40 LOCATE 1,25:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SIZE":COLOR 0,7:LOCATE 15,15:PRINT" ":LOCATE 16,15:PRINT" IBM ":LOCATE 17,15:PRINT" 360 ":LOCATE 18,15:PRINT" ":COLOR 3,0
50 LOCATE 18,55:COLOR 0,7:PRINT" PC ":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 7,4:PRINT"<"STRING$(17,"-"):LOCATE 7,57:PRINT STRING$(20,"-")">":LOCATE 6,22:PRINT"The border that surrounds this text"
60 LOCATE 7,22:PRINT"represents ENIAC, the first totally":LOCATE 8,22:PRINT"electronic digital computer. It took":LOCATE 9,22:PRINT"up 1500 square feet of floor space,":LOCATE 10,22:PRINT"weighed over 30 tons, and contained"
70 LOCATE 11,22:PRINT"over 18,000 vacuum tubes that failed":LOCATE 12,22:PRINT"at the rate of 1 every 7 minutes.":LOCATE 13,22:PRINT"It first went into service in 1946.":LOCATE 20,18:PRINT"1964":LOCATE 21,17:PRINT"IBM 360"
100 LOCATE 6,10:PRINT" Computers got smaller when the VACUUM ":LOCATE 7,4:PRINT"<--- TUBE was replaced by the TRANSISTOR, "
110 LOCATE 8,4:PRINT" E and soon thereafter, by SILICON CHIPS. ":LOCATE 9,4:PRINT" N "
120 LOCATE 10,4:PRINT" I The development of LARGE SCALE INTE- ":LOCATE 11,4:PRINT" A GRATION (putting huge amounts of data "
130 LOCATE 12,4:PRINT" C in microscopic spaces) also aided in ":LOCATE 13,4:PRINT"<--- the reduction of computer size. ":GOSUB 1030
140 IF BACKFLAG THEN 30
150 LOCATE 6,4:PRINT" As computers became SMALLER, they also became FASTER.":LOCATE 7,4:PRINT"<--- "
160 LOCATE 8,4:PRINT" E In the early days, processing time would be measured ":LOCATE 9,4:PRINT" N in SECONDS and MILLISECONDS (thousandths of a second).
170 LOCATE 10,4:PRINT" I Today, processing time is measured in MICROSECONDS":LOCATE 11,4:PRINT" A (millionths of a second) and NANOSECONDS (billionths
180 LOCATE 12,4:PRINT" C of a second). The C P U (central processing unit) in":LOCATE 13,4:PRINT"<--- in the IBM P C is FOUR times faster than the 360 !!!":GOSUB 1030
230 LOCATE 4,20:PRINT"The Central Processing Unit Has 2 Parts":LOCATE 8,26:PRINT"THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT":LOCATE 15,14:PRINT"CONTROL UNIT":LOCATE 15,51:PRINT"ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT
320 FOR A=3 TO 7:LOCATE A,27:PRINT"██":LOCATE A,52:PRINT"██";:NEXT:LOCATE 7,27:PRINT STRING$(25,219);:LOCATE 11,7:PRINT STRING$(16,219):LOCATE 11,35:PRINT STRING$(11,219):LOCATE 11,58:PRINT STRING$(14,219)
330 FOR A=11 TO 15:LOCATE A,7:PRINT"██":LOCATE A,22:PRINT"██";:NEXT:FOR A=11 TO 15:LOCATE A,35:PRINT"██":LOCATE A,45:PRINT"██";:NEXT:FOR A=11 TO 15:LOCATE A,58:PRINT"██":LOCATE A,71:PRINT"██";:NEXT
420 COLOR 15,0:LOCATE 3,21:PRINT"THE COMPUTER'S INTERNAL TRANSIT SYSTEM":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 5,15:PRINT "All information that goes in and out of a computer":LOCATE 6,15:PRINT"passes through an input/output port (I/O Port).
430 LOCATE 8,15:PRINT "Early computers had only SERIAL PORTS that received":LOCATE 9,15:PRINT"and returned data serially, or, one bit at a time.":LOCATE 11,15:PRINT"Processing time in computers was vastly improved
440 LOCATE 12,15:PRINT"by the development of PARALLEL PORTS which handle":LOCATE 13,15:PRINT"and move large amounts of data simultaneously.":LOCATE 15,15:PRINT"The process utilizes electrical conductors (printed
450 LOCATE 16,15:PRINT"circuit boards) that will carry multiple electrical":LOCATE 17,15:PRINT"impulses around the innards of the computer.":LOCATE 19,15:PRINT"These multiple impulse carriers are known as BUSSES,
460 LOCATE 20,15:PRINT"and when several are used together, they are called":LOCATE 21,15:PRINT"BUS SYSTEMS.":GOSUB 1030
470 IF BACKFLAG THEN 310
480 CLS:COLOR 3,0:GOSUB 1130:LOCATE 2,25:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"PUTTING MEMORY IN HUMAN TERMS":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 4,12:PRINT"Humans and computers think of MEMORY in different ways."
