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- From: rowe@pender.ee.upenn.edu (Mickey Rowe)
- Newsgroups: sci.bio
- Subject: Re: Are most deer colorblind???
- Message-ID: <98388@netnews.upenn.edu>
- Date: 19 Nov 92 18:35:52 GMT
- References: <1992Nov16.164717.11369@news.unomaha.edu> <1992Nov16.193918.19728@u.washington.edu>
- Sender: news@netnews.upenn.edu
- Organization: University of Pennsylvania
- Lines: 128
- Nntp-Posting-Host: pender.ee.upenn.edu
-
- In article <1992Nov16.193918.19728@u.washington.edu> jespah@carson.u.washington.edu (Kathleen Hunt) writes:
-
- >One of my physiology texts here says "Color vision has been demonstrated
- >in all classes of vertebrates", but I think the only class it is
- >really widespread in is the birds.
-
- No, it's very widespread in teleost fish as well.
-
- >Most birds have superb color vision, with
- >tons of cones, visual pigments, and special colored oil droplets for
- >contrast, in addition to UV sensitivity. Gill's "Ornithology" text says flat
- >out "The richness of avian color perception is probably beyond that of
- >human experience."
-
- Definitive studies haven't really demonstrated this yet, but judging
- from retinal anatomy this is a good guess. I can point to a few
- papers on color vision in pigeons if anyone is interested. Pigeons
- have a variety of pigments in their oil droplets and in their cones.
- The bizarre thing is that different pigments are localized in
- different retinal regions. Throw in the fact that pigeons have two
- fovea in each eye... The only thing it seems reasonable for me to
- conclude is that the visual world of the pigeon resembles ours not at
- all. Many other birds have similarly strange retinas (and don't even
- get me started on the subject of the perception of optical
- polarization :-)
-
- >Mammals on the other hand usually don't have very good
- >color vision -- especially nocturnal mammals. Diurnal mammals, like squirrels
- >and primates, especially fruit-eaters, tend to have very good color vision
- >but a lot of the other mammals have some poor excuse for color vision or
- >none at all.
-
- Actually squirrels don't have really good color vision, but they do
- seem to be better at making "color" discriminations than many other
- mammals. However this impression might be due in part to people
- looking for color discriminations in the wrong wavelength bands.
- Within the past couple of years, evidence of UV detection has been
- discovered in three different rodents (mice, rats and gerbils if I
- remember correctly).
-
- >Usually careful studies reveal *some* sensitivity to color but
- >it's usually not comparable to what we're used to. For instance cats can
- >distinguish pink from grey, but that's about it. (Of course they can
- >distinguish all different shades of grey, too.)
-
- Apparently it's difficult to get cats to make discriminations based on
- "color" even though they have all the necessary ingredients for it.
-
- >A general rule of thumb for figuring out if an species has color vision is,
- >do they eat brightly colored things (fruits, flowers) or communicate with
- >each other with color in some way (bird plumage, lizard dewlap
- >displays)? In other words would color vision be useful for them in some way?
-
- Careful on the plumage thing... I take it you've heard of the pitohui
- by now? Bright coloration also signifies "I'm poisonous; don't eat
- me!" Since distinctive coloration is nearly ubiquitous in poisonous
- animals (and plants?) one might argue that color vision is useful to
- just about *any* animal.
-
- Also be careful about what "brightly colored" means. To us there are
- a lot of drab white flowers. To bees there are some drab black ones
- (e.g. roses that appear red to us) but probably no drab white ones.
- Those that appear "white" to us have interesting patterns of
- reflection of light with wavelengths too short for us to perceive.
-
- > Lizards may have good color vision, as they have
- >a lot of cones in their retinas.
-
- A little bit of care has to be taken with the cone/rod distinction,
- since there is evidence that the two photoreceptor subtypes
- "transmutate" into each other. For example the "rods" of the banded
- gecko are most likely homologs of the "cones" of other vertebrates. I
- think there are animals where the opposite is true--perhaps
- sharks--but I can't recall for sure off the top of my head.
-
- >I don't know about amphibians.
-
- I don't know as that anybody knows a whole lot about amphibian color
- vision, but the tiger salamander has three cone classes, including one
- with UV sensitivity (peak wavelength something less than 400 nm).
-
- >Many animals can detect the plane of polarized light, most famously the
- >honeybees (navigation, the waggle dance, all of that), but also horseshoe
- >crabs, octopi, some fishes, pigeons, lizards, & more. Seems to be important in
- >orientation in a lot of animals.
-
- I *asked* you not to get me started about that :-) Polarization vision
- is well established in crabs (including the non-crab horseshoe crab
- :), octopi and a variety of other invertebrates. Vertebrate
- polarization sensitivity is somewhat more problematic. Aside from
- anchovies, polarization vision in fish is probable, but not well
- established (Please *PLEASE* don't get me started on that :-). In
- pigeons it may well be that previous reports of polarization
- sensitivity result only from artifacts of the stimulation paradigms.
- That's the direction that the jury is currently heading. I have
- independent reasons for anticipating that polarization sensitivity
- will be found in other birds, but the pigeon case is iffy.
-
- >Rattlesnakes & their relatives have directional sensitivity to infrared
- >(heat) radiation, so in essence they can see in infrared.
-
- That's not fair because their sensors are not in their eyes. Boid
- snakes have independently evolved a similar set of receptors, however.
-
- >Stop me or I'll start babbling about homing pigeon experiments and bee
- >cognitive maps and toad movement detectors. :-)
-
- Me too. I want to babble about one other thing, though :-)
-
- The one place where color vision does not seem to be worth the effort
- is in nocturnal animals. In fact it is most likely because of this
- that elaborate color vision isn't well represented in mammals--during
- the mesozoic era, mammals were restricted to a few nocturnal lineages
- and this is reflected in the visual systems of those currently extant.
-
- My impression is that previous misconceptions about "the ladder of
- life" have lead people to think that because mammals don't have much
- by way of color vision, color vision isn't widespread at all. In fact
- quite the opposite is true.
-
- >Kathleen
-
- Mickey Rowe (rowe@pender.ee.upenn.edu)
-
- P.S. I'm working on some posts outlining the evolution of color
- vision. They'll be posted to talk.origins when I complete
- them--e-mail me if you'd like a copy mailed to you directly.
-
-