NetNews Usenet Archive 1992 #27/NN_1992_27.iso/spool/sci/bio/4176

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Subject: S.N.A.G.G.
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From: [e-mail]
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1992 15:47:24 GMT
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Organization: Memorial University. St.John's Nfld, Canada
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                      S.N.A.G.G.-ST. JOHN'S
             SAY NO TO AMERICAM GARBAGE-ST. JOHN'S
             P.O. BOX 1121 STN. C. ST. JOHN'S NEWFOUNDLAND
                               A1C 5M5



                         FACT SHEET

NORTH AMERICAN RESOURCE RECOVERY (NARR) is in the process of registering
a incinerator with our Provincial Government. Registration is expected
in the near future.

This incinerator will burn 3500 tonnes of garbage daily. The garbage for
this incinerator will be shipped by container from New York and possibly
the Eastern seaboard of the U.S.

The site for this incinerator is Long Harbour, Placentia Bay on the
Avalon Pennisula. This is 1 1/2 hrs drive from St. John's.

The site was formerly the Albright and Wilson (ERCO) phosphorus plant which
operated for 20 years. It has yet to be cleaned up although the plant has
been closed for several years! Years ago red herring were found near the
phosphorus plant area in Placentia and the pollution was attributed to
phosphorus. Recently, additional herring are being caught and these are
being analyzed.

NOTE---MR. BOB KENNEDY, PRESIDENT OF NARR, IS ON LEAVE FROM ALBRIGHT AND
WISON FOR A 2 YEAR PERIOD.

The Avalon pennisula is the most densely populated part of the province
with approximately 300,000 people, roughly half of the population of the
province.

The Avalon is very rich in natural resources and attracts many tourists.
Here are some examples-- St. Mary's Ecological Reserve, the 2nd largest
gannet(bird) colony in North America; Avalon Wilderness Area; Avalon
Caribou Herd; Salmonier Nature Park; Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve;
Witless Bay Ecological Reserve; Manuels River Historical Society; Castle
Hill Historical Park. There are many more as well.

Both provincial opposition parties (PC/NDP) have publicly and formally come
out against this project. Our government (Liberal) has yet to provide its'
position.

ACOA ( Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency ) has funded NARR $937,000
for a feasibility study which is being done by Dames and Moore Canada.

NOTE-- JOHN CROSBIE IS THE FEDERAL MINISTER RESPONSIBLE FOR ACOA. LONG
HARBOUR IS IN HIS DISTRICT, ST. JOHN'S WEST.

The company claims that 150 jobs will be created but haven't confirmed this
. We are told 40 at the most.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------


                          S.N.A.G.G.


S.N.A.G.G. St. John's is a non-profit, volunteer group of concerned
citizens that was officially formed on May 20th 1992, to support S.N.A.G.G.
Placentia in its opposition to the proposed incinerator project for Long
Harbour.

The SAY NO TO AMERICAN GARBAGE GROUP stands unconditionally against the
importation and incineration of garbage as proposed by North American
Resource Recovery or any other agency.

S.N.A.G.G. is pleased to be an active member of the Coalition Against
Incineration and offers its full support to other organizations as follows-
---ACTION ENVIRONMENT NFLD & LAB; ASSOCIATIN FOR ADULT EDUCATION; NLFD-LAB
PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION; NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR WILDLIFE ASSOC;
EXTENSION COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CO-OP; NFLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION;
ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF NEWFOUNDLAND; IMACULATE CONCEPTION
COUNCIL OF THE CATHOLIC WOMEN'S LEAGUE; TRINITY CONCEPTION COMMUNITY
FUTURES; HOSPITALITY NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR.
All of these associations have lodged formal opposition to the project.

We are against this project because of our concern for the preservation of
this island and its air, soil, and water and therefore the health and
dignity of its inhabitants.

We stand together in the firm belief that the negative impact of this
proposal will far outweigh any possible benefits that could be derived from
such a ludicrous initiative and we call on the government of this province
to reject this project immediately. We feel there is no excuse for ANY
POLITICIAN OR BUREAUCRAT to be undecided about this proposal for lack of
information and we demand that the members of our government inform the
public of their individual and collective position in relation to  this
issue.

We think there is no justification for wasting taxpayer's dollars on an
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY and strongly oppose this tacit admission of the
project's continuation against the will of the majority of Newfoundlanders.

We are furthermore outraged by the $937.500.00 of federal tax dollars that
ACOA  has granted to NARR to promote this project. This funding would be
much better directed  to projects such as intensifying the Long Harbour
cleanup, initiating or assisting recycling and/or composting developments,
or providing support to a comprehensive waste management program. It is
our position that we should be looking towards long term developments for
this province. The tourism industry is a growing component in our economy,
and we feel that developments such as this will be detrimental to further
growth in this area.

At time when all peoples of this planet must be considered global citizens
and awareness concerning environmental issues is dramatically rising, the
provincial and federal governments should realize that the Long Harbour
incinerator project is not a step in the right direction.

Sine they do not it is S.N.A.G.G.'s declared mandate to bring this fact
home to them as forcefully as possible. We hope to do this with the full
majority support of the people of Newfoundland and Labrador, and we believe
that we have their support.

Those Newfoundlanders and Labradorians who are not concerned with the
importance of this issue must be made aware of the magnitude of this
porposal and the consequences to our collective health and well being that
will result from a facility such as the one proposed. As an island people
(for the most part) we must realize that these projects are targeted for
economically depressed and somewhat isolated areas where acceptance by the
people is easier to achieve, and where opposition, in terms of numbers, is
more easliy ignored. It is intolerable to consider that we are first on the
list of target dump sites because of our need for employment and the
facilities that we have to offer. These `facilities' are nothing more than
our land, sea and air.

The obvious question that must be posed by every thinking menber of Nfld &
Lab is "If this project is so environmentally safe and economically
beneficial, why would a company want to go through the extra expense and
trouble of transporting waste here?"

S.N.A.G.G. notes that part of the answer to that question is quite obvious-
- THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RESIDUE FROM SUCH A FACILITY SUCH AS THIS --UP
TO 1200 TONNES PER DAY OF BOOTTOM ASH, FLY ASH, AND PARTICULAR MATTER, ALL
OF IT CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS WASTE-- is virtually impossible to dispose of
properly. Eventually, problems with the soil, air , water and wildlife will
develop which in turn will result in problems with us, the people. This is
the reason that the province of Ontario has banned future incineration
projects and part of the reason why we should as well.

Incineration is not a technology that resolves the waste crisis we should
welcome solutions that attack the problem at its root--refusing, reducing,
reusing, recycling and composting if the benefits of clean air and water
are to be preserved for the present and future generations of this island.

FINAL NOTE--IF ANYINE WOULD LIKE TO HELP PLEASE WRITE THE ADDRESS BELOW OR
CONTACT ME DIRECTLY BY E-MAIL. [e-mail].
ALSO, CAN ANYONE SUGGEST A NET CONNECTION OF ACTIVIST, ENVIRONMENTALISTS
THAT WOULD BE INTERESTED IN THIS ISSUE ON A LIKAGE BASIS?

                                         Yours Truly

                                         Tim Angel, Chair
                                         S.N.A.G.G. St. John's
                                         P.O.Box 1121 Stn. C.
                                         St. John's, Newfoundland
                                         A1C 5M5   Canada





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Date:         Sat, 31 Oct 1992 15:42:50 CST
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From:         jgardner <[e-mail]>
Subject:      call for papers
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                                                   October 31, 1992


                         PHI ALPHA THETA
             INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY IN HISTORY
                      ALPHA-OMICRON CHAPTER

                         CALL FOR PAPERS
                      Advance Announcement

     The Alpha-Omicron chapter of Phi Alpha Theta at the
University of Kansas is pleased to announce a call for papers for
the annual Regional Meeting of the Kansas chapters of Phi Alpha
Theta, to be held on April 17th, 1993, at Washburn University of
Topeka, Topeka Kansas.  The Regional Meeting of the Kansas
chapters of Phi Alpha Theta provides an excellent opportunity for
undergraduate and graduate students of history to meet and
discuss matters of interest.  Papers in all fields of study are
welcome, and we encourage anyone wishing to participate to begin
planing at this time for the conversion of a seminar, honors, or
existing paper, into a presentable piece.
     Paper proposals should be double spaced typed, no longer
than three hundred words, and should be sent to Dr. Kenneth Cott,
University of Washburn, Department of History, Topeka KS, 66621,
no later than March 15th, 1993.  Additionally, we would be most
pleased if all those who participate in the Regional Meeting
would submitted an electronic copy of their paper, saved in
ASCII, to Prof. Lynn H. Nelson (e-mail LHNELSON at UKANVM), for
placement in the KU ftp cite, MALIN.
     We would like to ask all faculty members to encourage their
undergraduate and graduate students to participate and/or attend
this Regional Meeting.  If you have any questions, please feel
free to contact either Professor Strikwerda or Jeff Gardner at
the Department of History, 3001 Wescoe Hall (e-mail JGARDNER at
UKANVM).

Sincerely

Jeff Gardner
President, Alpha-Omicron Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta║

Jeff Gardner
University of Kansas
Department of History
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Date:         Wed, 28 Oct 1992 10:59:00 GMT
Sender:       History <[e-mail]>
From:         Stuart Lee <[e-mail]>
Subject:      Humanities Postgraduates/ A forum for discussion
Comments: To: [e-mail], [e-mail],
              [e-mail], [e-mail],
              [e-mail], [e-mail],
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Dear All,
    I have noticed recently that there have been several questions
appearing on lists concerning Postgraduate issues. It occurred to me then that
now might be a fortuitous time to repost the message concerning HumGrad, the
discussion list for all PostGraduate students in Humanities subjects. The list
is managed by myself and Gavin Burnage ([e-mail]) from the British
National Corpus. Please feel free to cross-post and distribute this information
accordingly,

Stuart Lee
*************************************************************************

                          H U M G R A D

  HUMGRAD is a UK-based electronic mailing list for postgraduates
  working in the humanities. It's a forum for the exchange of ideas,
  information and comment on any humanities subject and the work and
  problems of postgraduates. Subscribing to it will put you in touch
  with people across the UK and beyond who have interests and
  difficulties similar to your own. A big advantage of a list for
  postgraduates is that it provides the opportunity to ask questions
  away from the minefield of the academic high ground.  As well as being
  a place for general humanities discussion, HUMGRAD might be able to
  help you discover the potential of computers in humanities research,
  even if your computing skills and interests are currently minimal.


  To join the list, send this command in a mail message:

                    JOIN HUMGRAD  Your Name

  to one of the following addresses as appropriate:

              [e-mail]   (everywhere outside the UK)
              [e-mail]   (within the UK)


  MAILBASE is more or less equivalent to the LISTSERVs to be found on
  EARN and BITNET -- but don't expect the commands to be exactly the
  same! When you subscribe, a Mailbase User's Guide is sent to you
  automatically (unless you're a mailbase user already). To find out
  more about the use of mailbase before subscribing, email the command
  HELP or SEND MAILBASE USERHELP to one of the mailbase addresses above.

  If you want to deal with a mailbase human rather than the mailbase
  computer, send a message to [e-mail] (outside
  the UK) or [e-mail] (within the UK). The
  HUMGRAD list owners, Stuart Lee and Gavin Burnage, will be be able to
  help with queries related specifically to the list.


         Gavin Burnage                               Stuart Lee
    British National Corpus                CTI Centre for Textual Studies

                   Oxford University Computing Services
                             13 Banbury Road
                             OXFORD  OX2 6NN
          0865-273280                                0865-273221
   [e-mail]                     [e-mail]
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Archive-name: feminism/info
Version: 1.4
Last-modified: 6 August 1992

This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/info", leaving the body of the message
empty.

Summary of changes: Some further elaboration in the guidelines for
submission.  An explanation of the implications of multiple
moderation.


  History of soc.feminism

    This group was formed in late 1989.  There was considerable
    debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
    to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
    be.  There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
    the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
    feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
    of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
    and be open to both women and men.  In the end, four moderators
    were selected to moderate the group.

    As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
    but soc.feminism won out.  The decision was somewhat political, as
    it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.

    It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
    toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
    equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
    achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
    Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
    at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
    invalidating different reader's points of views.  On the other
    hand, it has not been a battleground over whether or not women
    should be considered equal with men, and it is not likely to
    become one.  Women and men both of diverse views have always been
    welcome to post.

    The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
    collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
    allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators.  We
    were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam and
    rec.arts.sf.reviews have followed suit.

    The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
    [Moore], Miriam H.  Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
    Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
    net-connection trouble.  Jean Marie Diaz has been inactive since
    the summer of 1991.  Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in
    December of 1991, and we are keeping our eyes open for at least
    one more (send email to [e-mail] if
    interested).

  Soc.feminism FAQ's

    Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
    on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them).  The others are
    FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
    parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
    feminism, esp.  as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
    compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
    women).  Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
    violence, are in the works.

    To obtain these FAQs, ftp to pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) and
    look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism.  If you cannot use
    ftp, send email to the mail server at
    [e-mail] with no subject line, and any
    combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's
    you're interested in) in the body of your message.

      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3

    Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.

  Digest

    There is a digest version of soc.feminism available.  Write to
    [e-mail] for details or to subscribe.  It is
    mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
    consists of what has been posted (no editing).  This is NOT
    automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.

  Submissions and Requests addresses

    To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
    other, non-moderated groups.  This should work for most people.
    If you have trouble with this, email the article to
    [e-mail].  This will treat it exactly as any other
    article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
    your newsreader should email the intercepted article to).  If you
    have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
    [e-mail].  This address will forward your
    mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
    Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
    you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.

  General Guidelines for submission

    You should first note that these guidelines are just that.  They
    cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
    will be rejected.  Much can depend on context, for example.  In
    addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
    guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all.  That said, there
    are some specific constraints noted below, and as other problems
    appear, we will add them here.

    Articles must be relevant to feminism.  They may not contain
    ad-hominem attacks or flames.

    Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
    restricted here are abortion and rape.  This is partly because the
    topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
    talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
    debates.  Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
    articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
    on the topic's relationship with feminism.  Informative articles
    (e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
    positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed.  You should
    note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
    question of rape, the majority of abortion-related articles that
    are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
    articles submitted are.  This should not be construed to reflect
    the personal opinions of the moderators, or any individual posting
    to soc.feminism.

    Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
    feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
    This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
    their posting.  In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
    mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
    to USENET/email.  The existence, however, of some groups that are
    almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
    problems than simple demographics.  Many women have complained
    that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
    are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
    the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
    If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
    practical action you can take is ... to post.  The last time this
    question was posted (this topic is now rejected), there were
    responses from many of the regular female posters, and a good
    number of lurkers who were motivated to say that they read the
    group even though they didn't post.  We cannot estimate the number
    of lurkers on this group, but it is probably fairly high.  Asking
    men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given
    USENET's public nature.  There are a number of women-only forums,
    pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ.