490 LOCATE 5,12:PRINT"We think of it in terms of letters and pages. Computers":LOCATE 6,12:PRINT"(and computer people) deal with memory in terms of BITS,":LOCATE 7,12:PRINT"BYTES, K's, and MEGS. The comparison chart below
500 LOCATE 8,12:PRINT"should make it all a little easier to understand.":LOCATE 10,1:PRINT STRING$(80,219):FOR A=11 TO 22:LOCATE A,1:PRINT"██":LOCATE A,79:PRINT"██";:NEXT:LOCATE 23,1:PRINT STRING$(80,219);
510 COLOR 1,0:LOCATE 12,15:PRINT"COMPUTERS":LOCATE 12,53:PRINT"HUMANS":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 14,4:PRINT"8 BITS = 1 BYTE":LOCATE 14,40:PRINT"Nothing comparable to BITS.":LOCATE 16,4:PRINT"1 BYTE = 1 CHARACTER"
520 LOCATE 16,40:PRINT"Any LETTER, NUMBER, SYMBOL, OR SPACE.":LOCATE 18,4:PRINT"1 K = 1024 BYTES":LOCATE 18,40:PRINT"1 PAGE = 3072 BYTES or 3 K.":LOCATE 20,4:PRINT"1 MEGABYTE = 1 Million BYTES":LOCATE 20,40:PRINT"1 MEG = approx. 333 PAGES.":GOSUB 1030
530 IF BACKFLAG THEN 410
540 CLS:GOSUB 1130:LOCATE 4,1:PRINT STRING$(80,219):FOR A=4 TO 22:LOCATE A,1:PRINT"██":LOCATE A,79:PRINT"██";:NEXT:LOCATE 23,1:PRINT STRING$(80,219);:LOCATE 2,21:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY":COLOR 3,0
550 LOCATE 5,3:PRINT STRING$(76,32);:LOCATE 6,3:PRINT STRING$(76,32);:LOCATE 7,12:PRINT" <1> PERMANENT MEMORY is the computers main, work-":LOCATE 8,12:PRINT" ing memory. It is also known as ADDRESSABLE
560 LOCATE 9,12:PRINT" MEMORY.":LOCATE 10,3:PRINT STRING$(76,32);:LOCATE 11,3:PRINT STRING$(76,32);:LOCATE 12,12:PRINT" <2> LONG TERM MEMORY is simply STORAGE. This is":LOCATE 13,12:PRINT" memory that may be stored outside the computer
570 LOCATE 14,4:PRINT" on tapes, floppy diskettes, or hard disks.":LOCATE 15,3:PRINT STRING$(76,32);:LOCATE 16,3:PRINT STRING$(76,32);:LOCATE 17,12:PRINT" <3> LEARNED MEMORY is SOFTWARE. This is memory
580 LOCATE 18,4:PRINT" that the computer uses temporarily to per-":LOCATE 19,4:PRINT" form a specific task. The computer will not":LOCATE 20,4:PRINT" retain this data, but must `RELEARN' it each
590 LOCATE 21,4:PRINT" time you wish to use it.":GOSUB 1030
600 IF BACKFLAG THEN 480
610 LOCATE 2,21:COLOR 15,0:PRINT" FILES, RECORDS, AND FIELDS ":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 7,12:PRINT" In order to understand how your PC handles and":LOCATE 8,12:PRINT" stores data and information, you will need to
620 LOCATE 9,12:PRINT" understand FILES, RECORDS, and FIELDS.":LOCATE 11,12:PRINT" A diskette may contain up to 128 FILES. A FILE":LOCATE 12,12:PRINT" is a collection of related RECORDS arranged in
630 LOCATE 13,12:PRINT" FIELDS of data. Each FILE may have thousands of":LOCATE 14,12:PRINT" RECORDS. RECORDS may have thousands of FIELDS.":LOCATE 16,7:PRINT" FILES------>contain------>RECORDS----->contain------->FIELDS "
640 LOCATE 17,7:PRINT"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX":LOCATE 18,7:PRINT"X The X X Lambert X X Age X"
650 LOCATE 19,7:PRINT"X Pittsburgh X X Swann X X Height X":LOCATE 20,7:PRINT"X Steelers X X Bradshaw X X Weight X"
690 LOCATE 5,20:PRINT"The Disk Operating System is responsible":LOCATE 6,20:PRINT"for the overall operation of your PC.":LOCATE 7,20:PRINT"DOS has 3 main operational functions:":LOCATE 9,39:PRINT"DOS"
750 LOCATE 5,15:PRINT"MACHINE LANGUAGE":LOCATE 7,15:PRINT"All computers operate in MACHINE LANGUAGE, which is":LOCATE 8,15:PRINT"a language without words.":LOCATE 10,15:PRINT"Machine language is composed completely of BINARY
