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VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 381 SECTION 4 TEXT Send text to screen or printer. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ TEXT [<file>/.<volume>/M.<memo>] ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Options: ║ ║ ║ ║ <file> the name of the text file to use ║ ║ <volume> the number of a volume in the current library; a ║ ║ numeric constant ║ ║ <memo> the name of a memo field in the current data file ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ The TEXT command has two forms. The first form is the TEXT/ENDTEXT program structure: TEXT <text> ENDTEXT All lines following the TEXT command up to ENDTEXT are displayed on the screen or if the command SET PRINT ON was given, then also sent to the printer. The second form is: TEXT <file>/.<volume>/M.<memo> where the text is taken from the file <file> (default extension TXT), from the numbered volume in the current library (see SET LIBRARY TO command), or from a memo in a data file. This is the same as TEXT the text from <file> or <volume> or <memo> ENDTEXT The second form is preferable in many circumstances, since it: 1. Keeps the size of the program module down 2. Allows manipulation of the text in <file>, <volume> or <memo> 3. Allows the choice of text to be used, since <file> can be a macro, and <volume> can be a numeric expression. In the case of memos, every recored can have different text. TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 382 SECTION 4 Note that library volumes are addressed by placing a period in front of the volume number, which can be either a numeric constant or a numeric expression. Memos are addressed by preceding the field name with "M." Do not confuse this usage of periods with a decimal point. TEXT macros. Contents of fields and variables can be merged into text blocks for data input, reporting, listing and mail-merge applications. VP-Info Level 1 provides four special macro symbols for this purpose as follows: Fixed position Floating position Input macros (display/edit) @ % Output macros (display only) # & When a text macro symbol is encountered, VP-Info Level 1 does the following: 1. Checks whether the following characters are the name of a field in the selected file. If it is, the current contents of the field replaces &<var> in the text. 2. If not a field name, then the characters following the macro symbol are assumed to be a memory variable name. If that name is valid, the contents of the memory variable replaces <var> in the text. 3. If <var> is neither a field nor a variable, it is assumed not to be a macro, and both the macro symbol and <var> are output as a literal. When the macro symbol & is used and SET TRIM ON, <var> is trimmed before it is merged. The position of all text to the right of <var> in the same line is adjusted so that the number of spaces after <var> in the output is the same as in the TEXT, no matter how wide <var> is. Caution: In a TEXT macro, <variable> must be terminated by blank, tab, punctuation mark, or a macro symbol; it cannot be terminated by a graphics character (since in many non-English character sets these characters are normal or accented alphanumeric characters). It also cannot be terminated by a colon or an underscore, since these are valid parts of a field or variable name. Output (list processing). This command can be used to do list processing. Any variable (field, memory variable, or system variable) can be merged into the document and output by using &<var> or #<var> in the text. TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 383 SECTION 4 As described above, the & macro will trim the contents of <var> when output when SET TRIM ON, and always adjusts the material to its right on the same line depending on the width of the contents of <var>. Sometimes, it is more useful to output at an absolute location with a variable (as opposed to merging); to do this use the #<var> form. #<var> does not trim or adjust the position of other items on the line, creating the possibility that later items in the line may be overwritten. A paragraph is a portion of the text between two carriage returns (obtained by hitting <ENTER>). A paragraph is formatted by the TEXT command using word wrap (if there is not enough room for a word on a line, it is displayed/printed at the start of the next line). The page width and the left margin are set by the SET WIDTH and the SET MARGIN commands (see SET WIDTH and SET MARGIN). Control codes can be sent from the text using the symbols ^ (caret) and \ (backslash). The caret. When VP-Info Level 1 comes across a ^, it checks for the next character. If the next character is also a ^, the two characters are sent as a single ^. If the next character is not a ^, it is sent as a control character; for instance, ^C is sent as Ctrl-C. Examples for ^: ^^ sent as ^ ^C sent as Ctrl-C ^^C sent as ^C The backslash. When VP-Info Level 1 comes across a \, it checks for the next character. If the next character is also a \, the two characters are sent as a single \. If the next character is not a \, VP-Info Level 1 checks for digits; it grabs as many digits as there are, up to three. The digits are converted into a number, and the number is sent as a code between 0 and 255. Examples for \: \\ sent as \ \2a sent as code 2, followed by a \0020 sent as code 2, followed by the character 0 (002 is the 2) \27x\000 sent as code 27 (escape), x, code 0 Examples: TEXT This text will be sent to the screen or the printer. You can set the< TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 384 SECTION 4 left margin and the text width. The text is automatically word< wrapped. ENDTEXT Now the same in letter quality mode on the Epson LQ-1500 printer: TEXT \27x\001This text will be sent to the screen or the printer. You can< set the left margin and the text width. The text is automatically< word wrapped. ENDTEXT Input screen painting. The TEXT command can be used "to paint" input screens. @<var> is a GET, activated by a READ command. @<var> also has a floating-position form, %<var>, which adjusts the material to its right on the same line depending on the width of the contents of <var>. Neither @<var> nor %<var> trims the present contents of the variable. TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 385 SECTION 4 Examples: TEXT @fname @name @dept ENDTEXT TEXT %fname %name %dept ENDTEXT Both create a one-line input format that can be used with BROWSE OFF (or, if the macro line is placed in a text file, with BROWSE TEXT. The second form is easier to use, since there is no concern about the width of the various fields. For example, the maximum width available for NAME in the first form is 20 characters; if it is 20, it runs into DEPT, and if more than 20, it will suppress DEPT input completely. Formats in TEXT. TEXT formats let you control the display on fields and variables used in TEXT macros. They are similar to the formats used in the PICTURE and USING clauses of the @ command (see @ for format rules and examples). In TEXT blocks and files, formats must appear at the beginning of the block, with a separate line for each formatted variable. Each line must begin with two periods and a space, followed by the name of the field or variable, a comma, and the format picture. Examples: .. cust,!!!!-!-99 .. today,99/99/99 .. balance,$$$$$$$$$9,99> .. price,$$,$$$.99 .. codes#3,' xxx xxx xxx ' .. exception,'First: "xxxxxxxxxx"' Format lines may not contain comments, and need no quote marks unless the format itself includes leading or trailing blanks (not recommended) or quote marks of the other type; see last two example above. If a field is not in the selected data file, be sure to use field redirection as in CODES#3 above. Effect of SET TEXT ON/OFF and CLEAR GETS. A Get Table with room for up to 64 gets is available for full- screen editing commands, like READ, EDIT, and BROWSE. Whenever a GET is issued (either by TEXT or @ GET), it is entered into the Get Table so that VP-Info Level 1 can rapidly ascertain its position and format TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 386 SECTION 4 during later processing. When SET TEXT ON, the TEXT display macros created with & and # are put into the Get Table. This setting is usually required for input screens created with TEXT. When SET TEXT OFF, display macros are not put into the Get Table. This setting is required when using TEXT for printer output, as in mail-merge programs, to avoid trying to create a 65th entry in the Get Table. Over-filling the Get Table is an error that causes termination of a program. It is good practice to place a CLEAR GETS command before the TEXT command to ensure that the Get Table is empty before starting to fill it again. Examples: 1. A text file used in data input with EDIT TEXT (see screen output in EDIT command section): .. zip,!9! 9!9 .. phone,999-9999 (999) .. wphone,999-9999 (999) .. training,99/99 NAME........... %FNAME %NAME ADD_1.......... %ADD_1 %AREA ZIP............ @ZIP PHONE.......... @PHONE WPHONE......... @WPHONE EXPERIENCE..... @EXPERIENCE COMMENTS @COMMENT1 @COMMENT2 2. A program that does formatted output from a data file, including multi-line output from certain fields: SET PRINT ON SET TEXT OFF SET MARGIN TO 0 SET WIDTH TO 80 IF row()>1 ;if current row not at top of form, SPOOL junk ; eject into throw-away spool file EJECT SPOOL ENDIF TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 387 SECTION 4 USE customer INDEX customer page=1 PERFORM heading DO WHILE .not. eof IF ROW()>50 ;start new page if past line 50 EJECT PERFORM heading ENDIF nameline=TRIM(fname)+' '+TRIM(name) address=TRIM(addr:1)+' '+TRIM(addr:2)+' '+TRIM(city) remarks=comments nameline2=WRAP(nameline,15) ;WRAP( function trim long