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- Western Digital is a registered trademark of Western Digital
- Corporation; IBM PC, AT and XT are registered trademarks of the
- International Business Machines Corporation; MS DOS, OS2 and PC DOS
- and Xenix are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
-
- WD1007A-WA2
-
- CONFIGURING YOUR DRIVE
-
- In order to use an ESDI drive in any system, you must perform the
- following three steps: Low-level formatting the drive using WDFMT, a
- third party software, or the WD1007A BIOS; perform active drive
- partitioning, using MSDOS 3.3 (FDISK) or other operating systems that
- allow partitioning, such as SCO XENIX; and, high-level formatting
- using the operating system's normal "Format C: (or D:)/S" command.
-
- 1. BIOS: There are two types of BIOS ROMs which may be used to
- configure ESDI drives using the WD1007A-WA2. The system BIOS refers
- to the BIOS on the computer motherboard. The system BIOS may only be
- used if it contains the exact physical drive parameters of your
- drive. Most of the older model system BIOS ROMs do not contain ESDI
- drive parameters. The best way to determine whether your particular
- system BIOS will support your ESDI drive is to contact your system
- manufacturer. If you determine that your system BIOS does support
- your ESDI drive, you may proceed to performing a low level format by
- using your operating system or the WDFORMAT utility.
-
- The WD1007A-WA2 BIOS includes the drive parameters of most ESDI type
- drives. If you are using the WD1007A-WA2 BIOS, you may proceed to
- the low level formatting routine. You may elect to low level format
- with the WD1007A-WA2 BIOS or use the WDFORMAT utility. Both of these
- options are included under the System Installation.
-
-
- System Installation
-
- ...WARNING..................WARNING......................WARNING...
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- THE FOLLOWING LOW-LEVEL FORMAT PROCEDURE
- WILL DESTROY ALL DATA ON YOUR HARD DRIVE
- BACK-UP THE DATA ON YOUR DRIVE BEFORE
- CONTINUING WITH LOW LEVEL FORMAT ROUTINE
-
- Before you can complete the low level formatting routine, you will
- need to know the parameters of your hard disk drives. As a
- convenience to you, we have included a list of the most common hard
- disk drives and their parameters. To access this list, return to the
- Storage Controller menu. If your drive is not listed, contact your
- drive manufacturer or consult your drive manual to determine drive
- type and parameters.
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- USING THE WD1007A-WA2 BIOS
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- 1. Before using the BIOS, make sure the proper address range is
- selected on W1 and W2. Confirm that the BIOS is enabled (jumper on
- W3).
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- 2. Enter the BIOS routine through the DOS DEBUG utility. Execute
- the DEBUG utility and at the program prompt "-" type:
-
- G=C800:5 <CR>
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- Depending upon the settings of W1 and W2, this causes the system to
- execute proram code stored at location 5 in ROM. The BIOS then tries
- to read the parameter tables from the drive and store them in the
- shadow RAM. If the drive has not been formatted, the BIOS will
- return a message of "drive not initialized". You will see the
- following screen:
-
- **Western Digital 1007A-WA2 Initialization Utilities, Rev. 1.0**
-
- PRESENT DRIVE SETUP...+ or - to change. <ENTER for selection
-
- DRIVE 0 CYLINDERS XXX HEADS XX PRECOMP CYLINDER XXX SPT XX
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- DRIVE 1 CYLINDERS XXX HEADS XX PRECOMP CYLINDER XXX SPT XX
-
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- Change Drive Types --->1
- Low Level Format --->2
- Surface Analysis --->3
- Verify Drive --->4
- Enter Defect List --->5
- Exit and Reboot ---6
- Enter Choice (1-6) --->
-
- 3. To execute a function, simply enter the number of the desired
- routine. The BIOS wil execute that routine and then prompt you to
- press a key to return to the main menu. NOTE THAT ALL CHANGES MADE
- WHILE IN THE BIOS WILL ONLY BE FINALIZED AFTER A PROPER EXIT THROUGH
- FUNCTION 6.
-
- a. Drive type routine
-
- The drive types can be changed by using the "+" and "-" keys.
- Assuming that all the ESDI drives in question are specified at
- 34 sectors per track (SPT), there are four possible choices that
- can be implemented for a drive:
-
- No drive present. The BIOS automatically selects a drive type 0
- if there is no drive present. You will see the message "***NONE
- selected or no drive present!***" next to the drive number.
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- A selection with 17 sectors per track. Use this feature when the
- drive is being used in a system that does not recognize drives with
- sectors per track values other than 17 sectors per track. The low-
- level format will be at 35 sectors per track, while the parameter
- tables created will show 17 sectors per track (with translation
- enabled).
-
- A selection with 34 sectors per track. Use this feature if the
- system recognizes the standard 34 sectors per track drive.
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- A selection with 63 sectors per track. Use this feature only when
- the drive in question has more than 1024 cylinders. Translation
- should always be enabled when such a condition exists. Translation
- provides full use of all the cylinders of the drive, even though most
- types of AT BIOS recognize only a maximum of 1024 cylinders.
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- b. Low Level Format Routine
-
- Formatting routines are present to do the low-level initialization of
- the disk surface. The drive is formatted at 35 sectors per track.
- Transparent to the user, the routine formats with a sector skew and
- also formats a spare sector on each track. The surface analysis
- routines use the spare sector when reallocating a bad sector on a
- track. It is also used to store the parameter information generated
- by the BIOS. This information is written to the spare sector on the
- cylinder 0, head 0. The sector skew, which is fixed at two, allows
- the controller to maintain a 1:1 interleave across all head
- boundaries. Sector skewing is a method of formatting in which the
- sector numbers are rotated in the interleave table for each track.