760 LOCATE 11,15:PRINT"NUMBERS, which are simply strings of zeros and ones":LOCATE 12,15:PRINT"(the binary equivalent of 14 is 1110).":LOCATE 14,15:PRINT"ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE":LOCATE 16,15:PRINT"Because programming with binary numbers was so time
770 LOCATE 17,15:PRINT"consuming and intricate, man soon developed a better":LOCATE 18,15:PRINT"way. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE allows programs and data to":LOCATE 19,15:PRINT"be entered in words and letters. Assembly language
780 LOCATE 20,15:PRINT"is translated into machine language by a program":LOCATE 21,15:PRINT"called an ASSEMBLER.":GOSUB 1030
790 IF BACKFLAG THEN 680
800 CLS:GOSUB 1130:LOCATE 1,1:PRINT"╔"STRING$(78,"═")"╗":FOR A=2 TO 22:LOCATE A,1:PRINT"║":LOCATE A,80:PRINT"║";:NEXT:LOCATE 23,1:PRINT"╚"STRING$(78,"═")"╝";:LOCATE 3,35:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"LANGUAGES":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 5,15:PRINT"HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
810 LOCATE 7,15:PRINT"The invention of a program called a COMPILER, which":LOCATE 8,15:PRINT"is very much like an assembler, enabled man to dev-":LOCATE 9,15:PRINT"elop languages that were very close to plain English.
820 LOCATE 10,15:PRINT"There are probably hundreds of these HIGH LEVEL LAN-":LOCATE 11,15:PRINT"GUAGES. A few, however, dominate the industry.":LOCATE 13,15:PRINT"BASIC":LOCATE 15,15:PRINT"BASIC is, without doubt,the most widely known language
830 LOCATE 16,15:PRINT"in the world today. BASIC stands for Beginner's All":LOCATE 17,15:PRINT"Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC was developed":LOCATE 18,15:PRINT"in the mid-60's at Dartmouth College.
840 LOCATE 20,15:PRINT"There are 3 levels of BASIC available on your PC: DISK":LOCATE 21,15:PRINT"BASIC, CASSETTE BASIC, and ADVANCED BASIC.":GOSUB 1030
870 LOCATE 6,15:PRINT"FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslator. It was one":LOCATE 7,15:PRINT"of the first high level languages developed (1957)":LOCATE 8,15:PRINT"and it is still the second most dominant language
880 LOCATE 9,15:PRINT"in use today. FORTRAN is used primarily for tech-":LOCATE 10,15:PRINT"nical and scientific applications.":LOCATE 12,15:PRINT"COBOL":LOCATE 14,15:PRINT"COBOL is used extensively in business and account-
890 LOCATE 15,15:PRINT"ing. In fact, COBOL means COmmon Business Oriented":LOCATE 16,15:PRINT"Language.":LOCATE 18,15:PRINT"OTHER HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES":LOCATE 20,15:PRINT"Some other languages you may see are: PASCAL, PL/1,
900 LOCATE 21,15:PRINT"SNOBOL, LISP, STRESS, LOGO, JOVIAL, and ALGOL.":GOSUB 1030
910 IF BACKFLAG THEN 800
920 CLS:GOSUB 1130:LOCATE 1,1:PRINT"╔"STRING$(78,"═")"╗":FOR A=2 TO 22:LOCATE A,1:PRINT"║":LOCATE A,80:PRINT"║";:NEXT:LOCATE 23,1:PRINT"╚"STRING$(78,"═")"╝";:LOCATE 4,22:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"THE 15 COMMANDMENTS OF DISKETTE CARE
930 COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 6,15:PRINT"#1 Always make a back-up of data diskettes.":LOCATE 8,15:PRINT"#2 Use the backup. Store the master.":LOCATE 10,15:PRINT"#3 Identify and label immediately.
940 LOCATE 12,15:PRINT"#4 Use only soft-tipped pens to write on diskettes.":LOCATE 14,15:PRINT"#5 Insert with label up - under your thumb.":LOCATE 16,15:PRINT"#6 Avoid turning computer on or off with diskette in drive.