    There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
    protracted disagreements.  Chief among these are 1) the question
    of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
    spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
    off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
    always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
    colleges).  These topics have come up many times and most regular
    readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
    the references given on these topics in the References post before
    jumping in or starting such a topic.  This gives everybody a
    common basis to discuss from.  While these topics are not
    forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
    circularity starts to occur.

    The notion of "reasonable discussion" has recently come up on this
    group.  The idea is that the discussions should themselves stay
    reasonable, and overly argumentative dialogues, especially those
    that simply dismiss the points raised by the previous article,
    should be excluded as well.  We are still experimenting with this.

    There have also been arguments that "irrelevant" discussions are
    still pertinent when it is a discussion of a topic from a feminist
    point of view.  Many times when we say that a topic is "drifting,"
    the contention is that it is still relevant to soc.feminism
    because it is a presentation of a feminist point of view on some
    topic.  We have been experimenting with relaxing this also, but it
    helps to clearly delineate a feminist slant on some topic to get
    it past the moderators.

    The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive.  We will not
    post anything we deem homophobic.  Many articles on or about
    lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the
    close association between feminism and lesbianism.  Articles about
    gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism
    present.  Here's a check list:
      * Gay rights alone are structurally similar to women's rights,
        black rights, minority rights.  They may be acceptable (as
        would black or minority rights articles) if there are
        parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn
        link.
      * Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
        female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
        patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
        patriarchy.  Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
      * Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable.  Calm and reasoned
        arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
        Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
        is "right" or "wrong."

    If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
    individual's permission before posting it.  There are no legal
    rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
    net.etiquette for this group.

    If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
    all information about where it comes from.  Partial quotes,
    newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
    with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
    potentially infringe copyright law.  We will not post articles
    that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
    magazine articles, or substantial portions of books.  A review
    that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
    a source without as much quoting is better.

    Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
    generally allowed.  However, a discussion of such a thread in
    another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
    and adding your thoughts to it.  Remember that we do not crosspost
    any soc.feminism articles.

    Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay
    attention to your attributions.  We have done some ourselves when
    it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part
    of our job.  Therefore, your article may be returned with a
    request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old
    signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like.

  Multiple Moderation

    This group is moderated by several moderators, each working
    independently.  Submissions are sent to [e-mail],
    where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded
    to that moderator only.  This means that there is some variation
    in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual
    variation between different people.  We do try to minimize this
    variation by consulting with each other on the occassional,
    problematic, article.  However, the whole purpose of multiple
    moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore
    we do not consult each other over every posting we get.  Please
    keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to
    this.

  Anonymous Posting

    We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before.  In
    general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for
    remaining anonymous.  You will not be anonymous to the moderators,
    but your article will be posted without identifying material if we
    consent to posting it anonymously.  For articles that you wish to
    be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and
    your reasons for the request.  We will not post it if we think
    that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be
    informed via email of the decision.  In any case, your identity
    will be kept confidential.

    Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when
    there is no email address available to reach the person who posted
    the article.  Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common
    practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real
    name in the "handle" field.

  Editorial Policy

    If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is
    generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article
    back with comments.  At this point, you can change it and send it
    back directly to that moderator.  If you feel that changes are
    unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address.
    Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if
    you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request.  If
    you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received
    email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request.  Do
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--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
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Thank you,

--Cindy Tittle Moore

"The last thing feminism is about is exclusion.  Feminists can be
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  -- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_
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This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
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refs3 above.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
19.  Reactions to Feminism.
20.  Religion.
21.  Sex and/or Violence.
22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23.  Test Biases.
24.  Women of Color.
25.  Women's Health.

(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.


[continuing from part II]

18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------

Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
    An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
    how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
    approaches toward women

Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds.  _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_.  Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston.  1983.

Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_.  Oxford University Press.  1987.
     Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.

Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_.  New
York. Longman. 1983.

Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_.  Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
    A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
    between the family, the state and patriarchy.

Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_.  Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA.  1987.
    Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
    western countries.

Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_.  University of
Wisconsin Press.  1990.
    Collection on women and the welfare state.  Includes articles by
    Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.

Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_.  Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford.  Distributed by Oxford University Press.  1987.
    Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.

Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_.  Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
    Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
    detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law.  The
    author is a lawyer.

Mueller, Carol M., ed.  _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_.  SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA.  1988.

Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women:  A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_.  Princeton University Press.  1984.

Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_.  Stanford University
Press.  1988.
    The meaning of the social "contract" for women.

Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women:  Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_.  Stanford University Press.  1989.
    A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
    The meaning of consent.

Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_.  1990.
    Excellent study of abortion politics in America.  Examines the
    patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
    controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
    rights discourse for women.  Re-imagining "rights."

Tribe, Laurence H.  _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_.  W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990.  ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
    Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
    expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
    abortion.  Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
    two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
    would be upon defining a fetus as a "person."  Excellent and very
    readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.

Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_.  Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA.  1988.
    An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
    state.

Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_.  Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991.  ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
    The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
    relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
    affect gender roles and being female in this country.

Wilson, Elizabeth.  _Women and the Welfare State_.  Tavistock
Publications, London.  1977.


19.  Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------

Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
    Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
    It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
    statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
    are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
    "factual" in order to keep women subordinate.  One caveat about
    this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
    choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
    family.

Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.

Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds.  _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_.  Pergamon Press, New York.  1990.
    Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
    conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
    School.  Includes bibliographical references and index.

Smith, Joan.  _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_.  Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989.  ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
    From blurb:  "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
    of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating.  She observes
    the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
    generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
    unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
    be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
    prevalent.  It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
    before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).


20.  Religion.
--------------

Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_.  Revised edition.  Beacon
Press, Boston.  1986.  ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
    This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft".  It places
    feminist wicca in one of its contexts.  Otherwise the book is
    mainly about neopaganism.

Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_.  Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987.  ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
    A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
    Christianity.  In particular, there are interesting parallels
    between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
    Christian history and latter-day feminists.

Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_.  Beacon Press,
Boston.  1984.  ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
    Feminist biblical interpretation.

Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_.  Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.  1981.
    This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
    and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
    Jewish law.

Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_.  Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
    Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
    perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.

Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988.  ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
    Documents the strength of influence women had in early
    Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
    need not be anti-woman.  Originally published in German under
    _Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.

Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist:  A Reader_.  Schocken,
1984.

Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_.  Beacon Press. 1989.

Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_.  Schocken
Books, 1976.

Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.
    Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
    by religious and social forces.  Although most of the emphasis is
    mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
    perspective.  Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
    one of the few female writers of the middle ages.

Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988.  Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_.  Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York.  1989.
    The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
    inextricably interwined with western culture views of women.  The
    latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
    receptive to women became patriarchal.

Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai:  Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_.  Harper Collins, 1990.  ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
    Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
    suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.

Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_.  ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
    This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
    (i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
    as they are feminist.  They ignore the distinctions between
    Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
    that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
    "church" to catch up with their reality.  Ruther has written other
    books with similar themes.

Schneider, Susan Weidman.  _Jewish and Female_.  Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.

Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982.  ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
    This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
    important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
    gives a bit more sense of the dialog.

Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_.  10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco.  1989.  ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
    This has clearly been a very influential book.  Z. Budapest is
    another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
    a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.

Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers.  1976.  ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
    Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
    worship.


21.  Sex and/or Violence.
-------------------------

Barry, Kathleen.  _Female Sexual Slavery_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.

Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien.  _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_.  Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.

Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_.  Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York.  1987.

Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
    This is a disturbing, contradictory work.  It is misrepresented
    both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
    a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
    denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
    A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
    consequences of rape in our society.

Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_.  Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
    Case studies on murder and sex crimes.

Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
    Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
    proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
    social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
    official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
    across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
    indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
    economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
    significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
    feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
    control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
    only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
    contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
    to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
    employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
    political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
    Tables, 55 References.

Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_.  Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.

Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition.  Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
    Original copyright 1970.
    "Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
    for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
    rape is not universal to the human species."

Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.

Haber, Joel D.  "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
    Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
    non-abused ones.

Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_.  Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
    From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
    and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
    Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
    They were not.  In fact, in many cases their punishment was
    harsher than that of men.  But this book is much more than a
    desription of battered women who kill in self-defense.  It is a
    social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
    society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons.  Here
    are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
    American society and women's place in it."

Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK.  1988.

Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873.  1985.

Koss, M.P.  "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education."  Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
    Controversial.  This was a study that showed a good percentage of
    the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
    paid for dinner, etc.  There were questions designed in such a way
    that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
    rape.  They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
    questions containing the word rape.

McFarlane, Judith.  "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
    A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
    abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
    pregnancy did.

Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
    Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
    homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
    through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
    Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
    spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
    reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
    spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
    married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
    times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
    greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
    White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
    for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
    increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
    through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
    45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
    relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
    patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
    reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
    spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.

Morgan, Robin.  _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company.  1989.  ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
    Controversial.  Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
    deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
    is fascinated by the terrorist.  We might even ambivalently admire
    such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
    impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
    ...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
    Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
    phenomenon of terrorism."

Quigley, Paxton.  _Armed and Female_.  E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
    Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
    NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
    Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
    women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.

Randall, Teri.  "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
    "Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
    women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
    combined."

Russell, Diana H.  _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.  1984.

Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
    Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
    College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
    violence.  According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
    rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
    be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
    rape.

Scully, Diana.  _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_.  Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.

Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier.  "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
    A study that found that medical records included the labels
    "neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
    with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
    compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
    women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
    in ten non-battered women.

Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_.  Doubleday, New York, 1980.  Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
    These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
    independent of gender.  They do not, however, include any
    consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.

Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss.  Harper and Row, New York. 1988.

Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
    The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
    that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
    wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
    from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
    started it'.

Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_.  Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.  1988.
    Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
    show.  Bibliographies.

_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
    This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
    how often people are affected by crimes.  The survey is given to a
    population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
    live in a residence.  There are two parts to the survey. a
    screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
    detailed questionnaire given to victims.  The detailed
    questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
    helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
    falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
    It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
    households with 101,000 people.  Approximately 96% of the selected
    population agreed to participate in the survey.

_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
    Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
    total (i.e., men and women) population.

_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
    Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
    statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
    based on police reports.  The data given by the UCR includes
    _only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
    negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
    the officer filing the report.

_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
    This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
    among women.  It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
    that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s).  The FBI's
    definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
    consent.  1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
    (rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
    occurs for boys.


22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------

Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_,  5/6 (1990) 305-325.

Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.

Chestler, Phyllis.  [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]

Dale, R.R.  _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_.  Vols. I & II.  1969.
    Wide range of research on secondary schools.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds.  _The other half;
roads to women's equality_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds.  _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_.  Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_.  Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York.  c1988.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_.  University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.

*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.

Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle.  _Gender at Work_.  Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston.  1983.
    Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.

*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_,  5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]

Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.

Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.

LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.

Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_.  Pergamon Press, Oxford.  1984.  223-230.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_.  Yale University Press, New Haven.  1979.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_.  Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.

Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.

Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.

Pringle, Rosemary.  _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
    Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.

Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990.  153-163.

Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.

Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_.  University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
    This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
    in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
    their work throughout history.  It is the perfect companion volume
    to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.

Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.

Selvin, Paul.  "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.

Simeone, Angela.  _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_.  Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts.  1987.

Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_.  Cambridge
University Press, UK.  1987, pages 173-194.

Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.

Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds.  _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_.  The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992.  ISBN
0-89594-544-4.  ($10.95)
  Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
  by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
  from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse.  Stories
  are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry.  Many
  of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
  that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
  Hill.

Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.

Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children:  Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors,  _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.

Weitzman, Lenore.  _The Marriage Contract_.

    "...child care decisions.  Twentieth century case law has
    established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
    of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
    of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
    This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
    JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES.  For while most
    statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
    and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
    interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
    in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
    --unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]

    "The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
    constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
    mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
    The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
    justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....

    "Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
    natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
    accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
    challenged.  As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
    by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
    divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
    Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"

    "More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
    presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
    been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
    contested cases.  [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
    "Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
    _Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]


23.  Test Biases.
-----------------

Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
    When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
    performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
    those on men.  If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
    woman will tend to get higher grades in college.  Thus an
    admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
    reject some women who would have done better than men who were
    accepted.

    In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
    _American Scientist_, Brush wrote:

    [A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
    following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
    often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
    the 0.05 level of confidence).

        A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
        15 games.  Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
        row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
        percent winning record?

        A) 3    B) 5    C) 6    D) 11    E) 15

    With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
    quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
    the equation first.

Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
    According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
    artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
    have always received higher scores, on average, but their
    advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
    women's higher scores on the verbal part.  Women lost this
    compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
    introduction of test questions about science, business and
    "practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
    human relations, the arts, and the humanities.  There was no
    compensating change in the mathematics section.

Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
    Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.


24.  Women of Color.
--------------------

Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco.  1987.

Anzaldua, Gloria, ed.  _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_.  Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco.  c1990.

Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_.  Unwin Hyman,
Boston.  1990.  Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
    Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
    perspective.  May also include under feminist epistemology.

Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_.  Random House, New York, 1981.

DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_.  Routledge, New York.
1990.
    Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
    narratives.

Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_.  South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115.  1981.  ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
    Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
    historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
    within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
    with feminism.  The title comes from an address on the subject
    given by Sojourner Truth.

Hooks, Bell.  _Talking Back:  Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston.  1989.

Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_.  Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981.  Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
    Anthology of writings by women of color.

Smith, Barbara, ed.  _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_.  First
edition.  Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York.  1983.


25.  Women's Health.
--------------------

Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
    A very practical guide to women & our bodies.

Boston Women's Health Collective.  _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York.  1984.
    Updated.

Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
    Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.

ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group.  _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
    New book on women and aids and politics.

Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
    A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
    mistreats women.

Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble.  _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_.  Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
    Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics.  Includes
    bibliographical references.


(Auto)Biographies.
------------------

Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
    Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
    examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
    did.

Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).

Komisar, Lucy.  _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_.  G.
Braziller, New York.  1987.

Marlow, Joan.  _The Great Women_.  A&W Publishers, New York.  1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
    A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.

Moers, Ellen, ed.  _Literary Women_.  Reprint.  The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
    Copywrite 1977.  Describes women authors.

Morgan, Robin.  _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York.  1977.

Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.


Miscellaneous.
--------------

"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No.  2, p 141.
  Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
  rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
  marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
  physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles.  He and
  UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
  men in most track events by early next century.


Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_.  Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
     Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.

Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_.  Capricorn Books. 1964.  Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970.  Norton, New York, 1976.  Women's Press, London 1979.

Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).

Dyer, K.F.:  _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_.  Junction Books (UK),
1982.  ISBN 086245-075-X.
     This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
     fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
     must read.

Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.

|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_.  1985.
|    Defines many things from a feminist's point of view.  Includes
|    a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.

Lenskij, Helen:  _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_.  Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986.  ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
     Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
     sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
     been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
     A must read.

Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_.  Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987.  ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.

|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_.  1972.

Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980.  ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
     This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.

Steinem, Gloria.  _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
    This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
    was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
    result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
    such things as:
      * Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
      * The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
      * "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
        "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
      * What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.

Tuana, Nancy, ed.  _Rereading the Canon_.  Series.  Penn State Press.
    This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
    original and some previously published, offering feminist
    reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
    philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
    the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
    the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
    The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
    will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
    Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
    Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
    Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.

|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_.  1986.

Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1.  AMS Press Inc., NY 1986.  ISBN 0-404-63401-X.

Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938.  Extensively reprinted.
    Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.