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- c. Surface Analysis Routine
-
- The surface analysis routine identifies bad tracks on the drive and,
- in the event that there is only one bad sector on the track (and it
- is NOT sector zero), it uses the alternate sector when reformatting
- the track. This prevents the controller from identifying the track
- as "bad", providing that you have entered the manufacturer's list of
- "bad tracks" prior to performing this routine.
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- d. Verify Drive Routine
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- The verify routine identifies all the bad tracks on the drive and
- lists them by head and cylinder number. Use the FDISK and FORMAT
- utilities to prepare the drive.
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- e. Enter Defect List Routine
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- This routine allows you to enter the list of bad tracks as listed by
- the drive manufacturer on the drive.
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- 4. If using a 5 Mbit per second ESDI drive, disable the 1007A
- translation feature (install jumper W8 and W14). This type of ESDI
- drive is always configured at 17 sectors per track.
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- 6. Partition your hard disk drives by following the partitioning
- instructions with your operating system.
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- 7. Complete high-level format routine using the "Format C: (or
- D:)/S" command in your operating system.
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- LOW LEVEL FORMAT
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- USING WDFMT UTILITY
-
- Western Digital provides a low-level format utility that allows you
- to prepare the drive for use by the system. You may elect to use
- this utility to perform the low-level formatting routine, if your
- system BIOS supports ESDI type drives. The program includes routines
- for low-level formatting, disk verify, surface analysis and bad track
- entry. When using the 1007A board, use a 1:1 interleave, a skew of
- 2, and format the drive at 35 sectors per track with an alternate
- sector. WDFMT 2.10 presents the following display:
-
- ***Western Digital Corporation***
- AT Disk Format Utility
- Rev. 2.10
-
- Current drive parameters are:
-
- Drive (0/1) : 0
- Cylinders : 615
- Heads : 4
- Sectors : 17
- Interleave : 3
- Precomp : 306
- Skew : 0
- Alt Sector : No
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- ENTER MENU CHOICE
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- Format disk CAUTION this will destroy all
- data on drive!
-
- Verify disk
- Bad sector
- entry
- Surface test CAUTION this will destroy all
- data on drive!
- Quit
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- SECTOR SKEWING
-
- Sector skewing is a method of formatting a drive by which sector
- numbers are rotated in the interleave table each time a new head on a
- cylinder is formatted. Selecting a skew of 2 causes the first sector
- after index on Head 0 to be identified as Sector 1. The sector
- identified as Sector 1 on Head 1 is the third physical sector from
- index as shown in the following example:
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- Example: Ten sectors per track with a skew of 2 and 1:1 interleave:
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- Head Sector Numbers
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- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- 1 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- 2 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6
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- This formatting procedure allows the controller to maintain 1:1
- interleave when reading across the head boundary. This becomes
- critical when the number of sectors per track increases and the time
- allowed for completion of overhead functions decreases. By changing
- the sector numbers, the controller has enough time to complete needed
- tasks and be ready to read the ID field of the first sector on the
- next head.
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- The minimum sector skew factor for proper performance of the WD1007A
- is 2. Different applications may require different skew factors to
- optimize performance.
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- SPARE SECTOR
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- WDFMT 2.10 also provides the ability to format a spare sector on the
- track. This spare sector is identified as Sector 0, making it
- invisible to the system BIOS which expects sector numbers starting at
- 1. This sector is always formatted as the last physical sector on
- the track. The surface analysis portion of WDFMT uses the spare
- sector if an error is encountered with any sector on a track. The
- program reformats the track, numbering the bad sector as zero and
- shifting the following sectors one to the right. If more than one
- sector is bad, the entire track is marked as bad when reformatted.
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- This feature is useful since many sustem BIOS ROMs support ESDI
- drives that have 34 sectors per track. The spare sector option
- causes the drive to look like it has only 34 sectors while providing
- a spare sector for bad sector reassignment. Software drivers can
- also make it possible to utilize the spare sector for storing custom
- data.
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- Partition your hard disk drives by following the partitioning
- instructions with your operating system.
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- Complete high-level format routine using the "Format C: (or D:)/S"
- command in your operating system.
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- Troubleshooting
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- Problem: 1790 Disk 0 Error.
-
- Cause: No low level format on hard disk. Wrong drive type
- selected. Not enough drive power. Bad cables. Improper
- drive selection or termination.
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- Problem: Drive does not partition.
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- Cause: Check drive types. Note that drive types for the AT
- and AT-compatibles differ.
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- Problem: "Error Reading Fixed Disk" appears when booting from
- hard drive.
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- Cause: DOS partition not active.
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- Problem: Winchester activity LED continuously lit.
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- Cause: No problem. Drive LED selected for latched mode.
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- Problem: For systems with two drives, both Winchester activity
- LEDs light at the same time.
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- Cause: Improper drive selection or termination. Inspect the
- drive cables. If the data cables are straight, then set
- drive C's drive select switches for drive select 1 and
- drive D's drive select switches for drive select 2. If
- the data cables have a twist, set both drives' select
- switches for drive select 2. Consult your drive manuals
- or dealer for drive switch settings. Finally, under no
- circumstances, use twisted floppy cables for the
- Winchester drive. Floppy and Winchester drive interface
- connections differ significantly.
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- Problem: Slow and inefficient operation.
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- Cause: The typical cause for this problem is an
- incorrect interleave factor. Therefore, some
- experimentation with the interleave factor may be
- necessary. (Refer to the format instructions for setting
- interleave factor). Interleave factors are very dependent
- on the host operating system and application.