950 LOCATE 18,15:PRINT"#7 Keep away from magnetic fields (Monitor, Phone, TV, etc.)":LOCATE 20,15:PRINT"#8 Keep away from food or drink.":GOSUB 1030
960 IF BACKFLAG THEN 860
970 CLS:GOSUB 1130:LOCATE 1,1:PRINT"╔"STRING$(78,"═")"╗":FOR A=2 TO 22:LOCATE A,1:PRINT"║":LOCATE A,80:PRINT"║";:NEXT:LOCATE 23,1:PRINT"╚"STRING$(78,"═")"╝";:LOCATE 4,22:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"THE 15 COMMANDMENTS OF DISKETTE CARE":COLOR 3,0
980 LOCATE 6,15:PRINT"#9 Keep away from excessive dust or heat.":LOCATE 8,15:PRINT"#10 Touch only the jacket, not the diskette.":LOCATE 10,15:PRINT"#11 Return all diskettes to envelopes after use.
990 LOCATE 12,15:PRINT"#12 Store diskettes horizontally or vertically ONLY.":LOCATE 14,15:PRINT"#13 Spring for a plastic diskette holder.":LOCATE 16,15:PRINT"#14 Clean disk drive head frequently.
1000 LOCATE 18,15:PRINT"#15 Treat diskettes like record albums, not frisbees.":GOSUB 1030
1010 IF BACKFLAG THEN 920
1020 CHAIN"MENU1",5000
1030 BACKFLAG=0:LOCATE 24,12:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"Strike Any Key To Continue Strike <F1> For Previous Page";:COLOR 3,0
1040 DEF SEG:POKE 106,0:IF INKEY$<>"" THEN 1040
1050 Z=INKEY$:IF Z="" THEN 1050
1060 IF LEN(Z)>1 THEN IF RIGHT$(Z,1)=";" THEN BACKFLAG=1
1140 PRINT" Strike <F10> To Leave This Program ";:COLOR 3,0:LOCATE XLIN,XPOS,0
1150 KEY(10) ON:RETURN
1160 ON ERROR GOTO 1170:RUN"MENU1"
1170 ON ERROR GOTO 1180:RUN"MENU2"
1180 RUN"MENU3"
1190 COLOR 11,0:CLS:LOCATE 1,19:PRINT"┌"STRING$(43,"─")"┐":LOCATE 3,19:PRINT"└"STRING$(43,"─")"┘":LOCATE 2,19:PRINT"│"SPC(43)"│":COLOR 0,7:LOCATE 2,29:PRINT" F R I E N D L Y W A R E ":COLOR 3,0
1200 LOCATE 6,28:PRINT"Before Proceeding You Must":PRINT TAB(21)"Correctly Answer The Following Questions.":LOCATE 12,19:PRINT"1) What Is The Total Square Footage Of Utah?":PRINT:PRINT TAB(19)"2) How Many Nickels Are There In $1,387,865?"
1210 FOR I=1 TO 1000:I$=INKEY$:NEXT I:FOR I=1 TO 25:IF INKEY$="" THEN LOCATE 20,15,0:PRINT"WAITING WAITING WAITING WAITING":LOCATE 20,15,0:PRINT SPC(52):NEXT I
1220 COLOR 11,0:CLS:LOCATE 1,19:PRINT"┌"STRING$(43,"─")"┐":LOCATE 3,19:PRINT"└"STRING$(43,"─")"┘":LOCATE 2,19:PRINT"│"SPC(43)"│":COLOR 0,7:LOCATE 2,29:PRINT" F R I E N D L Y W A R E ":COLOR 3,0:LOCATE 5,34,0:PRINT"JUST KIDDING":PRINT:PRINT
1230 PRINT TAB(10)"Actually, we're glad you're here. And we're happy you chose":PRINT TAB(10)"I B M and F R I E N D L Y W A R E. Both are excellent choices.":PRINT:PRINT TAB(10)"Our objective, over the next 320,000 bytes of programming, is"
1240 PRINT TAB(10)"to provide you with a vehicle to help you to get to know your":PRINT TAB(10)"P C, feel at home around it, and be relaxed when using it.":PRINT:PRINT TAB(10)"Your computer is not something to be feared or to be in awe"
1250 PRINT TAB(10)"of. It's at YOUR disposal, and the sooner you start to think":PRINT TAB(10)"of it as your friend and ally, the sooner you can get down to":PRINT TAB(10)"using an I B M Personal Computer and its tremendous abilities.":PRINT
1260 PRINT TAB(10)"When you have reached the end of diskette 3, you'll have dis-":PRINT TAB(10)"sected a program, seen automated accounting, and had some fun.":LOCATE 23,22,0:COLOR 15,0:PRINT"***** Strike Any Key To Continue *****":COLOR 3,0