Woolf, Virginia.  _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York.  1981, c1957.

Winterson, Jeanette.  _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London).  1987.


Acknowledgments.
----------------

My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, [e-mail]
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S.  Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L.  Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J.  Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J.  Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J.  Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.

Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
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From: [e-mail] (Kurt Swanson)
Subject: rec.crafts.brewing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
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Archive-name: brewing-faq
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[V2M1: send comments/corrections to [e-mail]]

Frequently Asked Questions in Rec.Crafts.Brewing:

1. How is beer made?
2. How do I start?  What equipment do I need?
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
4. Where can I access the archives?
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
6. What is a good text on brewing?
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
15. What is CAMRA?
16. What is a hydrometer?  How is it used?  What is "specific gravity"?
17. What is a wort chiller?  How/why is it used?
18. What is hot break?  What is cold break?
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids?  What is HBU?  What is IBU?
21. What is "dry hopping"?  How should I dry hop?
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts?  What is Lovibond?
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)?  How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?

[Special thanks to Steve Russell and Tony Babinec]
[Extra-special thanks to Brian Smithey]
-------------------

1. How is beer made?

   Beer is made from extracting sugar from the starch in malted grain.  This is
   boiled with sufficient water & hops to make a "wort."  When this has cooled,
   brewer's yeast is added to ferment the wort to create this finished product,
   which is suitable for bottling or kegging, and maturation.  Some people mash
   their own grain, while others buy canned malt extract.  Either method is
   suitable for creating an award-winning brew, though mashing does allow
   greater control over the finished product, and "mash'ers" claim better beer
   is made.  For more complete information get the compressed file beginners.Z
   from the Stanford server (see #4).

2. How do I start?  What equipment do I need?

   There are specialty shops all over the country that sell ingredients
   and equipment for making beer and wine at home.  Check your yellow
   pages under "Beer" or "Wine" for homebrewing or home winemaking
   shops.  If you can't find a shop locally, many shops do mail order
   (more on mail order later).  Basic equipment includes a kettle for
   boiling the wort, a fermentation vessel of some kind -- glass
   carboys (5 gallon bottled water bottles) and food-grade plastic
   buckets are popular -- siphon hose for bottling, bottles, and a bottle
   capper and caps.  Most shops sell "starter kits", which include
   essential equipment (and sometimes some not-so-essential equipment),
   ingredients for your first batch, and a book.  Prices vary, $60-70
   U.S. is common.

3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?

   The Digest is an alternate forum for discussing homebrewing.  It is not
   associated in any manner with this newsgroup, or Usenet in general, except
   that a high percentage of people contribute to both forums.  The digest is a
   list-group which is sent out daily, containing all postings from the
   previous 24-hours.  The HBD generally handles a more advanced discussion of
   brewing issues.  Flames are not permitted.  Currently the HBD is being
   posted to this newsgroup as a courtesy.  Beware that some newsreaders will
   split the digest into its component articles, and that follow-up posts will
   not be seen by the original poster, nor other HBD subscribers.  Direct
   replies should work - but make sure the address is correct.  To subscribe to
   the digest, send a message containing "subscribe" to
   [e-mail].

4. Where can I access the archives?

   Currently no one that I know of archives rec.crafts.brewing, but the
   archives to the HBD are available.  They can be obtained via anonymous ftp
   from sierra.stanford.edu in the pub/homebrew directory.  Get the file called
   index for a complete description of what is available.  Many other "goodies"
   reside in this directory.  Please limit access to non-business hours.
   If you do not have ftp access, you can send a mail message containing the
   word "help" in it, to [e-mail], and you will receive
   instructions.

   Another server does exist for those who do not have ftp access, send a mail
   message containing only the word "HELP" to [e-mail] for more
   information.

5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?

   This is available on the archives, in the recipe-book subdirectory.  See #4
   for information on accessing the archives.

6. What is a good text on brewing?

   It is generally agreed that "The Complete Joy of Home Brewing," by Charlie
   Papazian is an excellent beginners text.  Other find David Miller's "The
   Complete Handbook of Homebrewing" just as good for the beginner, as well as
   containing more information suited for intermediate/advanced brewers.  I use
   both.  Other texts include "The Big Book of Brewing," by Dave Line, which is
   a British text (with British & metric measurements), and "Brewing Lager
   Beer" by Greg Noonan.  Mr. Line has also written a recipe book which does
   contain basic instructions, called "Brewing Beer Like Those You Buy."  Also
   you might try "Brewing Quality Beers," by Byron Burch, which has been
   described as "short enough to read for the extremely impatient, yet has lots
   of good information."  Lastly, CAMRA (see below), publishes "Home
   Brewing: The CAMRA Guide," by Graham Wheeler, 1990.  Write to CAMRA
   directly, at the  address given below.

7. Where can I get mail order supplies?

   The wang archive server contains the file "suppliers" which is a good place
   to start, or try the classifieds in any copy of Zymurgy.  Also, try the
   yellow pages under "Beer making supplies" and "Wine Making."
   Lastly, the original copy of "the Cat's Meow" (see #5), contains a list
   of mail order shops.

8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?

   These are three special topic mailing lists, unassociated with Usenet.
   Subscribers send mail to the list and then copies are immediately mailed out
   to every other subscriber.  The lambic-list covers information on brewing a
   special type of Belgian brew called lambic (ask for it at your liquor
   store).  The beerjudge-list covers topics related to judging beer in
   competitions, as well as administration of the judge test.  The
   cider-list involves the brewing of cider.  To subscribe, send mail
   to [e-mail], [e-mail],
   and [e-mail] .  Include your name, email
   address, and in the case of the judge-list, your judging rank
   ("apprentice" for non-judges).

9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?

   Zymurgy is a quarterly publication, plus one special topics issue, put out
   by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA).  Zymurgy contains many
   article on brewing as well as information & ads regarding clubs and
   supplies.  Contact the AHA by phone or US mail to:

   American Homebrewers Association, Inc.
   P.O. Box 1679
   Boulder, CO 80306-1679
   [phone]

10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?

   The Wang archive server contains a file listing brewpubs.  The file is call
   brewpub-list.  See question #4 on how to access the server.

11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?

   Worry?  No.  There are several possibilities.  First, depending on your
   recipe, an acceptable terminal gravity may be high.  For example, a Barley
   Wine with an initial gravity of 1.120, might completely ferment out at
   1.040.  On the other hand, a lite lager, with an initial gravity of 1.025
   might ferment all the way down to 1.002.  Thus you should check with your
   recipe, or a similar recipe of that style, to determine what might be
   proper.  If you still believe it is high, and this is a frequent occurrence,
   you may have a "stuck fermentation."  This occurs for a variety of reasons.
   The wort might not have been sufficiently aerated to start with, you might
   slosh it around in the fermenter.  Or, fermentation temperature might have
   dropped to the point where the yeast may go dormant.  Also, the yeast might
   not have enough nutrients in the wort to work with.  This often occurs in
   extract brewing.  In these latter two cases,  you might try adding a yeast
   nutrient, according to the instruction that come with it.  Lastly, give it
   time, as fermentation may slow, then suddenly accelerate at a later date.

12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?

   Some yeasts take longer to start than others.  Make sure your fermentation
   temperature is in the right range (lower temps slow yeast activity).  Also,
   high temperatures are bad for yeast.  Besides problems of mutation, yeast
   may be killed if pitched before the wort has sufficiently cooled.  You might
   try aerating the wort by sloshing it around in the fermenter.  Lastly, the
   pitching rate affects startup time.  If you pitch too little yeast, not only
   will the lag time be greater, but you also risk infection.  Many people
   either use 2 packets of dry yeast (Whitbread excepted), or make a starter
   culture from one packet, or from liquid yeast.

13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?

   Steve Russell has compiled an on-line list of homebrew clubs.  You can
   contact him by sending mail to: [e-mail] or
   [e-mail].

14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?

   The following was graciously submitted by Paul Chisholm regarding a recent
   discussion on bottle fillers in this newsgroup... Thanks, Paul...

   Some people Worry (for shame!-) that a bottle filler causes more
   oxidation (because of spraying through the smaller opening, rather than
   through the whole opening at the end of the siphon tube, I guess).  The
   solution is to tilt the bottle at the beginning, and stick the end of
   the bottling wand into the bottom "corner" of the bottle.  The wand's
   end is soon covered with beer, and no amount of spraying will cause any
   extra air to be mixed in with the beer.  Also, if the end of the wand
   (or siphon tube, or whatever) isn't much lower than the end of the
   siphon tube in the priming carboy (or whatever), the beer will be
   siphoned slowly, at low pressure, reducing spraying.  (This works for
   any bottle filling procedure.)

   Another problem is the bottle filler has beer in it.  When you lift the
   filler from the bottle, that beer doesn't go into the bottle, and the
   headspace is greatly increased.  Even if you fill the bottle almost
   full, the resulting headspace is larger than some people consider
   optimal.  You can fill the bottle, move the filler to the top of the
   bottle, and press the tip of the filler to drizzle enough beer down the
   side of the bottle to reduce the head space.

   There are two kinds of fillers.  One kind has a spring.  The other has
   a stopper that's held down by the weight of the beer.  The latter is
   slower.  Does that mean oxidation is less of a problem?  I expect it's
   easier to finish filling (using the side-of-the-bottle trick) with a
   springless filler.

   (There's also something called Phil's Philler, which has a hole at the
   top as well as at the bottom.  You can remove the filler without
   removing the beer in it, thus eliminating the headspace problem.)

   My take on all this is that there are ways to use a bottle filler to
   reduce problems (and reduce Worry).  I didn't find enough evidence of
   problems to bottle my beer without a bottle filler.

15. What is CAMRA?

   CAMRA stands for "the CAMpaign for Real Ale," a British consumers'
   group that is concerned with changes, primarily in the quality of
   British beers.  For membership details write:
        Campaign for Real Ale, Ltd
        34 Alma Road
        St. Albans
        Herts AL1 3BR
        United Kingdom

16. What is a hydrometer?  How is it used?  What is "specific gravity"?

   A hydrometer measures the weight of a liquid relative to the same
   volume of water (i.e., relative densities).  In brewing, much of
   this excess weight is expected to be from fermentable and unfermentable
   malt sugars.  Most hydrometers measure Specific Gravity (SG), which
   tells how many times heavier than water the liquid of interest is;
   for example, a 1.050 SG wort is 1.05 times heavier than an equal volume
   of water at 60 F.  SG measurements are temperature dependent, and SG
   should be measured at 60 F., as water is SG 1.0 at 60 F.

   Hydrometers often come with a temperature conversion chart, but
   hydrometers often are not accurately calibrated, so that water at
   60F will not read 1.0.  An easy way to take SG readings with a
   hydrometer is to measure at room temperature, and then measure water
   at room temperature and take the difference.

   Some abbreviations commonly used in homebrewing relating to specific
   gravity:  OG, Original (wort specific) Gravity; FG or TG, Final or
   Terminal Gravity (when the beer is finished fermenting).

17. What is a wort chiller?  How/why is it used?

   A wort chiller is a device used to quickly cool boiling wort to
   yeast pitching temperatures.  Two common constructions are the
   immersion chiller and the counterflow chiller.  The immersion
   chiller consists of a coil of copper tubing that is immersed in
   the wort, and cold water is run through the tubing.  Counterflow
   designs usually consist of copper tubing inside of a larger diameter
   plastic tubing; cold water runs through the plastic tubing in one
   direction, cooling wort runs through the copper tubing in the other
   direction.

   Using a chiller to quickly cool wort has several advantages over
   slow air cooling.  You get your yeast pitched quickly, reducing
   the risk of infection; the time the wort spends at DMS* producing
   temperatures is reduced; and a quick chill promotes good cold break.

   * DMS is Dimethyl Sulfide, a malt by-product with an aroma
   described as similar to cooked corn.

18. What is hot break?  What is cold break?

   Hot and cold break are terms used by homebrewers to describe the
   flocculation of proteins and other materials during the boil (the
   hot break) and cooling (the cold break).  This material tends to
   settle to the bottom of your kettle or fermenter, where it becomes
   part of the "trub".  Sometimes the terms "hot break" and "cold break"
   will be used to refer to the activity ("I had a great cold break
   when I pumped ice water through my wort chiller"), while at other
   times the brewer may be referring to the actual matter ("The cold
   break settled to the bottom of my carboy"); if you're worried that
   you may not be understood, you can always specify whether you're
   talking about the occurrence or the stuff.  Usually it is understood
   from context.

19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?

   All fermentables (malt extract syrup, dry malt extract, grain malt,
   sugar, honey, etc.) cause an increase in the specific gravity of the
   solution when added to water.  A common way to measure how much the
   specific gravity increases is the number of SG points of increase
   when a pound of the ingredient is added to one gallon of water.
   Most fermentables used for beer are in the range of 25-45 points
   per pound per gallon.  Values for many of these ingredients may be
   found in the references mentioned in the Bibliography section.  When
   substituting one fermentable for another, use the ratio of the
   specific gravity contributions of each ingredient to scale the one
   you will use to the amount that will provide the desired SG contribution.

   Example:  You have an all-grain recipe that calls for 8# of Malted
   Barley, and you want to replace it with extract syrup.  One of my
   references lists the SG contributions of these ingredients as
   approximately 30 points for the grain and 36 points for the syrup
   per pound of ingredient per gallon of water.  You multiply the
   8# of grain in the recipe by 30/36 to get 6 2/3 pounds of malt
   extract syrup.

20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids?  What is HBU?  What is IBU?

   Alpha acids are bittering compounds found in hops that are extracted
   when hops are boiled with wort.  The alpha acid "rating" on hops
   describes how much of the weight of the hop is made up of alpha acids.
   Hops with a higher alpha acid content will contribute more bitterness
   than a low alpha hop when using the same amount of hop.

   HBU stands for "Homebrew Bitterness Unit", which is a recipe unit
   for hops.  It takes into account the alpha acid content of the hop,
   so that a recipe will call for a certain amount of HBU's rather than
   an amount specified in ounces.  HBU is computed by multiplying the
   weight of hops in oz. by the alpha acid percentage of the hops; sum
   for all hop additions.  For example, 1 oz of 7% alpha hops will have
   a HBU of 7.  Note that volume is ignored in the HBU, therefore it
   is important to include the volume of the recipe, or express the
   hop additions in HBU per gallon (or HBU per 5 gallons) rather than
   just strictly HBU.

   IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of
   the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer,
   rather than a recipe unit.  However, the "Hops and Beer" special
   issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating
   IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume,
   wort gravity, and time in the boil.

   Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential"
   for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU
   represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not
   the hops.

21. What is "dry hopping"?  How should I dry hop?

   Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some
   time after the boil.  The technique is used to increase hop aroma
   in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost
   when hops are boiled.  Common practice is to add the hops to a
   secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the
   beer will be served.  Dry hops added to a fermenter should be
   left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two.  The
   consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the
   time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient
   to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the
   hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops
   is not deemed necessary.  Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets
   may be used for dry hopping.

22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts?  What is Lovibond?

