Tensor Calculus" a formulation of a covariant
- derivative which starts with the transformation law of the metric
- tensor.
-
- (21.1) g' = (dx /dx')(dx /dx') g , where the derivatives are partials.
- mn ij
-
- Now differentiate wrt x' to get
-
- o i m j n k o k
- (21.1a) dg' /dx' = (dx /dx')(dx /dx')(dx /dx')(dg /dx ) +
- mn ij
-
- 2 i m o j n 2 j n o i m
- g { (d x /dx'dx')(dx /dx') + (d x /dx'dx')(dx /dx') }
- ij
-
- Subtract this equation from the sum of the two equations obtained by
- appropriate (not cyclic) interchange of indices to obtain:
-
- i m j n k o
- (21.2a) [mn,o]' = (dx /dx')(dx /dx')(dx /dx')[ij,k] +
-
- i o 2 j m n
- .5(g + g )(dx /dx')(d x /dx'dx')
- ij ji
-
- Appropriate manipulations finally yield the formulae:
-
- 2 r m n ij r j kr i m j n
- (21.5a) (d x /dx'dx')=s' (dx /dx')[mn,i]' - s (dx /dx')(dx /dx')[ij,k] ,
-
- ij j j
- where s = g + g , and s s = d , where d = 1 if j=k, else =0.
- ij ij ji ik k k
-
- Now differentiate the transformation law of a tensor and replace the 2nd
- order partial derivative with the above formulae (21.5a) and you get a
- formulation of the covariant derivative.
-
- i i j ki n i j i k
- (22.2a) A = dA /dx + s [nj,k] A = dA /dx + G A
- ,j kj
-
- But hey! Instead of g, use any non-singular covariant tensor of rank 2 in
- (21.1) and you get another G, but the resultant A is still a tensor in that
- it obeys the transformation law of tensors, with the new index being a
- covariant index. This is what I meant by:
-
- >The "connection" is an additional restraint that need not
- >be imposed to insure the tensor character of the resulting tensor.
-
- What I think the "connection" is (correct me if I'm wrong) that which
- constrains the choice of G. By imposing the restriction that the inner product
- of two tensors has zero variation along an infinitesimal parallel transport.
- This leads to the relations:
-
- m m m m m m
- (70b) 2[ij,k] = g G + g G + g (G - G ) + g (G - G )
- mk ij km ji im kj jk mj ki ik
-
- which if g and G are symmetric in their lower indices, reduces G to the
- Christoffel symbol of the second kind. The symmetry of g will be given, but
- that of G in it's two lower indices is not. In Einstein's "The Meaning of
- Relativity", he suggests that G must be symmetric since a parallel
- transport along dx1 of dx2 must give the same result as that for dx2
- along dx1.
-
- John also writes:
-
- >You misunderstood my point since I wasn't precise enough. To take the
- >covariant derivative of a tensor A in a given direction v at a certain
- >point x, all *v* needs to be is a tangent vector at x. I would write
- >this covariant derivative as D_v A(x); in coordinates it's
- >
- > j
- >v A (x)
- > i;j
-
- I had misunderstood you. Still, why does v need to be a tangent vector?
-
- j k 1/2
- v A /(v v ) , here can't v be any non-null vector?
- i;j k
-
- Getting in way over my head,
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- Ric Peregrino c/o Hewlett Packard Co. I represent only myself
- ric@spd.hp.com 1501 Page Mill Rd Bldg 5M I may be wrong, maybe so
- 415-857-7526 Palo Alto, CA 94304 Do DC photons exist?
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-