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- From: sichase@csa3.lbl.gov (SCOTT I CHASE)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: Re: Solutions to a cubic equation
- Date: 17 Nov 1992 11:49 PST
- Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory - Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lines: 62
- Distribution: usa
- Message-ID: <17NOV199211491821@csa3.lbl.gov>
- References: <1992Nov16.221527.0313263@locus.com>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: 128.3.254.198
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-
- In article <1992Nov16.221527.0313263@locus.com>, markd@locus.com (Mark Dubinsky) writes...
- >OK, this bugged me back in high school, and then I was sick last week
- >with nothing better to do, and I tried to figure it out, and it's
- >bugging me again. What is the formula for the solutions of a cubic
- >equation
- >
- >x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 ?
-
- It is actually quite simple once you know how:
-
- Step 1:
-
- Y^3 + A*Y^2 + B*Y + C = 0 (*)
-
- Eliminate the Y^2 term by suitable substitution. Since
-
- (Y+K)^3 = Y^3 + 3*K*Y^2 + ...
-
- the correct substitution is clearly X = Y - A/3. I'll skip the trivial
- algebra and simply conclude that the original equation (*) reduces to
-
- X^3 + D*X + E = 0 (**)
-
- where D = 1/3 * (3*A - B^2) and
- E = 1/27 * (2*A^3 - 9*A*B + 27*C).
-
- Step 2:
-
- Solve (**). This is the part I had to look up. The idea is to
- use the trignometric identity:
-
- 4*cos^3(x) - 3*cos(x) - cos(3*x) = 0. (***)
-
- This equation has the same form as (**). Let X = M*COS(x). Then (**) becomes
-
- M^3*cos^3(x) + D*M*cos(x) + E = 0.
-
- Thus, the sum on the left hand side is identically zero (see (***)) if:
-
- M^3 - D*M E
- --- = ------ = ----------, or if
- 4 3 -COS(3*x)
-
-
- M = 2*SQRT(-D/3)
-
- COS(3*x) = 3*E/(D*M).
-
- There you have it. Any equation with a solution with theta = x will
- have two others at theta = x + 2*PI/3 and x + 4*PI/3. QED.
-
- Of course, it is possible by appropriate choice of the original constants to
- have ABS( COS(3*x) ) > 1. This simply requires allowing imaginary x. The COS
- then becomes a COSH and you continue in the same way.
-
- -Scott
- --------------------
- Scott I. Chase "It is not a simple life to be a single cell,
- SICHASE@CSA2.LBL.GOV although I have no right to say so, having
- been a single cell so long ago myself that I
- have no memory at all of that stage of my
- life." - Lewis Thomas
-