   For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color
   of malted barley and beer.  Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure,
   and contribute more color to brewed beer.  Darker crystal malts (such
   as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color
   than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt.  Dave Miller's
   book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting
   the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes
   into making the beer.

23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)?  How is "Wyeast" pronounced?

   "Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing
   yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories.  There are more than a dozen
   varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast.  Many brewers
   that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by
   bacteria.  For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts
   available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy.
   Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts,
   especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture
   yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results.

   The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast",
   and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood
   in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab.

24. How do I make a yeast starter?

   The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching
   the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with
   an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build
   up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort.  This
   "starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with
   water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water.  Some
   brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their
   antiseptic qualities.  When the starter is at high krauesen (the
   term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your
   starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch.
   Typical time for a starter is 24 hours.  This technique is recommended
   for both dry and liquid yeasts.

25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?

   You multiply (or divide) by 1.  PPM (parts per million) is
*defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter).

--
Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science,
Lunds universitet.  [e-mail]
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From: [e-mail] (Jeannie Yang)
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology
Subject: anthro jokes
Date: 3 Nov 1992 22:39:59 GMT
Organization: U.C. Berkeley, CS Undergraduate Association
Lines: 118
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Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
NNTP-Posting-Host: soda.berkeley.edu


    Here are the anthropologist jokes I received in my mailbox.  I only
have these 'cause only two people replied (thanks guys!)  Well, enjoy!


                                        |      "An archaeologist will date
            Jeannie Yang  <:0)          |  any old thing."
        [e-mail]         |                 ---a bumper sticker
    Department of Anthropology, UCB     |           spotted by Dr. Meg Conkey

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

>From [e-mail] Sat Oct 17 20:39:25 1992
Received: from bingsuns.cc.binghamton.edu by soda.berkeley.edu (5.65/KAOS-1)
    id AA11233; Sat, 17 Oct 92 20:39:07 -0700
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    id AA07482; Sat, 17 Oct 92 23:37:04 EDT
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 92 23:37:04 EDT
From: [e-mail] (allen lutins)
Message-Id: <[e-mail] >
To: [e-mail]
Subject: Re: Looking for jokes....
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology
In-Reply-To: <[e-mail]>
Organization: State University of New York at Binghamton
Cc:
Status: RO

...well, i'm happy to supply these, but i do so with an urgent request:
*please* post these to sci.anthropology when you collect them together;
and if it's not too much trouble, i'd also appreciate getting a copy
via e-mail...thanks so much.

P.S.  ...please don't blame me for how awful these are; i did *not* write
      them...  :)
----------------------------------------------------------------
An anthropology graduate student went to Borneo for his thesis work.  He flew
there, found a guide with a canoe to take him up the river to the
remote site he where he would do his study.  About noon on the second
day of travel up the river they began to hear drums.  Being a city boy
by nature, the anthropologist was disturbed by this.  He asked the
guide, "What are those drums"  The guide turned to him and said "Drums
OK, but VERY BAD when they stop."

Well, the anthropologist settled down a little at this, and things went
reasonably well for about two weeks.  Then, just as they were packing
up the camp to leave, the drums suddenly stopped!  This hit the
anthropologist like a ton of bricks (to coin a phrase), and he yelled
at the guide
          "The Drums have stopped, What happens now?"

The guide crouched down, covered his head with his hands and said

                    "Bass Solo"
----------------------------------------------------------------
Another anthropologist arrives in Borneo to gather data for his thesis.
Accompanied by his trusty guide, he too seeks out a very remote locale
for his research.

Around dusk of the first day, he's sitting by the campfire with his
guide when in the distance, he hears tribal drums.  They get louder.
The guide announces, "I don't like the sound of those drums."

The dusk turns evening.  The drums get louder.  The guide says, "I really
don't like the sound of those drums."

Evening turns to dead of night.  The drums get louder and louder, until
it is obvious that the drummers must be quite close.  The guide says
again, "I *really* don't like the sound of those drums."

Suddenly the drums stop, and a voice from the darkness cries out,
"Hey man, he's not our regular drummer!"
----------------------------------------------------------------
An archaeology undergraduate signs up for his field school training in a
emote part of Borneo.  He's heard stories of the seamier side of field work
and hopes to enjoy himself sexually while there, but is troubled to discover
on his arrival that of 16 members, all are male.

On his second day, he asks a few of the men in his presence what they do for
fun...one of the grad students says, "Well, every Friday night someone takes
one of the land rovers into Tenzif village 50 miles away and brings back a few
prostitutes."  The undergrad thinks for a moment...he decides that the risk
of disease, especially with the lack of nearby medical facilities, is not
worth the fun...so he replies, "I don't think that would interest me..."

One of the crew chiefs notes, "Well on Saturday nights, the project director
lets us take all three land rovers out; we pile in and all head out for
Tenzif so we can choose whatever prostitutes we want..."  The undergrad
quickly replies, "No, I really don't think that'd interest me?"

"Why?" asked the camp manager, "...are you gay?"  "Why, no" replied the
undergrad, to which the camp manager responded, "...then you won't like
Sunday nights either..."
--
******************************************************************************
"There is nothing either good or bad, |  allen h. lutins      vy8934@bingvaxa
but thinking makes it so."          |  [e-mail]
        Shakespeare (Hamlet II:2) |  "Individualists of the world, Unite!"

From [e-mail] Tue Oct 20 20:40:31 1992
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    id AA04455; Tue, 20 Oct 92 23:40:43 -0400
Date: Tue, 20 Oct 92 23:40:43 -0400
From: [e-mail] (Jennifer Grace)
Message-Id: <[e-mail]>
Subject: Joke
Cc: [e-mail]
Status: RO

Here's a dumb one that's probably been around a few times:
Q: How many Eskimos does it take to screw in a light bulb.
A: One, but only if he's Inuit.
(Say it out loud, and you'll get it.)
Jennifer
Dept. of Cultural Anthropology

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Subject: soc.feminism Information
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Archive-name: feminism/info
Version: 1.4
Last-modified: 6 August 1992

This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/info", leaving the body of the message
empty.

Summary of changes: Some further elaboration in the guidelines for
submission.  An explanation of the implications of multiple
moderation.


  History of soc.feminism

    This group was formed in late 1989.  There was considerable
    debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
    to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
    be.  There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
    the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
    feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
    of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
    and be open to both women and men.  In the end, four moderators
    were selected to moderate the group.

    As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
    but soc.feminism won out.  The decision was somewhat political, as
    it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.

    It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
    toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
    equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
    achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
    Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
    at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
    invalidating different reader's points of views.  On the other
    hand, it has not been a battleground over whether or not women
    should be considered equal with men, and it is not likely to
    become one.  Women and men both of diverse views have always been
    welcome to post.

    The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
    collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
    allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators.  We
    were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam and
    rec.arts.sf.reviews have followed suit.

    The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
    [Moore], Miriam H.  Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
    Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
    net-connection trouble.  Jean Marie Diaz has been inactive since
    the summer of 1991.  Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in
    December of 1991, and we are keeping our eyes open for at least
    one more (send email to [e-mail] if
    interested).

  Soc.feminism FAQ's

    Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
    on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them).  The others are
    FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
    parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
    feminism, esp.  as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
    compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
    women).  Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
    violence, are in the works.

    To obtain these FAQs, ftp to pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) and
    look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism.  If you cannot use
    ftp, send email to the mail server at
    [e-mail] with no subject line, and any
    combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's
    you're interested in) in the body of your message.

      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3

    Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.

  Digest

    There is a digest version of soc.feminism available.  Write to
    [e-mail] for details or to subscribe.  It is
    mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
    consists of what has been posted (no editing).  This is NOT
    automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.

  Submissions and Requests addresses

    To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
    other, non-moderated groups.  This should work for most people.
    If you have trouble with this, email the article to
    [e-mail].  This will treat it exactly as any other
    article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
    your newsreader should email the intercepted article to).  If you
    have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
    [e-mail].  This address will forward your
    mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
    Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
    you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.

  General Guidelines for submission

    You should first note that these guidelines are just that.  They
    cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
    will be rejected.  Much can depend on context, for example.  In
    addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
    guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all.  That said, there
    are some specific constraints noted below, and as other problems
    appear, we will add them here.

    Articles must be relevant to feminism.  They may not contain
    ad-hominem attacks or flames.

    Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
    restricted here are abortion and rape.  This is partly because the
    topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
    talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
    debates.  Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
    articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
    on the topic's relationship with feminism.  Informative articles
    (e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
    positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed.  You should
    note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
    question of rape, the majority of abortion-related articles that
    are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
    articles submitted are.  This should not be construed to reflect
    the personal opinions of the moderators, or any individual posting
    to soc.feminism.

    Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
    feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
    This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
    their posting.  In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
    mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
    to USENET/email.  The existence, however, of some groups that are
    almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
    problems than simple demographics.  Many women have complained
    that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
    are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
    the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
    If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
    practical action you can take is ... to post.  The last time this
    question was posted (this topic is now rejected), there were
    responses from many of the regular female posters, and a good
    number of lurkers who were motivated to say that they read the
    group even though they didn't post.  We cannot estimate the number
    of lurkers on this group, but it is probably fairly high.  Asking
    men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given
    USENET's public nature.  There are a number of women-only forums,
    pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ.

    There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
    protracted disagreements.  Chief among these are 1) the question
    of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
    spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
    off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
    always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
    colleges).  These topics have come up many times and most regular
    readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
    the references given on these topics in the References post before
    jumping in or starting such a topic.  This gives everybody a
    common basis to discuss from.  While these topics are not
    forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
    circularity starts to occur.

    The notion of "reasonable discussion" has recently come up on this
    group.  The idea is that the discussions should themselves stay
    reasonable, and overly argumentative dialogues, especially those
    that simply dismiss the points raised by the previous article,
    should be excluded as well.  We are still experimenting with this.

    There have also been arguments that "irrelevant" discussions are
    still pertinent when it is a discussion of a topic from a feminist
    point of view.  Many times when we say that a topic is "drifting,"
    the contention is that it is still relevant to soc.feminism
    because it is a presentation of a feminist point of view on some
    topic.  We have been experimenting with relaxing this also, but it
    helps to clearly delineate a feminist slant on some topic to get
    it past the moderators.

    The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive.  We will not
    post anything we deem homophobic.  Many articles on or about
    lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the
    close association between feminism and lesbianism.  Articles about
    gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism
    present.  Here's a check list:
      * Gay rights alone are structurally similar to women's rights,
        black rights, minority rights.  They may be acceptable (as
        would black or minority rights articles) if there are
        parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn
        link.
      * Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
        female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
        patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
        patriarchy.  Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
      * Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable.  Calm and reasoned
        arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
        Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
        is "right" or "wrong."

    If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
    individual's permission before posting it.  There are no legal
    rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
    net.etiquette for this group.

    If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
    all information about where it comes from.  Partial quotes,
    newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
    with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
    potentially infringe copyright law.  We will not post articles
    that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
    magazine articles, or substantial portions of books.  A review
    that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
    a source without as much quoting is better.

    Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
    generally allowed.  However, a discussion of such a thread in
    another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
    and adding your thoughts to it.  Remember that we do not crosspost
    any soc.feminism articles.

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Thank you,

--Cindy Tittle Moore

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This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.

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refs3 above.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
19.  Reactions to Feminism.
20.  Religion.
21.  Sex and/or Violence.
22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23.  Test Biases.
24.  Women of Color.
25.  Women's Health.

(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.


[continuing from part II]

18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------

Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
    An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
    how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
    approaches toward women

Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds.  _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_.  Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston.  1983.

Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_.  Oxford University Press.  1987.
     Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.

Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_.  New
York. Longman. 1983.

Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_.  Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
    A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
    between the family, the state and patriarchy.

Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_.  Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA.  1987.
    Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
    western countries.

Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_.  University of
Wisconsin Press.  1990.
    Collection on women and the welfare state.  Includes articles by
    Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.

Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_.  Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford.  Distributed by Oxford University Press.  1987.
    Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.

Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_.  Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
    Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
    detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law.  The
    author is a lawyer.

Mueller, Carol M., ed.  _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_.  SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA.  1988.

Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women:  A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_.  Princeton University Press.  1984.

Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_.  Stanford University
Press.  1988.
    The meaning of the social "contract" for women.

Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women:  Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_.  Stanford University Press.  1989.
    A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
    The meaning of consent.

Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_.  1990.
    Excellent study of abortion politics in America.  Examines the
    patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
    controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
    rights discourse for women.  Re-imagining "rights."

Tribe, Laurence H.  _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_.  W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990.  ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
    Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
    expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
    abortion.  Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
    two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
    would be upon defining a fetus as a "person."  Excellent and very
    readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.

Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_.  Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA.  1988.
    An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
    state.

Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_.  Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991.  ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
    The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
    relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
    affect gender roles and being female in this country.

Wilson, Elizabeth.  _Women and the Welfare State_.  Tavistock
Publications, London.  1977.


19.  Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------

Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
    Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
    It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
    statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
    are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
    "factual" in order to keep women subordinate.  One caveat about
    this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
    choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
    family.

Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.

Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds.  _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_.  Pergamon Press, New York.  1990.
    Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
    conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
    School.  Includes bibliographical references and index.

Smith, Joan.  _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_.  Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989.  ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
    From blurb:  "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
    of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating.  She observes
    the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
    generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
    unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
    be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
    prevalent.  It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
    before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).


20.  Religion.
--------------

Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_.  Revised edition.  Beacon
Press, Boston.  1986.  ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
    This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft".  It places
    feminist wicca in one of its contexts.  Otherwise the book is
    mainly about neopaganism.

Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_.  Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987.  ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
    A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
    Christianity.  In particular, there are interesting parallels
    between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
    Christian history and latter-day feminists.

Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_.  Beacon Press,
Boston.  1984.  ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
    Feminist biblical interpretation.

Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_.  Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.  1981.
    This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
    and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
    Jewish law.

Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_.  Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
    Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
    perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.

Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988.  ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
    Documents the strength of influence women had in early
    Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
    need not be anti-woman.  Originally published in German under
    _Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.

Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist:  A Reader_.  Schocken,
1984.

Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_.  Beacon Press. 1989.

Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_.  Schocken
Books, 1976.

Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.
    Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
    by religious and social forces.  Although most of the emphasis is
    mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
    perspective.  Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
    one of the few female writers of the middle ages.

Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988.  Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_.  Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York.  1989.
    The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
    inextricably interwined with western culture views of women.  The
    latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
    receptive to women became patriarchal.

Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai:  Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_.  Harper Collins, 1990.  ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
    Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
    suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.

Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_.  ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
    This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
    (i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
    as they are feminist.  They ignore the distinctions between
    Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
    that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
    "church" to catch up with their reality.  Ruther has written other
    books with similar themes.

Schneider, Susan Weidman.  _Jewish and Female_.  Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.

Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982.  ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
    This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
    important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
    gives a bit more sense of the dialog.

Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_.  10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco.  1989.  ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
    This has clearly been a very influential book.  Z. Budapest is
    another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
    a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.

Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers.  1976.  ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
    Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
    worship.


21.  Sex and/or Violence.
-------------------------

Barry, Kathleen.  _Female Sexual Slavery_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.

Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien.  _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_.  Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.

Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_.  Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York.  1987.

Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
    This is a disturbing, contradictory work.  It is misrepresented
    both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
    a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
    denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
    A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
    consequences of rape in our society.

Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_.  Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
    Case studies on murder and sex crimes.

Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
    Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
    proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
    social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
    official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
    across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
    indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
    economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
    significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
    feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
    control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
    only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
    contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
    to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
    employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
    political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
    Tables, 55 References.

Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_.  Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.

Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition.  Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
    Original copyright 1970.
    "Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
    for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
    rape is not universal to the human species."

Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.

Haber, Joel D.  "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
    Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
    non-abused ones.

Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_.  Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
    From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
    and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
    Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
    They were not.  In fact, in many cases their punishment was
    harsher than that of men.  But this book is much more than a
    desription of battered women who kill in self-defense.  It is a
    social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
    society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons.  Here
    are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
    American society and women's place in it."

Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK.  1988.

Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873.  1985.

Koss, M.P.  "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education."  Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
    Controversial.  This was a study that showed a good percentage of
    the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
    paid for dinner, etc.  There were questions designed in such a way
    that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
    rape.  They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
    questions containing the word rape.

McFarlane, Judith.  "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
    A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
    abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
    pregnancy did.

Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
    Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
    homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
    through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
    Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
    spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
    reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
    spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
    married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
    times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
    greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
    White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
    for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
    increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
    through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
    45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
    relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
    patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
    reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
    spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.

Morgan, Robin.  _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company.  1989.  ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
    Controversial.  Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
    deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
    is fascinated by the terrorist.  We might even ambivalently admire
    such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
    impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
    ...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
    Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
    phenomenon of terrorism."

Quigley, Paxton.  _Armed and Female_.  E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
    Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
    NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
    Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
    women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.

Randall, Teri.  "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
    "Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
    women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
    combined."

Russell, Diana H.  _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.  1984.

Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
    Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
    College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
    violence.  According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
    rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
    be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
    rape.

Scully, Diana.  _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_.  Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.

Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier.  "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
    A study that found that medical records included the labels
    "neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
    with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
    compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
    women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
    in ten non-battered women.

Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_.  Doubleday, New York, 1980.  Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
    These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
    independent of gender.  They do not, however, include any
    consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.

Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss.  Harper and Row, New York. 1988.

Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
    The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
    that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
    wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
    from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
    started it'.

Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_.  Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.  1988.
    Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
    show.  Bibliographies.

_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
    This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
    how often people are affected by crimes.  The survey is given to a
    population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
    live in a residence.  There are two parts to the survey. a
    screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
    detailed questionnaire given to victims.  The detailed
    questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
    helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
    falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
    It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
    households with 101,000 people.  Approximately 96% of the selected
    population agreed to participate in the survey.

_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
    Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
    total (i.e., men and women) population.

_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
    Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
    statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
    based on police reports.  The data given by the UCR includes
    _only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
    negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
    the officer filing the report.

_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
    This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
    among women.  It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
    that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s).  The FBI's
    definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
    consent.  1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
    (rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
    occurs for boys.


22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------

Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_,  5/6 (1990) 305-325.

Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.

Chestler, Phyllis.  [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]

Dale, R.R.  _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_.  Vols. I & II.  1969.
    Wide range of research on secondary schools.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds.  _The other half;
roads to women's equality_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds.  _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_.  Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_.  Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York.  c1988.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_.  University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.

*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.

Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle.  _Gender at Work_.  Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston.  1983.
    Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.

*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_,  5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]

Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.

Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.

LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.

Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_.  Pergamon Press, Oxford.  1984.  223-230.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_.  Yale University Press, New Haven.  1979.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_.  Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.

Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.

Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.

Pringle, Rosemary.  _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
    Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.

Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990.  153-163.

Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.

Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_.  University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
    This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
    in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
    their work throughout history.  It is the perfect companion volume
    to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.

Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.

Selvin, Paul.  "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.

Simeone, Angela.  _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_.  Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts.  1987.

Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_.  Cambridge
University Press, UK.  1987, pages 173-194.

Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.

Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds.  _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_.  The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992.  ISBN
0-89594-544-4.  ($10.95)
  Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
  by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
  from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse.  Stories
  are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry.  Many
  of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
  that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
  Hill.

Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.

Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children:  Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors,  _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.

Weitzman, Lenore.  _The Marriage Contract_.

    "...child care decisions.  Twentieth century case law has
    established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
    of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
    of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
    This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
    JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES.  For while most
    statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
    and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
    interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
    in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
    --unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]

    "The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
    constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
    mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
    The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
    justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....

    "Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
    natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
    accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
    challenged.  As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
    by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
    divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
    Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"

    "More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
    presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
    been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
    contested cases.  [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
    "Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
    _Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]


23.  Test Biases.
-----------------

Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
    When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
    performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
    those on men.  If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
    woman will tend to get higher grades in college.  Thus an
    admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
    reject some women who would have done better than men who were
    accepted.

    In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
    _American Scientist_, Brush wrote:

    [A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
    following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
    often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
    the 0.05 level of confidence).

        A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
        15 games.  Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
        row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
        percent winning record?

        A) 3    B) 5    C) 6    D) 11    E) 15

    With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
    quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
    the equation first.

Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
    According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
    artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
    have always received higher scores, on average, but their
    advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
    women's higher scores on the verbal part.  Women lost this
    compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
    introduction of test questions about science, business and
    "practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
    human relations, the arts, and the humanities.  There was no
    compensating change in the mathematics section.

Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
    Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.


24.  Women of Color.
--------------------

Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco.  1987.

Anzaldua, Gloria, ed.  _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_.  Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco.  c1990.

Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_.  Unwin Hyman,
Boston.  1990.  Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
    Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
    perspective.  May also include under feminist epistemology.

Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_.  Random House, New York, 1981.

DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_.  Routledge, New York.
1990.
    Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
    narratives.

Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_.  South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115.  1981.  ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
    Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
    historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
    within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
    with feminism.  The title comes from an address on the subject
    given by Sojourner Truth.

Hooks, Bell.  _Talking Back:  Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston.  1989.

Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_.  Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981.  Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
    Anthology of writings by women of color.

Smith, Barbara, ed.  _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_.  First
edition.  Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York.  1983.


25.  Women's Health.
--------------------

Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
    A very practical guide to women & our bodies.

Boston Women's Health Collective.  _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York.  1984.
    Updated.

Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
    Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.

ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group.  _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
    New book on women and aids and politics.

Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
    A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
    mistreats women.

Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble.  _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_.  Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
    Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics.  Includes
    bibliographical references.


(Auto)Biographies.
------------------

Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
    Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
    examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
    did.

Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).

Komisar, Lucy.  _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_.  G.
Braziller, New York.  1987.

Marlow, Joan.  _The Great Women_.  A&W Publishers, New York.  1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
    A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.

Moers, Ellen, ed.  _Literary Women_.  Reprint.  The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
    Copywrite 1977.  Describes women authors.

Morgan, Robin.  _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York.  1977.

Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.


Miscellaneous.
--------------

"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No.  2, p 141.
  Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
  rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
  marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
  physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles.  He and
  UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
  men in most track events by early next century.


Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_.  Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
     Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.

Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_.  Capricorn Books. 1964.  Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970.  Norton, New York, 1976.  Women's Press, London 1979.

Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).

Dyer, K.F.:  _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_.  Junction Books (UK),
1982.  ISBN 086245-075-X.
     This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
     fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
     must read.

Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.

|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_.  1985.
|    Defines many things from a feminist's point of view.  Includes
|    a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.

Lenskij, Helen:  _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_.  Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986.  ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
     Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
     sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
     been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
     A must read.

Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_.  Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987.  ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.

|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_.  1972.

Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980.  ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
     This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.

Steinem, Gloria.  _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
    This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
    was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
    result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
    such things as:
      * Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
      * The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
      * "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
        "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
      * What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.

Tuana, Nancy, ed.  _Rereading the Canon_.  Series.  Penn State Press.
    This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
    original and some previously published, offering feminist
    reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
    philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
    the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
    the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
    The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
    will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
    Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
    Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
    Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.

|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_.  1986.

Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1.  AMS Press Inc., NY 1986.  ISBN 0-404-63401-X.

Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938.  Extensively reprinted.
    Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.

Woolf, Virginia.  _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York.  1981, c1957.

Winterson, Jeanette.  _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London).  1987.


Acknowledgments.
----------------

My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, [e-mail]
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S.  Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L.  Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J.  Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J.  Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J.  Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.

Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
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From: [e-mail] (Kurt Swanson)
Subject: rec.crafts.brewing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
    posted to rec.crafts.brewing, involving home beer making.
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Archive-name: brewing-faq
Last-modified: 1992/10/21
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[V2M1: send comments/corrections to [e-mail]]

Frequently Asked Questions in Rec.Crafts.Brewing:

1. How is beer made?
2. How do I start?  What equipment do I need?
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
4. Where can I access the archives?
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
6. What is a good text on brewing?
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
15. What is CAMRA?
16. What is a hydrometer?  How is it used?  What is "specific gravity"?
17. What is a wort chiller?  How/why is it used?
18. What is hot break?  What is cold break?
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids?  What is HBU?  What is IBU?
21. What is "dry hopping"?  How should I dry hop?
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts?  What is Lovibond?
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)?  How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?

[Special thanks to Steve Russell and Tony Babinec]
[Extra-special thanks to Brian Smithey]
-------------------

1. How is beer made?

   Beer is made from extracting sugar from the starch in malted grain.  This is
   boiled with sufficient water & hops to make a "wort."  When this has cooled,
   brewer's yeast is added to ferment the wort to create this finished product,
   which is suitable for bottling or kegging, and maturation.  Some people mash
   their own grain, while others buy canned malt extract.  Either method is
   suitable for creating an award-winning brew, though mashing does allow
   greater control over the finished product, and "mash'ers" claim better beer
   is made.  For more complete information get the compressed file beginners.Z
   from the Stanford server (see #4).

2. How do I start?  What equipment do I need?

   There are specialty shops all over the country that sell ingredients
   and equipment for making beer and wine at home.  Check your yellow
   pages under "Beer" or "Wine" for homebrewing or home winemaking
   shops.  If you can't find a shop locally, many shops do mail order
   (more on mail order later).  Basic equipment includes a kettle for
   boiling the wort, a fermentation vessel of some kind -- glass
   carboys (5 gallon bottled water bottles) and food-grade plastic
   buckets are popular -- siphon hose for bottling, bottles, and a bottle
   capper and caps.  Most shops sell "starter kits", which include
   essential equipment (and sometimes some not-so-essential equipment),
   ingredients for your first batch, and a book.  Prices vary, $60-70
   U.S. is common.

3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?

   The Digest is an alternate forum for discussing homebrewing.  It is not
   associated in any manner with this newsgroup, or Usenet in general, except
   that a high percentage of people contribute to both forums.  The digest is a
   list-group which is sent out daily, containing all postings from the
   previous 24-hours.  The HBD generally handles a more advanced discussion of
   brewing issues.  Flames are not permitted.  Currently the HBD is being
   posted to this newsgroup as a courtesy.  Beware that some newsreaders will
   split the digest into its component articles, and that follow-up posts will
   not be seen by the original poster, nor other HBD subscribers.  Direct
   replies should work - but make sure the address is correct.  To subscribe to
   the digest, send a message containing "subscribe" to
   [e-mail].

4. Where can I access the archives?

   Currently no one that I know of archives rec.crafts.brewing, but the
   archives to the HBD are available.  They can be obtained via anonymous ftp
   from sierra.stanford.edu in the pub/homebrew directory.  Get the file called
   index for a complete description of what is available.  Many other "goodies"
   reside in this directory.  Please limit access to non-business hours.
   If you do not have ftp access, you can send a mail message containing the
   word "help" in it, to [e-mail], and you will receive
   instructions.

   Another server does exist for those who do not have ftp access, send a mail
   message containing only the word "HELP" to [e-mail] for more
   information.

5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?

   This is available on the archives, in the recipe-book subdirectory.  See #4
   for information on accessing the archives.

6. What is a good text on brewing?

   It is generally agreed that "The Complete Joy of Home Brewing," by Charlie
   Papazian is an excellent beginners text.  Other find David Miller's "The
   Complete Handbook of Homebrewing" just as good for the beginner, as well as
   containing more information suited for intermediate/advanced brewers.  I use
   both.  Other texts include "The Big Book of Brewing," by Dave Line, which is
   a British text (with British & metric measurements), and "Brewing Lager
   Beer" by Greg Noonan.  Mr. Line has also written a recipe book which does
   contain basic instructions, called "Brewing Beer Like Those You Buy."  Also
   you might try "Brewing Quality Beers," by Byron Burch, which has been
   described as "short enough to read for the extremely impatient, yet has lots
   of good information."  Lastly, CAMRA (see below), publishes "Home
   Brewing: The CAMRA Guide," by Graham Wheeler, 1990.  Write to CAMRA
   directly, at the  address given below.

7. Where can I get mail order supplies?

   The wang archive server contains the file "suppliers" which is a good place
   to start, or try the classifieds in any copy of Zymurgy.  Also, try the
   yellow pages under "Beer making supplies" and "Wine Making."
   Lastly, the original copy of "the Cat's Meow" (see #5), contains a list
   of mail order shops.

8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?

   These are three special topic mailing lists, unassociated with Usenet.
   Subscribers send mail to the list and then copies are immediately mailed out
   to every other subscriber.  The lambic-list covers information on brewing a
   special type of Belgian brew called lambic (ask for it at your liquor
   store).  The beerjudge-list covers topics related to judging beer in
   competitions, as well as administration of the judge test.  The
   cider-list involves the brewing of cider.  To subscribe, send mail
   to [e-mail], [e-mail],
   and [e-mail] .  Include your name, email
   address, and in the case of the judge-list, your judging rank
   ("apprentice" for non-judges).

9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?

   Zymurgy is a quarterly publication, plus one special topics issue, put out
   by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA).  Zymurgy contains many
   article on brewing as well as information & ads regarding clubs and
   supplies.  Contact the AHA by phone or US mail to:

   American Homebrewers Association, Inc.
   P.O. Box 1679
   Boulder, CO 80306-1679
   [phone]

10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?

   The Wang archive server contains a file listing brewpubs.  The file is call
   brewpub-list.  See question #4 on how to access the server.

11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?

   Worry?  No.  There are several possibilities.  First, depending on your
   recipe, an acceptable terminal gravity may be high.  For example, a Barley
   Wine with an initial gravity of 1.120, might completely ferment out at
   1.040.  On the other hand, a lite lager, with an initial gravity of 1.025
   might ferment all the way down to 1.002.  Thus you should check with your
   recipe, or a similar recipe of that style, to determine what might be
   proper.  If you still believe it is high, and this is a frequent occurrence,
   you may have a "stuck fermentation."  This occurs for a variety of reasons.
   The wort might not have been sufficiently aerated to start with, you might
   slosh it around in the fermenter.  Or, fermentation temperature might have
   dropped to the point where the yeast may go dormant.  Also, the yeast might
   not have enough nutrients in the wort to work with.  This often occurs in
   extract brewing.  In these latter two cases,  you might try adding a yeast
   nutrient, according to the instruction that come with it.  Lastly, give it
   time, as fermentation may slow, then suddenly accelerate at a later date.

