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- Path: sparky!uunet!think.com!news!columbus
- From: columbus@strident.think.com (Michael Weiss)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: cubic equation feetnote
- Date: 19 Nov 92 10:13:21
- Organization: Thinking Machines Corporation, Cambridge MA, USA
- Lines: 39
- Distribution: usa
- Message-ID: <COLUMBUS.92Nov19101321@strident.think.com>
- References: <preece.3@StPaul.c10sd4.NCR.COM>
- <1992Nov19.095515.1896@sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: strident.think.com
- In-reply-to: afm@trillian's message of Thu, 19 Nov 92 09:55:15 GMT
-
- Scott Chase has already given a solution to the cubic
- x^3 + bx^2 + cx + d = 0 using trig functions:
-
- x = rational_function(cos(1/3 arccos(f))),
-
- where f = rational_function(b,c,d,sqrt(-D)),
- where D is the discriminant = prod (r_i-r_j)^2
- i<j
- where r_1, r_2, r_3 are the roots; D is of
- course also a rational function of the coefficients
-
- and Mark Dubinsky has given the solution by radicals, often called Cardan's
- formula. Finally Andreas Mueller has pointed out that when the cubic has
- three distinct real roots, we have the famous irreducible case: D is
- positive, so we end up taking a cube root of a complex number, which in a
- sense means using trig functions anyway (though that point is arguable).
-
- Feetnote:
-
- (1) The ancient Greeks, as is well-known, came up with three problems (or
- constructions) that they were unable to do with ruler and compass: (i)
- duplicating the cube, (ii) trisecting the angle, and (iii) squaring the
- circle. As many books point out, (i) and (ii) both reduce to cubics,
- and so cannot be done in general with ruler and compass (though a
- rigorous proof requires a little field theory). I find it entertaining
- to note that, conversely, all cubics reduce essentially to either
- n-plicating the cube (i.e., finding the cube root of a real number n),
- or trisecting an angle!
-
- (2) Cardan was not the discover of Cardan's formula, merely the first to
- publish it. According to several histories of mathematics, Scipio del
- Ferro was the first discoverer, and Tartaglia later independently
- rediscovered it.
-
- (3) It is an amusing exercise in Galois theory to prove that the
- irreducible case is in fact irreducible-- that is, if a cubic with
- rational coefficients has three distinct real roots, and none of these
- roots are rational, then none of the roots lie in any extension field
- obtained by repeatedly adjoining roots of positive reals.
-