strings, address2=WRAP(address,17) ; leaving remainder for next line remarks2=WRAP(remarks,20) * text for main line includes customer number, formatted with picture TEXT .. cust,xxx-x-xx #cust #nameline2 #address2 #remarks2 ENDTEXT * test in next line depends on fact that concatenating several fields * of blanks and then trimming the result leaves a single blank DO WHILE ' '<>TRIM(nameline+address+remarks) IF ROW()>55 ;start new page if past line 55 EJECT PERFORM heading ENDIF nameline2=WRAP(nameline,15) address2=WRAP(address,17) remarks2=WRAP(remarks,20) * text same as main text except customer number omitted TEXT #nameline2 #address2 #remarks2 ENDTEXT ENDDO ? ;skip line after every customer SKIP ;get next customer record ENDDO EJECT SET PRINT OFF * PROCEDURE heading ? DATE(full) ?? BLANK(52-col()),'Page '+LTRIM(STR(page,5)) ? CEN(:COMPANY,60) ? CEN('Current Customer Listing',60) ? ? 'Number Name Address Comments' ? '======== =============== ================= ====================' ? page=page+1 ENDPROCEDURE heading TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 388 SECTION 4 * PROCEDURE heading ? ?? DATE(full) ?? BLANK(52-col()),'Page '+LTRIM(STR(page,5)) ? CEN(:COMPANY,60) ? CEN('Current Customer Listing',60) ? ? 'Number Name Address Comments' ? '======== =============== ================= ====================' ? page=page+1 ENDPROCEDURE heading Sample output: Saturday, March 31, 1990 Page 1 Computer Resellers Corp. Current Customer Listing Number Name Address Comments ======== =============== ================= ==================== ALB-A-65 Arthur 876 Main Street Develops LAN-based Albredge Suite 987A San software Francisco BRO-W-53 Walter Freeridge Hard-disk Brownstone Company 8765 controller and Corvis Drive San cache expert Jose, CA TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 388.1 SECTION 4 Note on TEXT Command The two primary uses of TEXT are list processing (output) and screen design (input). Since Info cannot "know" which purpose you have in mind when your execute the command, you should "tell" Info how the TEXT command should be implemented. Use the SET TEXT OFF command for list processing, and SET TEXT ON for screen painting. SET TEXT controls the way the & and # macros are handled during execution of the TEXT command, as follows: *ON The TEXT display macros created with & and # are put into the Get Table; usually required for input screens created with TEXT. OFF Display macros are not put into the Get Table; usually required when using TEXT for printer output, as in mail-merge programs. TEXT VPI1 VPI VPIN TEXT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 389 SECTION 4 TOTAL Summarize the information from the selected file (indexed) to a new file. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ TOTAL [<scope>] ON <str exp> TO <file> [FIELDS <field list>] ║ ║ [FOR <cond>] ║ ║ ║ ║ <str exp> trigger expression ║ ║ <file> new file to contain summary information ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Options: ║ ║ ║ ║ <scope> selection of records by scope ║ ║ (default scope: ALL) ║ ║ FIELDS <field list> the fields to be totalled ║ ║ FOR <cond> selection of records by <cond> ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ The selected file must be indexed or sorted on <str exp>. The records of the selected file can be grouped by the value of <str exp>: in each group <str exp> has the same value. This command creates a new file <file>; for each group of records of the selected file, a record is entered in the new file. This new record is the same as the first record of the group, except that the numeric fields in the <field list> are replaced by their total for all the records in the group. (Specifying a logical or a character field in the <field list> will cause an error.) Deleted records are ignores irrespective of SET DELETED command. The following steps describe in detail how this command works: Step 1. Copies the structure of the selected file to <file>. Step 2. Appends the first record which satisfies the FOR clause (note also scope, deleted records are disregarded) from the selected file to the new file. Step 3. Evaluates <str exp> and saves it in a temporary variable. Step 4. Takes all subsequent records (if any) for which <str exp> does not change. Adds up the fields in the FIELDS clause (if any) and stores the sum in the record appended to <file> while <str exp> continues to match the value saved in the temporary variable. TOTAL VPI1 VPI VPIN TOTAL VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 390 SECTION 4 Step 5. Continue with Step 2, using the first record for which <str exp> has a new value. If no FIELDS clause is in the command line no addition is performed, and the resulting file consists only of the first record encountered for each different value of <str exp>. A frequent use of this feature is to purge the file of records with duplicate keys. See also the related commands: POST and UPDATE. Example: Use the ORDER file to find out which STYLE:NO and COLOR have been ordered: 1>USE order 1>LIST style:no+color 1 A120B1 2 C001R3 3 M100G5 4 A120B1 5 M100G5 Of course, this way you get a lot of duplicates. To get each STYLE:NO+COLOR only once, make the file STYLESUM (style summary) with TOTAL: 1>INDEX ON style:no+color TO order 5 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED 1>TOTAL ON style:no+color TO stylesum 5 TOTAL(S) 1>USE stylesum 1>LIST inven:no, style:no, color 1 AB0011 A120 B1 2 AB0110 C001 R3 3 QA1001 M100 G5 This is the desired list. TOTAL VPI1 VPI VPIN TOTAL VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 391 SECTION 4 UNLOCK Unlock the current record. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ UNLOCK VP-Info Network Edition only ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ This command unlocks the current record previously locked. See the SET NETWORK command on how to get into the multi-user mode. See also LOCK. Example: mcust=cust FIND &mcust LOCK REPLACE balance with 0 UNLOCK UNLOCK VPIN UNLOCK VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 392 SECTION 4 UNLOCK INDEXES Unlock all indexes on the selected data file. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ UNLOCK INDEXES VP-Info Network Edition only ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ This command unlocks the indexes previously locked on the selected data file with the LOCK INDEXES command. See the SET NETWORK command on how to get into the multi-user mode. See also LOCK INDEXES. Example: UNLOCK INDEXES UNLOCK INDEXES VPIN UNLOCK INDEXES VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 393 SECTION 4 UPDATE Update the selected file from an indexed file by replacing selected fields. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ UPDATE FROM [<scope>] <file number> ON <str exp> [REPLACE <field1> ║ ║ WITH <exp1>,...,<fieldn> WITH <expn>] [FOR <cond>] ║ ║ ║ ║ <file number> the location of the FROM file ║ ║ <str exp> the expression that is the key for finding ║ ║ the record in the FROM file ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Options: ║ ║ ║ ║ <scope> selection restricted by scope (default scope: ALL) ║ ║ REPLACE <field1> WITH <exp1>,...,<fieldn> WITH <expn> ║ ║ where field1,..,fieldn are fields of the file ║ ║ in use ║ ║ <exp1>,...,<expn> are expressions involving fields ║ ║ of both files ║ ║ FOR <cond> selection restricted by <cond> ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ The selected file need not be indexed. This procedure takes all the appropriate records of the selected file one at a time. The FROM file has to be indexed by <str exp>; the expression, <str exp>, is made up of character fields shared by the two files, and by memory variables and constants. This procedure works as follows: 1. Takes the first appropriate record (that is, the first non-deleted record satisfying the <cond> and within the scope). 2. Evaluates <str exp> in the selected file. 3. Finds the first matching record in the FROM file. a. If the FIND is not successful, an "UPDATE ERROR" message is sent showing both the record number and the value of <str exp> in the selected file. If SET PRINT ON, messages are sent to the printer. b. If the FIND is successful, the procedure replaces the fields of the selected file with the expressions, <str exp>, made up of fields of both UPDATE VPI1 VPI VPIN UPDATE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 394 SECTION 4 files. All fields names are assumed to be in the updating file, so make sure #n is attached to any field names from the FROM file. 4. Procedure continues with the next appropriate record as long as records remain within the <scope>. If there is no REPLACE clause, UPDATE simply checks whether all the expected records of the FROM file are present. See also the commands: POST and TOTAL. SET ADD ON has no effect on UPDATE. Example: The cost of an item is kept updated in the INVENTRY file. To update the COST in the ORDER file: 1>USE#4 inventry INDEX inventry 1>USE order 1>UPDATE FROM 4 ON inven:no REPLACE cost WITH cost#4 UPDATE VPI1 VPI VPIN UPDATE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 395 SECTION 4 USE Open data file for use, optionally, with index files. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ USE <file> [INDEX <file list>] [<mode>] [COMPILE] ║ ║ ║ ║ <file> the data file to use ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Option: ║ ║ ║ ║ INDEX <file list> list of index file names to use ║ ║ <mode> the file access mode under which DOS is to ║ ║ open the file ║ ║ COMPILE open data file at compile time only ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ The command USE opens a data file for use. To open one or more index files with the data file, use INDEX and the index file name(s). The first index file is the Master Index; this one is in use with the FIND, LIST, SKIP, etc. commands. All other index files named will be updated by all commands. The option COMPILE is used to open a data file at compile time only. It is used in situations where the data file to be used at run time is not available at compile time. One remedy is to put the name of the data file in a macro, but then all the field names must be in macros. COMPILE offers a better solution if a data file with the same structure is available at compile time. For example, USE inven COMPILE USE &file INDEX &file2 will open the data file INVEN at compile time only. At compile time the command: USE &file index &file2 is ignored. Now if the structure of INVEN is the same as the structure of the data file(s) whose name will appear in &file, then the program can use the field name without macros. Note that index files are not opened at compile time, so the same problem does not effect index files. Caution: Avoid using data and index file names that start with the letters "COMP", since the compiler may mistake the file name for the COMPILE keyword and make it impossible to use the file in a program. VP-Info Professional supports four different modes (READ, WRITE, LOCK, and SHARE). VP-Info Level 1 support only one mode (READ), although the other modes are recognized for compatibility and cause no error in any version. The meaning of the four modes is as follows: USE VPI1 VPI VPIN USE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 396 SECTION 4 LOCK - Open the file for both reading and writing, and maintain exclusive use; allow no other users on a network to read or write to the file while it is open in LOCK mode. This is the default mode for all versions. WRITE - Open the file for both reading and writing, and allow no other users on a network to write to the file, but allow other users to open the file in READ mode. READ - Open the file for reading only, without restricting other users on a network from opening it in WRITE or SHARE mode. When not on a network, READ mode is useful in ensuring that changes made to a file are not saved to disk. SHARE - Open the file for both reading and writing, without restricting the ability of others on a network See also SET INDEX TO. Examples: 1. To open a data file as file 5 while currently you are on file 2: 2>USE#5 customer 2>USE#2 invoice INDEX invoice 2>USE#1 sales INDEX color,style,ddate Three data files were opened under the appropriate file numbers. Note that the default file number is still 2; the index files are separated by commas. 2. To open a file in READ mode before using EDIT to check data without the risk of writing any changes back to disk: 1>USE employee INDEX emplname READ 1>FIND TAYLOR 1>EDIT USE VPI1 VPI VPIN USE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 397 SECTION 4 VARIABLES Enters a list of memory variable names into the variables table. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ VARIABLES <variables list> ║ ║ ║ ║ <variables list> list of memory-variable names ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ VP-Info Level 1 allows up to 128 variables to be defined at a time. Their names are listed in a variables table, which is displayed with the LIST MEMORY command. When a program is compiled, each time VP-Info Level 1 encounters a name not already in the table, it is added. As a programmer, you can control the order of variables in the table by naming them in the variables list with the VARIABLES command. This is not only good practice in general, but it can help in debugging, and makes it possible to be sure every variable you use is being defined, and that no others are being inadvertently created. The variables command should never be used in a subroutine, and can be used only once in the main routine. It should come after any GLOBAL command, but before any other variable is defined. Example in a program: VARIABLES start,finish,mcust,mserial VARIABLES VPI1 VPI VPIN VARIABLES VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 398 SECTION 4 WAIT Accept one character from the keyboard. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ WAIT [TO <memvar>] ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Option: ║ ║ ║ ║ TO <memvar> store the character into this variable ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ When VP-Info Level 1 encounters the WAIT command, the program execution stops, the message: WAITING is displayed; VP-Info Level 1 waits for a character to be entered at the keyboard. When a key is hit, program execution continues. If the option: TO <memvar> is used, the character is stored in the string memory variable <memvar>; this cannot be a matrix variable. If the variable <memvar> does not exist, it will be created. This command is useful to suspend the program execution so that the user can read a message on the screen, and maybe make a choice. See also the INKEY( function. Examples: 1. A program segment: @ 20,0 SAY 'Turn the printer on. Hit any key when ready.' WAIT After the message is displayed, VP-Info Level 1 waits for the user to hit a key indicating that the printer is now on. 2. A typical, simple menu using WAIT: DO WHILE T ERASE TEXT MENU 1. General Ledger 2. Invoicing 3. Receivables Type in your choice: ENDTEXT WAIT VPI1 VPI VPIN WAIT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 399 SECTION 4 WAIT TO ans IF ans>'0' .OR. ans<'4' BREAK ENDIF ENDDO DO CASE CASE ans='1' DO ... WAIT VPI1 VPI VPIN WAIT VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 400 SECTION 4 WINDOW Defines the active window, that part of the screen to which relative output can be sent. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ WINDOW ║ ║ WINDOW <row1>,<row2> [COLOR <windowcolor> [<bordercolor>]] ║ ║ WINDOW <row1>,<col1>,<row2>,<col2> [COLOR <windowcolor> ║ ║ [,<bordercolor>]] [BLANK/DOUBLE] ║ ║ ║ ║ <row1>,<row2> the top and bottom of the window to be created; ║ ║ with no column numbers given, the window is ║ ║ full width with no border permitted ║ ║ <row1>,<col1> the coordinates of the top-left corner of the window║ ║ <row2>,<col2> the coordinates of the bottom right corner of the ║ ║ window ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Options: ║ ║ ║ ║ COLOR <windowcolor> the color of the area inside the window ║ ║ <bordercolor> the color of the window border ║ ║ BLANK the window has no border ║ ║ DOUBLE the window double-line borders (default ║ ║ single-line borders) ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ Unlike the BOX command, WINDOW erases the area within the coordinates given, and if corners are specified, displays an optional border one space outside the border coordinates. Although the fixed-position display commands like @ SAY can write either inside or outside the window, all the relative display commands like ?, ??, LIST, DISPLAY, TEXT, etc., are restricted to the active window. The window can be deactivated (i.e., reset to the entire screen size) by the WINDOW command alone. The rows are numbered 0 to 24. Since a row is always allowed above and below the window coordinates, the actual range of row numbers for the WINDOW command is 1 through 23. The columns are numbered 0 to 79. Since a column is always allowed to the left and right of the window coordinates, the actual range of column numbers for the WINDOW command is 1 through 78. Note that commas are required between coordinates, but are not permitted before the keywords COLOR, BLANK, and DOUBLE. WINDOW VPI1 VPI VPIN WINDOW VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 401 SECTION 4 In programs, WINDOW is often used to position TEXT and may be useful in setting up BROWSE, EDIT, WRITE and other input/output displays. Examples: 1. Use WRITE to edit a file in the bottom half of the screen: CLS CURSOR 5,20 ACCEPT "Enter name of file to edit " to fil_nam WINDOW 8,5,22,74 color 7,112 double WRITE &fil_nam OFF WINDOW 2. Use BROWSE with a TEXT file in a window: USE customer WINDOW 2,22 color 112 BROWSE TEXT customer WINDOW WINDOW VPI1 VPI VPIN WINDOW VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 402 SECTION 4 WRITE Activate the program editor. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ WRITE [<file>/.<volume>/M.<file>] [OFF] ║ ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ Options: ║ ║ ║ ║ <file> name of file to be created or edited ║ ║ <volume> number of a volume in the current library; a numeric ║ ║ expression ║ ║ <memo> name of a memo field in the current data file ║ ║ OFF omit header and opportunity to rename file or volume ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ A simple program editor is provided to make it possible to write and edit programs in VP-Info Level 1. If <file>, <volume> or <memo> is not specified, the last file used is understood to be the file to edit. If no extension is specified, PRG is assumed. This editor is very useful for debugging programs and reports. Note that library volumes are addressed by placing a period in front of the volume number, which can be either a numeric constant or a numeric expression. Memos are addressed by preceding the field name with "M." Do not confuse this usage of periods with a decimal point. OFF causes WRITE to omit the top three lines of the screen (file name and ruler, etc.) and places the cursor at the beginning of the file in the top left corner of the current window (the entire screen if no window is active), and to save the file immediately upon sensing the <End> key without giving an opportunity to change the file name. WRITE OFF is used primarily inside programs under program control, and with an active window. The editing keys are the same as in full-screen editing. WRITE uses an 80 character "window" for its 254 character lines. The maximum size of a text file is about 20,000 characters with no data files open. Using