12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?

   Some yeasts take longer to start than others.  Make sure your fermentation
   temperature is in the right range (lower temps slow yeast activity).  Also,
   high temperatures are bad for yeast.  Besides problems of mutation, yeast
   may be killed if pitched before the wort has sufficiently cooled.  You might
   try aerating the wort by sloshing it around in the fermenter.  Lastly, the
   pitching rate affects startup time.  If you pitch too little yeast, not only
   will the lag time be greater, but you also risk infection.  Many people
   either use 2 packets of dry yeast (Whitbread excepted), or make a starter
   culture from one packet, or from liquid yeast.

13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?

   Steve Russell has compiled an on-line list of homebrew clubs.  You can
   contact him by sending mail to: [e-mail] or
   [e-mail].

14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?

   The following was graciously submitted by Paul Chisholm regarding a recent
   discussion on bottle fillers in this newsgroup... Thanks, Paul...

   Some people Worry (for shame!-) that a bottle filler causes more
   oxidation (because of spraying through the smaller opening, rather than
   through the whole opening at the end of the siphon tube, I guess).  The
   solution is to tilt the bottle at the beginning, and stick the end of
   the bottling wand into the bottom "corner" of the bottle.  The wand's
   end is soon covered with beer, and no amount of spraying will cause any
   extra air to be mixed in with the beer.  Also, if the end of the wand
   (or siphon tube, or whatever) isn't much lower than the end of the
   siphon tube in the priming carboy (or whatever), the beer will be
   siphoned slowly, at low pressure, reducing spraying.  (This works for
   any bottle filling procedure.)

   Another problem is the bottle filler has beer in it.  When you lift the
   filler from the bottle, that beer doesn't go into the bottle, and the
   headspace is greatly increased.  Even if you fill the bottle almost
   full, the resulting headspace is larger than some people consider
   optimal.  You can fill the bottle, move the filler to the top of the
   bottle, and press the tip of the filler to drizzle enough beer down the
   side of the bottle to reduce the head space.

   There are two kinds of fillers.  One kind has a spring.  The other has
   a stopper that's held down by the weight of the beer.  The latter is
   slower.  Does that mean oxidation is less of a problem?  I expect it's
   easier to finish filling (using the side-of-the-bottle trick) with a
   springless filler.

   (There's also something called Phil's Philler, which has a hole at the
   top as well as at the bottom.  You can remove the filler without
   removing the beer in it, thus eliminating the headspace problem.)

   My take on all this is that there are ways to use a bottle filler to
   reduce problems (and reduce Worry).  I didn't find enough evidence of
   problems to bottle my beer without a bottle filler.

15. What is CAMRA?

   CAMRA stands for "the CAMpaign for Real Ale," a British consumers'
   group that is concerned with changes, primarily in the quality of
   British beers.  For membership details write:
        Campaign for Real Ale, Ltd
        34 Alma Road
        St. Albans
        Herts AL1 3BR
        United Kingdom

16. What is a hydrometer?  How is it used?  What is "specific gravity"?

   A hydrometer measures the weight of a liquid relative to the same
   volume of water (i.e., relative densities).  In brewing, much of
   this excess weight is expected to be from fermentable and unfermentable
   malt sugars.  Most hydrometers measure Specific Gravity (SG), which
   tells how many times heavier than water the liquid of interest is;
   for example, a 1.050 SG wort is 1.05 times heavier than an equal volume
   of water at 60 F.  SG measurements are temperature dependent, and SG
   should be measured at 60 F., as water is SG 1.0 at 60 F.

   Hydrometers often come with a temperature conversion chart, but
   hydrometers often are not accurately calibrated, so that water at
   60F will not read 1.0.  An easy way to take SG readings with a
   hydrometer is to measure at room temperature, and then measure water
   at room temperature and take the difference.

   Some abbreviations commonly used in homebrewing relating to specific
   gravity:  OG, Original (wort specific) Gravity; FG or TG, Final or
   Terminal Gravity (when the beer is finished fermenting).

17. What is a wort chiller?  How/why is it used?

   A wort chiller is a device used to quickly cool boiling wort to
   yeast pitching temperatures.  Two common constructions are the
   immersion chiller and the counterflow chiller.  The immersion
   chiller consists of a coil of copper tubing that is immersed in
   the wort, and cold water is run through the tubing.  Counterflow
   designs usually consist of copper tubing inside of a larger diameter
   plastic tubing; cold water runs through the plastic tubing in one
   direction, cooling wort runs through the copper tubing in the other
   direction.

   Using a chiller to quickly cool wort has several advantages over
   slow air cooling.  You get your yeast pitched quickly, reducing
   the risk of infection; the time the wort spends at DMS* producing
   temperatures is reduced; and a quick chill promotes good cold break.

   * DMS is Dimethyl Sulfide, a malt by-product with an aroma
   described as similar to cooked corn.

18. What is hot break?  What is cold break?

   Hot and cold break are terms used by homebrewers to describe the
   flocculation of proteins and other materials during the boil (the
   hot break) and cooling (the cold break).  This material tends to
   settle to the bottom of your kettle or fermenter, where it becomes
   part of the "trub".  Sometimes the terms "hot break" and "cold break"
   will be used to refer to the activity ("I had a great cold break
   when I pumped ice water through my wort chiller"), while at other
   times the brewer may be referring to the actual matter ("The cold
   break settled to the bottom of my carboy"); if you're worried that
   you may not be understood, you can always specify whether you're
   talking about the occurrence or the stuff.  Usually it is understood
   from context.

19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?

   All fermentables (malt extract syrup, dry malt extract, grain malt,
   sugar, honey, etc.) cause an increase in the specific gravity of the
   solution when added to water.  A common way to measure how much the
   specific gravity increases is the number of SG points of increase
   when a pound of the ingredient is added to one gallon of water.
   Most fermentables used for beer are in the range of 25-45 points
   per pound per gallon.  Values for many of these ingredients may be
   found in the references mentioned in the Bibliography section.  When
   substituting one fermentable for another, use the ratio of the
   specific gravity contributions of each ingredient to scale the one
   you will use to the amount that will provide the desired SG contribution.

   Example:  You have an all-grain recipe that calls for 8# of Malted
   Barley, and you want to replace it with extract syrup.  One of my
   references lists the SG contributions of these ingredients as
   approximately 30 points for the grain and 36 points for the syrup
   per pound of ingredient per gallon of water.  You multiply the
   8# of grain in the recipe by 30/36 to get 6 2/3 pounds of malt
   extract syrup.

20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids?  What is HBU?  What is IBU?

   Alpha acids are bittering compounds found in hops that are extracted
   when hops are boiled with wort.  The alpha acid "rating" on hops
   describes how much of the weight of the hop is made up of alpha acids.
   Hops with a higher alpha acid content will contribute more bitterness
   than a low alpha hop when using the same amount of hop.

   HBU stands for "Homebrew Bitterness Unit", which is a recipe unit
   for hops.  It takes into account the alpha acid content of the hop,
   so that a recipe will call for a certain amount of HBU's rather than
   an amount specified in ounces.  HBU is computed by multiplying the
   weight of hops in oz. by the alpha acid percentage of the hops; sum
   for all hop additions.  For example, 1 oz of 7% alpha hops will have
   a HBU of 7.  Note that volume is ignored in the HBU, therefore it
   is important to include the volume of the recipe, or express the
   hop additions in HBU per gallon (or HBU per 5 gallons) rather than
   just strictly HBU.

   IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of
   the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer,
   rather than a recipe unit.  However, the "Hops and Beer" special
   issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating
   IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume,
   wort gravity, and time in the boil.

   Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential"
   for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU
   represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not
   the hops.

21. What is "dry hopping"?  How should I dry hop?

   Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some
   time after the boil.  The technique is used to increase hop aroma
   in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost
   when hops are boiled.  Common practice is to add the hops to a
   secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the
   beer will be served.  Dry hops added to a fermenter should be
   left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two.  The
   consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the
   time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient
   to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the
   hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops
   is not deemed necessary.  Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets
   may be used for dry hopping.

22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts?  What is Lovibond?

   For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color
   of malted barley and beer.  Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure,
   and contribute more color to brewed beer.  Darker crystal malts (such
   as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color
   than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt.  Dave Miller's
   book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting
   the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes
   into making the beer.

23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)?  How is "Wyeast" pronounced?

   "Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing
   yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories.  There are more than a dozen
   varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast.  Many brewers
   that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by
   bacteria.  For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts
   available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy.
   Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts,
   especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture
   yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results.

   The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast",
   and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood
   in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab.

24. How do I make a yeast starter?

   The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching
   the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with
   an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build
   up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort.  This
   "starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with
   water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water.  Some
   brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their
   antiseptic qualities.  When the starter is at high krauesen (the
   term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your
   starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch.
   Typical time for a starter is 24 hours.  This technique is recommended
   for both dry and liquid yeasts.

25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?

   You multiply (or divide) by 1.  PPM (parts per million) is
*defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter).

--
Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science,
Lunds universitet.  [e-mail]
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Archive-name: feminism/info
Version: 1.4
Last-modified: 6 August 1992

This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.

Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info.  Or, send email to
[e-mail] with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/info", leaving the body of the message
empty.

Summary of changes: Some further elaboration in the guidelines for
submission.  An explanation of the implications of multiple
moderation.


  History of soc.feminism

    This group was formed in late 1989.  There was considerable
    debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
    to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
    be.  There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
    the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
    feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
    of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
    and be open to both women and men.  In the end, four moderators
    were selected to moderate the group.

    As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
    but soc.feminism won out.  The decision was somewhat political, as
    it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.

    It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
    toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
    equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
    achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
    Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
    at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
    invalidating different reader's points of views.  On the other
    hand, it has not been a battleground over whether or not women
    should be considered equal with men, and it is not likely to
    become one.  Women and men both of diverse views have always been
    welcome to post.

    The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
    collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
    allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators.  We
    were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam and
    rec.arts.sf.reviews have followed suit.

    The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
    [Moore], Miriam H.  Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
    Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
    net-connection trouble.  Jean Marie Diaz has been inactive since
    the summer of 1991.  Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in
    December of 1991, and we are keeping our eyes open for at least
    one more (send email to [e-mail] if
    interested).

  Soc.feminism FAQ's

    Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
    on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them).  The others are
    FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
    parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
    feminism, esp.  as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
    compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
    women).  Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
    violence, are in the works.

    To obtain these FAQs, ftp to pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) and
    look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism.  If you cannot use
    ftp, send email to the mail server at
    [e-mail] with no subject line, and any
    combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's
    you're interested in) in the body of your message.

      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
      send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3

    Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.

  Digest

    There is a digest version of soc.feminism available.  Write to
    [e-mail] for details or to subscribe.  It is
    mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
    consists of what has been posted (no editing).  This is NOT
    automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.

  Submissions and Requests addresses

    To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
    other, non-moderated groups.  This should work for most people.
    If you have trouble with this, email the article to
    [e-mail].  This will treat it exactly as any other
    article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
    your newsreader should email the intercepted article to).  If you
    have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
    [e-mail].  This address will forward your
    mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
    Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
    you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.

  General Guidelines for submission

    You should first note that these guidelines are just that.  They
    cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
    will be rejected.  Much can depend on context, for example.  In
    addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
    guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all.  That said, there
    are some specific constraints noted below, and as other problems
    appear, we will add them here.

    Articles must be relevant to feminism.  They may not contain
    ad-hominem attacks or flames.

    Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
    restricted here are abortion and rape.  This is partly because the
    topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
    talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
    debates.  Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
    articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
    on the topic's relationship with feminism.  Informative articles
    (e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
    positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed.  You should
    note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
    question of rape, the majority of abortion-related articles that
    are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
    articles submitted are.  This should not be construed to reflect
    the personal opinions of the moderators, or any individual posting
    to soc.feminism.

    Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
    feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
    This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
    their posting.  In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
    mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
    to USENET/email.  The existence, however, of some groups that are
    almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
    problems than simple demographics.  Many women have complained
    that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
    are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
    the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
    If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
    practical action you can take is ... to post.  The last time this
    question was posted (this topic is now rejected), there were
    responses from many of the regular female posters, and a good
    number of lurkers who were motivated to say that they read the
    group even though they didn't post.  We cannot estimate the number
    of lurkers on this group, but it is probably fairly high.  Asking
    men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given
    USENET's public nature.  There are a number of women-only forums,
    pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ.

    There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
    protracted disagreements.  Chief among these are 1) the question
    of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
    spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
    off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
    always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
    colleges).  These topics have come up many times and most regular
    readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
    the references given on these topics in the References post before
    jumping in or starting such a topic.  This gives everybody a
    common basis to discuss from.  While these topics are not
    forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
    circularity starts to occur.

    The notion of "reasonable discussion" has recently come up on this
    group.  The idea is that the discussions should themselves stay
    reasonable, and overly argumentative dialogues, especially those
    that simply dismiss the points raised by the previous article,
    should be excluded as well.  We are still experimenting with this.

    There have also been arguments that "irrelevant" discussions are
    still pertinent when it is a discussion of a topic from a feminist
    point of view.  Many times when we say that a topic is "drifting,"
    the contention is that it is still relevant to soc.feminism
    because it is a presentation of a feminist point of view on some
    topic.  We have been experimenting with relaxing this also, but it
    helps to clearly delineate a feminist slant on some topic to get
    it past the moderators.

    The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive.  We will not
    post anything we deem homophobic.  Many articles on or about
    lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the
    close association between feminism and lesbianism.  Articles about
    gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism
    present.  Here's a check list:
      * Gay rights alone are structurally similar to women's rights,
        black rights, minority rights.  They may be acceptable (as
        would black or minority rights articles) if there are
        parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn
        link.
      * Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
        female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
        patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
        patriarchy.  Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
      * Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable.  Calm and reasoned
        arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
        Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
        is "right" or "wrong."

    If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
    individual's permission before posting it.  There are no legal
    rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
    net.etiquette for this group.

    If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
    all information about where it comes from.  Partial quotes,
    newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
    with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
    potentially infringe copyright law.  We will not post articles
    that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
    magazine articles, or substantial portions of books.  A review
    that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
    a source without as much quoting is better.

    Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
    generally allowed.  However, a discussion of such a thread in
    another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
    and adding your thoughts to it.  Remember that we do not crosspost
    any soc.feminism articles.

    Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay
    attention to your attributions.  We have done some ourselves when
    it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part
    of our job.  Therefore, your article may be returned with a
    request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old
    signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like.

  Multiple Moderation

    This group is moderated by several moderators, each working
    independently.  Submissions are sent to [e-mail],
    where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded
    to that moderator only.  This means that there is some variation
    in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual
    variation between different people.  We do try to minimize this
    variation by consulting with each other on the occassional,
    problematic, article.  However, the whole purpose of multiple
    moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore
    we do not consult each other over every posting we get.  Please
    keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to
    this.