data and index files reduces space available for WRITE, as does running WRITE inside a program; consider running WRITE from a subroutine instead of the main routine if maximum file size is required. Editing keys: <Left> or Ctrl-S moves the cursor back one character <Right> or Ctrl-D moves the cursor forward one character <Up> or Ctrl-E moves the cursor to the previous line <Dn> or Ctrl-X moves the cursor to the next line WRITE VPI1 VPI VPIN WRITE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 403 SECTION 4 Ctrl-<Left> moves to the beginning of the line Ctrl-<Right> moves to the end of the line Ctrl-<Home> moves to the beginning of the document Ctrl-<End> moves to the end of the document Ctrl-N inserts a new line Ctrl-T deletes the line <PgUp> or Ctrl-R displays previous page <PgDn> or Ctrl-C displays next page <BACKSPACE> deletes the character to the left of the cursor <Del> or Ctrl-G deletes the character on the cursor Ctrl-Y deletes the rest of the line <Ins> or Ctrl-V puts you in insert mode: what you type gets inserted (normally, you are in overtype mode: what you type overtypes the existing text); pressing <Ins> or Ctrl-V again, puts you back into overtype mode <End> or Ctrl-W quits and updates text Ctrl-Q quits and does not update text Ctrl-P prints entire document on printer Alt-F formats program Alt-H displays a help screen To break a line into two, press <Ins> to get into insert mode, and press <ENTER>. To merge two lines, delete the end of line character. When you leave the line (with a cursor key or <End>), the two lines merge. Alt-F formats program files; it indents the lines according to the program structures and capitalizes the first command verb on every line. When using WRITE, Alt-H displays the following information (press any key, and the help screen disappears): You may use WRITE to transfer any text (up to the available memory limit) between any two forms -- DOS file to library, or DOS file to memo field, for example -- by importing it into WRITE and changing its name to another valid form before saving the text. WRITE VPI1 VPI VPIN WRITE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 404 SECTION 4 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── GENERAL.PRG VP-Info WRITE (Press Alt-H for Help) ....+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+....8 ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ VP-Info WRITER HELP │ │ │ │Delete and Insert Block Commands Miscellaneous │ │═════════════════ ═══════════════ ═════════════ │ │Delete character..... <Del> Mark block.... Alt-B QUIT: │ │Delete to end of line ^Y Move block.... Alt-M with save.... <End> │ │ Copy block.... Alt-C without save. ^Q │ │Delete line.......... ^T Delete block.. Alt-D │ │Insert line.......... ^N Remove marks.. Alt-K PRINT TEXT... ^P │ │ │ │Insert-mode toggle... <Ins> Tab.......... TAB Key FORMAT PROGRAM Alt-F│ │ │ │ ┌─────────────────────────── FAST CURSOR MOVEMENT ───────────────────────┐ │ │ │ End of line... ^<Rght> Page up....... <PgUp> Top of text... ^<Home> │ │ │ │ Start of line. ^<Lft> Page down..... <PgDn> Bottom of text ^<End> │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ │NOTES: 1. ^ is Ctrl 2. Keys in pointed brackets are on the Numeric Keypad│ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Press any key to continue ... ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Examples: 1>WRITE test ;write TEST.PRG 1>WRITE test.txt ;write TEST.TXT 1>WRITE test.dat OFF ;write TEST.DAT with suppression of header 1>WRITE .65 ;write volume 65 in the current library 1>WRITE .num ;write volume number contained in NUM in the current library 1>WRITE .num OFF ;write volume number contained in NUM in the current library with suppression of header 1>WRITE .:avail ;write the next available volume (Caution: be sure to capture this value before using this construct or you'll never be able to find your text again.) 1>WRITE m.credit ;write a memo referenced by the memo field CREDIT in the current data file 1>WRITE m.credit#3 ;write a memo referenced by the memo field CREDIT in data file currently open in work area 3 WRITE VPI1 VPI VPIN WRITE VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual Page 405 SECTION 4 ZAP Erase all records in the selected file. ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ ZAP ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ This command erases all the records. This is not a DELETE. The records cannot be recalled! Use this command with care! If the selected file is indexed, it is automatically reindexed after ZAP. ZAP releases the disk space previously used by the records of the data file. On a network with SET NETWORK ON in VP-Info Professional Network Edition, attempting to ZAP while another user is accessing the file will cause a LOCK error. Always LOCK the file before ZAP. Example: 1>USE employee 1>COPY TO empl1 1>USE empl1 1>ZAP ZAP VPI1 VPI VPIN ZAP