  Anonymous Posting

    We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before.  In
    general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for
    remaining anonymous.  You will not be anonymous to the moderators,
    but your article will be posted without identifying material if we
    consent to posting it anonymously.  For articles that you wish to
    be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and
    your reasons for the request.  We will not post it if we think
    that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be
    informed via email of the decision.  In any case, your identity
    will be kept confidential.

    Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when
    there is no email address available to reach the person who posted
    the article.  Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common
    practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real
    name in the "handle" field.

  Editorial Policy

    If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is
    generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article
    back with comments.  At this point, you can change it and send it
    back directly to that moderator.  If you feel that changes are
    unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address.
    Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if
    you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request.  If
    you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received
    email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request.  Do
    keep in mind, though, that articles may sit for a while;
    moderators do not necessarily check their mail over the weekends,
    and that site connectivity may mean that your site will not
    receive your article from the moderator's site within the time you
    expect.  However, email is not perfect and has been known to send
    mail into giant black holes, so bear with us.

    Minor modifications may be made to articles that have lines that
    are too long, have their attributions mixed up, or quote excessive
    material.  Moderators will occasionally inject their comments,
    usually to the effect of advising people where followups are going
    to, warning of topic drift, or some other explanatory note.  Any
    further modifications are always after consultation with the
    original author as described in the previous paragraph.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].

Thank you,

--Cindy Tittle Moore

"The last thing feminism is about is exclusion.  Feminists can be
defined as those women and men who recognize that the earth doesn't
revolve around anybody's son---or around any one group."
  -- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_
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This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
19.  Reactions to Feminism.
20.  Religion.
21.  Sex and/or Violence.
22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23.  Test Biases.
24.  Women of Color.
25.  Women's Health.

(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.


[continuing from part II]

18.  Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------

Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
    An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
    how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
    approaches toward women

Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds.  _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_.  Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston.  1983.

Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_.  Oxford University Press.  1987.
     Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.

Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_.  New
York. Longman. 1983.

Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_.  Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
    A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
    between the family, the state and patriarchy.

Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_.  Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA.  1987.
    Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
    western countries.

Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_.  University of
Wisconsin Press.  1990.
    Collection on women and the welfare state.  Includes articles by
    Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.

Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_.  Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford.  Distributed by Oxford University Press.  1987.
    Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.

Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_.  Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
    Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
    detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law.  The
    author is a lawyer.

Mueller, Carol M., ed.  _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_.  SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA.  1988.

Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women:  A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_.  Princeton University Press.  1984.

Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_.  Stanford University
Press.  1988.
    The meaning of the social "contract" for women.

Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women:  Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_.  Stanford University Press.  1989.
    A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
    The meaning of consent.

Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_.  1990.
    Excellent study of abortion politics in America.  Examines the
    patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
    controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
    rights discourse for women.  Re-imagining "rights."

Tribe, Laurence H.  _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_.  W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990.  ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
    Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
    expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
    abortion.  Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
    two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
    would be upon defining a fetus as a "person."  Excellent and very
    readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.

Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_.  Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA.  1988.
    An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
    state.

Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_.  Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991.  ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
    The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
    relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
    affect gender roles and being female in this country.

Wilson, Elizabeth.  _Women and the Welfare State_.  Tavistock
Publications, London.  1977.


19.  Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------

Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
    Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
    It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
    statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
    are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
    "factual" in order to keep women subordinate.  One caveat about
    this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
    choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
    family.

Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.

Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds.  _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_.  Pergamon Press, New York.  1990.
    Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
    conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
    School.  Includes bibliographical references and index.

Smith, Joan.  _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_.  Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989.  ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
    From blurb:  "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
    of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating.  She observes
    the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
    generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
    unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
    be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
    prevalent.  It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
    before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).


20.  Religion.
--------------

Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_.  Revised edition.  Beacon
Press, Boston.  1986.  ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
    This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft".  It places
    feminist wicca in one of its contexts.  Otherwise the book is
    mainly about neopaganism.

Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_.  Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987.  ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
    A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
    Christianity.  In particular, there are interesting parallels
    between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
    Christian history and latter-day feminists.

Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_.  Beacon Press,
Boston.  1984.  ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
    Feminist biblical interpretation.

Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_.  Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.  1981.
    This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
    and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
    Jewish law.

Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_.  Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
    Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
    perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.

Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988.  ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
    Documents the strength of influence women had in early
    Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
    need not be anti-woman.  Originally published in German under
    _Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.

Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist:  A Reader_.  Schocken,
1984.

Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_.  Beacon Press. 1989.

Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_.  Schocken
Books, 1976.

Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_.  Beacon Press, Boston.  1989.
    Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
    by religious and social forces.  Although most of the emphasis is
    mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
    perspective.  Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
    one of the few female writers of the middle ages.

Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988.  Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_.  Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York.  1989.
    The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
    inextricably interwined with western culture views of women.  The
    latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
    receptive to women became patriarchal.

Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai:  Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_.  Harper Collins, 1990.  ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
    Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
    suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.

Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_.  ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
    This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
    (i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
    as they are feminist.  They ignore the distinctions between
    Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
    that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
    "church" to catch up with their reality.  Ruther has written other
    books with similar themes.

Schneider, Susan Weidman.  _Jewish and Female_.  Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.

Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982.  ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
    This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
    important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
    gives a bit more sense of the dialog.

Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_.  10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco.  1989.  ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
    This has clearly been a very influential book.  Z. Budapest is
    another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
    a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.

Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers.  1976.  ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
    Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
    worship.


21.  Sex and/or Violence.
-------------------------

Barry, Kathleen.  _Female Sexual Slavery_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.

Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien.  _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_.  Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.

Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_.  Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York.  1987.

Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
    This is a disturbing, contradictory work.  It is misrepresented
    both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
    a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
    denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
    A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
    consequences of rape in our society.

Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_.  Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
    Case studies on murder and sex crimes.

Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
    Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
    proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
    social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
    official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
    across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
    indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
    economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
    significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
    feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
    control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
    only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
    contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
    to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
    employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
    political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
    Tables, 55 References.

Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_.  Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.

Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition.  Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
    Original copyright 1970.
    "Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
    for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
    rape is not universal to the human species."

Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.

Haber, Joel D.  "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
    Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
    non-abused ones.

Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_.  Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
    From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
    and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
    Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
    They were not.  In fact, in many cases their punishment was
    harsher than that of men.  But this book is much more than a
    desription of battered women who kill in self-defense.  It is a
    social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
    society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons.  Here
    are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
    American society and women's place in it."

Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK.  1988.

Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873.  1985.

Koss, M.P.  "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education."  Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
    Controversial.  This was a study that showed a good percentage of
    the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
    paid for dinner, etc.  There were questions designed in such a way
    that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
    rape.  They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
    questions containing the word rape.

McFarlane, Judith.  "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
    A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
    abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
    pregnancy did.

Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
    Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
    homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
    through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
    Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
    spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
    reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
    spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
    married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
    times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
    greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
    White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
    for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
    increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
    through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
    45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
    relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
    patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
    reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
    spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.

Morgan, Robin.  _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company.  1989.  ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
    Controversial.  Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
    deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
    is fascinated by the terrorist.  We might even ambivalently admire
    such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
    impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
    ...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
    Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
    phenomenon of terrorism."

Quigley, Paxton.  _Armed and Female_.  E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
    Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
    NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
    Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
    women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.

Randall, Teri.  "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
    "Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
    women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
    combined."

Russell, Diana H.  _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.  1984.

Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
    Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
    College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
    violence.  According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
    rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
    be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
    rape.

Scully, Diana.  _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_.  Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.

Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier.  "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
    A study that found that medical records included the labels
    "neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
    with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
    compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
    women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
    in ten non-battered women.

Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_.  Doubleday, New York, 1980.  Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
    These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
    independent of gender.  They do not, however, include any
    consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.

Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss.  Harper and Row, New York. 1988.

Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
    The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
    that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
    wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
    from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
    started it'.

Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_.  Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.  1988.
    Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
    show.  Bibliographies.

_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
    This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
    how often people are affected by crimes.  The survey is given to a
    population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
    live in a residence.  There are two parts to the survey. a
    screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
    detailed questionnaire given to victims.  The detailed
    questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
    helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
    falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
    It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
    households with 101,000 people.  Approximately 96% of the selected
    population agreed to participate in the survey.

_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
    Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
    total (i.e., men and women) population.

_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
    Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
    statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
    based on police reports.  The data given by the UCR includes
    _only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
    negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
    the officer filing the report.

_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
    This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
    among women.  It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
    that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s).  The FBI's
    definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
    consent.  1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
    (rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
    occurs for boys.


22.  Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------

Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_,  5/6 (1990) 305-325.

Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.

Chestler, Phyllis.  [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]

Dale, R.R.  _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_.  Vols. I & II.  1969.
    Wide range of research on secondary schools.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds.  _The other half;
roads to women's equality_.  Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds.  _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_.  Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_.  Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York.  c1988.

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs.  _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_.  University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.

*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.

Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle.  _Gender at Work_.  Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston.  1983.
    Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.

*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_,  5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]

Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.

Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.

LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.

Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_.  Pergamon Press, Oxford.  1984.  223-230.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_.  Yale University Press, New Haven.  1979.

MacKinnon, Catharine.  "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_.  Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.

Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.

Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.

Pringle, Rosemary.  _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
    Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.

Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990.  153-163.

Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.

Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_.  University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
    This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
    in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
    their work throughout history.  It is the perfect companion volume
    to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.

Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.

Selvin, Paul.  "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.

Simeone, Angela.  _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_.  Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts.  1987.

Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_.  Cambridge
University Press, UK.  1987, pages 173-194.

Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.

Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds.  _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_.  The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992.  ISBN
0-89594-544-4.  ($10.95)
  Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
  by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
  from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse.  Stories
  are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry.  Many
  of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
  that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
  Hill.

Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.

Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children:  Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors,  _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.

Weitzman, Lenore.  _The Marriage Contract_.

    "...child care decisions.  Twentieth century case law has
    established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
    of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
    of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
    This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
    JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES.  For while most
    statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
    and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
    interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
    in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
    --unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]

    "The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
    constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
    mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
    The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
    justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....

    "Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
    natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
    accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
    challenged.  As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
    by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
    divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
    Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"

    "More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
    presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
    been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
    contested cases.  [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
    "Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
    _Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]


23.  Test Biases.
-----------------

Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
    When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
    performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
    those on men.  If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
    woman will tend to get higher grades in college.  Thus an
    admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
    reject some women who would have done better than men who were
    accepted.

    In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
    _American Scientist_, Brush wrote:

    [A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
    following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
    often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
    the 0.05 level of confidence).

        A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
        15 games.  Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
        row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
        percent winning record?

        A) 3    B) 5    C) 6    D) 11    E) 15

    With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
    quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
    the equation first.

Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
    According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
    artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
    have always received higher scores, on average, but their
    advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
    women's higher scores on the verbal part.  Women lost this
    compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
    introduction of test questions about science, business and
    "practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
    human relations, the arts, and the humanities.  There was no
    compensating change in the mathematics section.

Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
    Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.


24.  Women of Color.
--------------------

Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco.  1987.

Anzaldua, Gloria, ed.  _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_.  Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco.  c1990.

Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_.  Unwin Hyman,
Boston.  1990.  Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
    Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
    perspective.  May also include under feminist epistemology.

Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_.  Random House, New York, 1981.

DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_.  Routledge, New York.
1990.
    Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
    narratives.

Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_.  South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115.  1981.  ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
    Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
    historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
    within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
    with feminism.  The title comes from an address on the subject
    given by Sojourner Truth.

Hooks, Bell.  _Talking Back:  Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston.  1989.

Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_.  Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981.  Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
    Anthology of writings by women of color.

Smith, Barbara, ed.  _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_.  First
edition.  Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York.  1983.


25.  Women's Health.
--------------------

Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
    A very practical guide to women & our bodies.

Boston Women's Health Collective.  _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York.  1984.
    Updated.

Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
    Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.

ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group.  _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
    New book on women and aids and politics.

Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
    A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
    mistreats women.

Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble.  _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_.  Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
    Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics.  Includes
    bibliographical references.


(Auto)Biographies.
------------------

Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
    Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
    examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
    did.

Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).

Komisar, Lucy.  _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_.  G.
Braziller, New York.  1987.

Marlow, Joan.  _The Great Women_.  A&W Publishers, New York.  1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
    A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.

Moers, Ellen, ed.  _Literary Women_.  Reprint.  The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
    Copywrite 1977.  Describes women authors.

Morgan, Robin.  _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York.  1977.

Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.


Miscellaneous.
--------------

"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No.  2, p 141.
  Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
  rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
  marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
  physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles.  He and
  UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
  men in most track events by early next century.


Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_.  Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
     Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.

Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_.  Capricorn Books. 1964.  Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970.  Norton, New York, 1976.  Women's Press, London 1979.

Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).

Dyer, K.F.:  _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_.  Junction Books (UK),
1982.  ISBN 086245-075-X.
     This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
     fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
     must read.

Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.

|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_.  1985.
|    Defines many things from a feminist's point of view.  Includes
|    a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.

Lenskij, Helen:  _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_.  Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986.  ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
     Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
     sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
     been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
     A must read.

Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_.  Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987.  ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.

|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_.  1972.

Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980.  ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
     This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.

Steinem, Gloria.  _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
    This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
    was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
    result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
    such things as:
      * Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
      * The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
      * "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
        "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
      * What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.

Tuana, Nancy, ed.  _Rereading the Canon_.  Series.  Penn State Press.
    This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
    original and some previously published, offering feminist
    reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
    philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
    the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
    the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
    The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
    will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
    Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
    Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
    Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.

|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_.  1986.

Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1.  AMS Press Inc., NY 1986.  ISBN 0-404-63401-X.

Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938.  Extensively reprinted.
    Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.

Woolf, Virginia.  _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York.  1981, c1957.

Winterson, Jeanette.  _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London).  1987.


Acknowledgments.
----------------

My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, [e-mail]
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S.  Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L.  Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J.  Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J.  Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J.  Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.

Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to [e-mail].


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
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From: [e-mail] (Kurt Swanson)
Subject: rec.crafts.brewing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
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Archive-name: brewing-faq
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[V2M1: send comments/corrections to [e-mail]]

Frequently Asked Questions in Rec.Crafts.Brewing:

1. How is beer made?
2. How do I start?  What equipment do I need?
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
4. Where can I access the archives?
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
6. What is a good text on brewing?
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
15. What is CAMRA?
16. What is a hydrometer?  How is it used?  What is "specific gravity"?
17. What is a wort chiller?  How/why is it used?
18. What is hot break?  What is cold break?
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids?  What is HBU?  What is IBU?
21. What is "dry hopping"?  How should I dry hop?
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts?  What is Lovibond?
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)?  How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?

[Special thanks to Steve Russell and Tony Babinec]
[Extra-special thanks to Brian Smithey]
-------------------

1. How is beer made?

   Beer is made from extracting sugar from the starch in malted grain.  This is
   boiled with sufficient water & hops to make a "wort."  When this has cooled,
   brewer's yeast is added to ferment the wort to create this finished product,
   which is suitable for bottling or kegging, and maturation.  Some people mash
   their own grain, while others buy canned malt extract.  Either method is
   suitable for creating an award-winning brew, though mashing does allow
   greater control over the finished product, and "mash'ers" claim better beer
   is made.  For more complete information get the compressed file beginners.Z
   from the Stanford server (see #4).

2. How do I start?  What equipment do I need?

   There are specialty shops all over the country that sell ingredients
   and equipment for making beer and wine at home.  Check your yellow
   pages under "Beer" or "Wine" for homebrewing or home winemaking
   shops.  If you can't find a shop locally, many shops do mail order
   (more on mail order later).  Basic equipment includes a kettle for
   boiling the wort, a fermentation vessel of some kind -- glass
   carboys (5 gallon bottled water bottles) and food-grade plastic
   buckets are popular -- siphon hose for bottling, bottles, and a bottle
   capper and caps.  Most shops sell "starter kits", which include
   essential equipment (and sometimes some not-so-essential equipment),
   ingredients for your first batch, and a book.  Prices vary, $60-70
   U.S. is common.

3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?

   The Digest is an alternate forum for discussing homebrewing.  It is not
   associated in any manner with this newsgroup, or Usenet in general, except
   that a high percentage of people contribute to both forums.  The digest is a
   list-group which is sent out daily, containing all postings from the
   previous 24-hours.  The HBD generally handles a more advanced discussion of
   brewing issues.  Flames are not permitted.  Currently the HBD is being
   posted to this newsgroup as a courtesy.  Beware that some newsreaders will
   split the digest into its component articles, and that follow-up posts will
   not be seen by the original poster, nor other HBD subscribers.  Direct
   replies should work - but make sure the address is correct.  To subscribe to
   the digest, send a message containing "subscribe" to
   [e-mail].

4. Where can I access the archives?

   Currently no one that I know of archives rec.crafts.brewing, but the
   archives to the HBD are available.  They can be obtained via anonymous ftp
   from sierra.stanford.edu in the pub/homebrew directory.  Get the file called
   index for a complete description of what is available.  Many other "goodies"
   reside in this directory.  Please limit access to non-business hours.
   If you do not have ftp access, you can send a mail message containing the
   word "help" in it, to [e-mail], and you will receive
   instructions.

   Another server does exist for those who do not have ftp access, send a mail
   message containing only the word "HELP" to [e-mail] for more
   information.

5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?

   This is available on the archives, in the recipe-book subdirectory.  See #4
   for information on accessing the archives.

6. What is a good text on brewing?

   It is generally agreed that "The Complete Joy of Home Brewing," by Charlie
   Papazian is an excellent beginners text.  Other find David Miller's "The
   Complete Handbook of Homebrewing" just as good for the beginner, as well as
   containing more information suited for intermediate/advanced brewers.  I use
   both.  Other texts include "The Big Book of Brewing," by Dave Line, which is
   a British text (with British & metric measurements), and "Brewing Lager
   Beer" by Greg Noonan.  Mr. Line has also written a recipe book which does
   contain basic instructions, called "Brewing Beer Like Those You Buy."  Also
   you might try "Brewing Quality Beers," by Byron Burch, which has been
   described as "short enough to read for the extremely impatient, yet has lots
   of good information."  Lastly, CAMRA (see below), publishes "Home
   Brewing: The CAMRA Guide," by Graham Wheeler, 1990.  Write to CAMRA
   directly, at the  address given below.

7. Where can I get mail order supplies?

   The wang archive server contains the file "suppliers" which is a good place
   to start, or try the classifieds in any copy of Zymurgy.  Also, try the
   yellow pages under "Beer making supplies" and "Wine Making."
   Lastly, the original copy of "the Cat's Meow" (see #5), contains a list
   of mail order shops.

8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?

   These are three special topic mailing lists, unassociated with Usenet.
   Subscribers send mail to the list and then copies are immediately mailed out
   to every other subscriber.  The lambic-list covers information on brewing a
   special type of Belgian brew called lambic (ask for it at your liquor
   store).  The beerjudge-list covers topics related to judging beer in
   competitions, as well as administration of the judge test.  The
   cider-list involves the brewing of cider.  To subscribe, send mail
   to [e-mail], [e-mail],
   and [e-mail] .  Include your name, email
   address, and in the case of the judge-list, your judging rank
   ("apprentice" for non-judges).

9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?

   Zymurgy is a quarterly publication, plus one special topics issue, put out
   by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA).  Zymurgy contains many
   article on brewing as well as information & ads regarding clubs and
   supplies.  Contact the AHA by phone or US mail to:

   American Homebrewers Association, Inc.
   P.O. Box 1679
   Boulder, CO 80306-1679
   [phone]

10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?

   The Wang archive server contains a file listing brewpubs.  The file is call
   brewpub-list.  See question #4 on how to access the server.

11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?

   Worry?  No.  There are several possibilities.  First, depending on your
   recipe, an acceptable terminal gravity may be high.  For example, a Barley
   Wine with an initial gravity of 1.120, might completely ferment out at
   1.040.  On the other hand, a lite lager, with an initial gravity of 1.025
   might ferment all the way down to 1.002.  Thus you should check with your
   recipe, or a similar recipe of that style, to determine what might be
   proper.  If you still believe it is high, and this is a frequent occurrence,
   you may have a "stuck fermentation."  This occurs for a variety of reasons.
   The wort might not have been sufficiently aerated to start with, you might
   slosh it around in the fermenter.  Or, fermentation temperature might have
   dropped to the point where the yeast may go dormant.  Also, the yeast might
   not have enough nutrients in the wort to work with.  This often occurs in
   extract brewing.  In these latter two cases,  you might try adding a yeast
   nutrient, according to the instruction that come with it.  Lastly, give it
   time, as fermentation may slow, then suddenly accelerate at a later date.

12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?

   Some yeasts take longer to start than others.  Make sure your fermentation
   temperature is in the right range (lower temps slow yeast activity).  Also,
   high temperatures are bad for yeast.  Besides problems of mutation, yeast
   may be killed if pitched before the wort has sufficiently cooled.  You might
   try aerating the wort by sloshing it around in the fermenter.  Lastly, the
   pitching rate affects startup time.  If you pitch too little yeast, not only
   will the lag time be greater, but you also risk infection.  Many people
   either use 2 packets of dry yeast (Whitbread excepted), or make a starter
   culture from one packet, or from liquid yeast.

13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?

   Steve Russell has compiled an on-line list of homebrew clubs.  You can
   contact him by sending mail to: [e-mail] or
   [e-mail].

14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?

   The following was graciously submitted by Paul Chisholm regarding a recent
   discussion on bottle fillers in this newsgroup... Thanks, Paul...

   Some people Worry (for shame!-) that a bottle filler causes more
   oxidation (because of spraying through the smaller opening, rather than
   through the whole opening at the end of the siphon tube, I guess).  The
   solution is to tilt the bottle at the beginning, and stick the end of
   the bottling wand into the bottom "corner" of the bottle.  The wand's
   end is soon covered with beer, and no amount of spraying will cause any
   extra air to be mixed in with the beer.  Also, if the end of the wand
   (or siphon tube, or whatever) isn't much lower than the end of the
   siphon tube in the priming carboy (or whatever), the beer will be
   siphoned slowly, at low pressure, reducing spraying.  (This works for
   any bottle filling procedure.)

   Another problem is the bottle filler has beer in it.  When you lift the
   filler from the bottle, that beer doesn't go into the bottle, and the
   headspace is greatly increased.  Even if you fill the bottle almost
   full, the resulting headspace is larger than some people consider
   optimal.  You can fill the bottle, move the filler to the top of the
   bottle, and press the tip of the filler to drizzle enough beer down the
   side of the bottle to reduce the head space.

   There are two kinds of fillers.  One kind has a spring.  The other has
   a stopper that's held down by the weight of the beer.  The latter is
   slower.  Does that mean oxidation is less of a problem?  I expect it's
   easier to finish filling (using the side-of-the-bottle trick) with a
   springless filler.

   (There's also something called Phil's Philler, which has a hole at the
   top as well as at the bottom.  You can remove the filler without
   removing the beer in it, thus eliminating the headspace problem.)

   My take on all this is that there are ways to use a bottle filler to
   reduce problems (and reduce Worry).  I didn't find enough evidence of
   problems to bottle my beer without a bottle filler.

15. What is CAMRA?

   CAMRA stands for "the CAMpaign for Real Ale," a British consumers'
   group that is concerned with changes, primarily in the quality of
   British beers.  For membership details write:
        Campaign for Real Ale, Ltd
        34 Alma Road
        St. Albans
        Herts AL1 3BR
        United Kingdom

16. What is a hydrometer?  How is it used?  What is "specific gravity"?

   A hydrometer measures the weight of a liquid relative to the same
   volume of water (i.e., relative densities).  In brewing, much of
   this excess weight is expected to be from fermentable and unfermentable
   malt sugars.  Most hydrometers measure Specific Gravity (SG), which
   tells how many times heavier than water the liquid of interest is;
   for example, a 1.050 SG wort is 1.05 times heavier than an equal volume
   of water at 60 F.  SG measurements are temperature dependent, and SG
   should be measured at 60 F., as water is SG 1.0 at 60 F.

   Hydrometers often come with a temperature conversion chart, but
   hydrometers often are not accurately calibrated, so that water at
   60F will not read 1.0.  An easy way to take SG readings with a
   hydrometer is to measure at room temperature, and then measure water
   at room temperature and take the difference.

   Some abbreviations commonly used in homebrewing relating to specific
   gravity:  OG, Original (wort specific) Gravity; FG or TG, Final or
   Terminal Gravity (when the beer is finished fermenting).

17. What is a wort chiller?  How/why is it used?

   A wort chiller is a device used to quickly cool boiling wort to
   yeast pitching temperatures.  Two common constructions are the
   immersion chiller and the counterflow chiller.  The immersion
   chiller consists of a coil of copper tubing that is immersed in
   the wort, and cold water is run through the tubing.  Counterflow
   designs usually consist of copper tubing inside of a larger diameter
   plastic tubing; cold water runs through the plastic tubing in one
   direction, cooling wort runs through the copper tubing in the other
   direction.

   Using a chiller to quickly cool wort has several advantages over
   slow air cooling.  You get your yeast pitched quickly, reducing
   the risk of infection; the time the wort spends at DMS* producing
   temperatures is reduced; and a quick chill promotes good cold break.

   * DMS is Dimethyl Sulfide, a malt by-product with an aroma
   described as similar to cooked corn.

18. What is hot break?  What is cold break?

   Hot and cold break are terms used by homebrewers to describe the
   flocculation of proteins and other materials during the boil (the
   hot break) and cooling (the cold break).  This material tends to
   settle to the bottom of your kettle or fermenter, where it becomes
   part of the "trub".  Sometimes the terms "hot break" and "cold break"
   will be used to refer to the activity ("I had a great cold break
   when I pumped ice water through my wort chiller"), while at other
   times the brewer may be referring to the actual matter ("The cold
   break settled to the bottom of my carboy"); if you're worried that
   you may not be understood, you can always specify whether you're
   talking about the occurrence or the stuff.  Usually it is understood
   from context.

19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?

   All fermentables (malt extract syrup, dry malt extract, grain malt,
   sugar, honey, etc.) cause an increase in the specific gravity of the
   solution when added to water.  A common way to measure how much the
   specific gravity increases is the number of SG points of increase
   when a pound of the ingredient is added to one gallon of water.
   Most fermentables used for beer are in the range of 25-45 points
   per pound per gallon.  Values for many of these ingredients may be
   found in the references mentioned in the Bibliography section.  When
   substituting one fermentable for another, use the ratio of the
   specific gravity contributions of each ingredient to scale the one
   you will use to the amount that will provide the desired SG contribution.

   Example:  You have an all-grain recipe that calls for 8# of Malted
   Barley, and you want to replace it with extract syrup.  One of my
   references lists the SG contributions of these ingredients as
   approximately 30 points for the grain and 36 points for the syrup
   per pound of ingredient per gallon of water.  You multiply the
   8# of grain in the recipe by 30/36 to get 6 2/3 pounds of malt
   extract syrup.

20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids?  What is HBU?  What is IBU?

   Alpha acids are bittering compounds found in hops that are extracted
   when hops are boiled with wort.  The alpha acid "rating" on hops
   describes how much of the weight of the hop is made up of alpha acids.
   Hops with a higher alpha acid content will contribute more bitterness
   than a low alpha hop when using the same amount of hop.

   HBU stands for "Homebrew Bitterness Unit", which is a recipe unit
   for hops.  It takes into account the alpha acid content of the hop,
   so that a recipe will call for a certain amount of HBU's rather than
   an amount specified in ounces.  HBU is computed by multiplying the
   weight of hops in oz. by the alpha acid percentage of the hops; sum
   for all hop additions.  For example, 1 oz of 7% alpha hops will have
   a HBU of 7.  Note that volume is ignored in the HBU, therefore it
   is important to include the volume of the recipe, or express the
   hop additions in HBU per gallon (or HBU per 5 gallons) rather than
   just strictly HBU.

   IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of
   the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer,
   rather than a recipe unit.  However, the "Hops and Beer" special
   issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating
   IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume,
   wort gravity, and time in the boil.

   Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential"
   for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU
   represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not
   the hops.

21. What is "dry hopping"?  How should I dry hop?

   Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some
   time after the boil.  The technique is used to increase hop aroma
   in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost
   when hops are boiled.  Common practice is to add the hops to a
   secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the
   beer will be served.  Dry hops added to a fermenter should be
   left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two.  The
   consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the
   time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient
   to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the
   hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops
   is not deemed necessary.  Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets
   may be used for dry hopping.

22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts?  What is Lovibond?

   For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color
   of malted barley and beer.  Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure,
   and contribute more color to brewed beer.  Darker crystal malts (such
   as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color
   than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt.  Dave Miller's
   book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting
   the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes
   into making the beer.

23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)?  How is "Wyeast" pronounced?

   "Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing
   yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories.  There are more than a dozen
   varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast.  Many brewers
   that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by
   bacteria.  For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts
   available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy.
   Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts,
   especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture
   yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results.

   The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast",
   and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood
   in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab.

24. How do I make a yeast starter?

   The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching
   the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with
   an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build
   up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort.  This
   "starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with
   water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water.  Some
   brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their
   antiseptic qualities.  When the starter is at high krauesen (the
   term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your
   starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch.
   Typical time for a starter is 24 hours.  This technique is recommended
   for both dry and liquid yeasts.

25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?

   You multiply (or divide) by 1.  PPM (parts per million) is
*defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter).

--
Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science,
Lunds universitet.  [e-mail]
X-NEWS: leif alt.activism: 22412
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From: [e-mail] (Mark Robert Thorson)
Newsgroups: alt.activism
Subject: Re: Anthropological News Network
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
Date: Thu, 12 Nov 92 22:36:35 PST
Organization: The Portal System (TM)
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There's an activist newsletter for anthropologists you may be interested in.
It's called the ACPAC Newsletter and is published by the American
Committee for Preservation of Archeological Collections.  They fight
the efforts of people who want artifacts to be returned to native peoples
for reburial, etc.  There have been several outrageous cases of modern
native Americans demanding and receiving artifacts which have absolutely
no connection to existing tribes.

The newsletter is free.  Write to:
ACPAC, P.O. Box 1171, Whittier CA 90609-1171