Programmer 7500/MAX_PROGRAMMERS.iso/CLIPPER/MISC/VPI1MANL.ZIP/PART3.MAN

Text File | 1991-12-25 | 276.5 KB | 9,064 lines

     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 226          SECTION 4



                                      FIND

     Find a record by its index in the selected data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ FIND <string>                                                      ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          FIND is one of a family of commands that finds a record in an
     indexed data file by matching a given string with key values in the
     index file:

          FIND positions the file on the first record in the index matching
               the FIND string (no-find positions the file at the top of
               file)
          LAST positions the file on the last record in the index matching
               the FIND string (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find
               positions the file at the top of file)
          NEAREST positions the file on the first record in the index equal
               to or greater than the FIND string (VP-Info Professional
               only)
          SEEK is identical to FIND, except that it searches for the match
               to the value of a character expression instead of a string
               constant (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find positions the
               file at the top of file)

          All forms allow a search to be made on a character expression
     when the expression is preceded by the macro symbol "&".  When the
     variable var='TAYLOR', all of the following command lines are
     equivalent:

     FIND TAYLOR
     FIND &var
     SEEK var            (VP-Info Professional only)

          In Conversational VP-Info Level 1, just type FIND and the key.

          Examples:

     1>FIND TAYLOR
     1>FIND TOM

          If <string> evaluates the same for two records, the second record
     will never be found with FIND.

          If SET DELETE ON, deleted records will not be found.  (See the
     command SET.)

          Numbers must always be treated as strings, even if the key
     expression is a numeric field.  If NUM is a numeric field of width 2,
     FIND 1 will not find 1, but FIND &STR(1,2) or FIND &' 1' will work.


     FIND                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        FIND     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 227          SECTION 4


          For the users' convenience, Conversational VP-Info Level 1
     converts all command lines to upper case before execution.  So, to
     find the inventory numbers that start with AB, type either of the
     following two commands:

     1>FIND AB
     1>FIND ab

          It follows that

     1>FIND Taylor

     is understood by VP-Info Level 1 as FIND TAYLOR.  If you have to find
     Taylor, use one of the following forms:

     1>FIND &'Taylor'
     1>SEEK 'Taylor'        (VP-Info Professional only)

     or if name='Taylor' use one of the following forms:

     1>FIND &name
     1>SEEK name            (VP-Info Professional only)

          In a Level 1 program, put the key in a memory variable <memvar>
     and then use FIND &<memvar> to find the record.

          Example:

     name='Taylor'
     FIND &name

          If FIND is successful, the value of the current record pointer
     (as shown by the # and RECNO( functions) is set to the current record
     number, and the system variable :NEAR is set to the same number.

          If the record is not found, the current record pointer will be
     set to 0 and the value of :NEAR will be set to the number of the first
     record in the index with a key greater than the FIND string; if the
     index contains no key greater than the FIND string, :NEAR is set to
     the bottom of file, and EOF is set to T (true).

          The command for "if not found" is:

     IF #=0 or
     IF RECNO()=0

          In Conversational VP-Info Level 1 or in programs with SET TALK
     ON, VP-Info Level 1 sends the message "NO FIND" when a search is
     unsuccessful.

     Notes:

          * FIND only works on the active index of the selected data file.

     FIND                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        FIND     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 228          SECTION 4


               If that index was created with a selection condition, some
               records may be excluded from the index. (See INDEX.)

          * With SET EXACT ON (see the SET command) only exact matches are
               found.  The FIND string must be the same length as the index
               key, and match exactly;  if SET EXACT OFF, the find string
               may be shorter.

          * An index may be made insensitive to capitalization by using the
               uppercase functions !( or UPPER( in index creation.  This
               makes use of the FIND command much easier in Conversational
               VP-Info Level 1. (See INDEX command.)

          * The macro symbol (&) has a wider definition when used with
               FIND, LAST, NEAREST and SEEK than with other VP-Info Level 1
               command.  With this group of commands only, it alerts
               VP-Info Level 1 that the string expression following is to
               be evaluated and used as the FIND string.  (Macros in all
               other commands are limited to fields and variables;
               dimensioned variables, functions and concatenation are not
               allowed.)

































     FIND                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        FIND     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 229          SECTION 4



                                     FLUSH

     Update the selected data file on the disk.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ FLUSH                                                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The current record of the selected data file is updated on the
     disk.  This may prevent accidental loss of data due to power failure.

          This command updates only the selected data file; it does not
     update other data files in use, nor does it safeguard index files,
     text files, or DOS files.  After a power failure it may be necessary
     to reindex the selected file.

          Example:

     1>FLUSH


































     FLUSH                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       FLUSH     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 230          SECTION 4





     Declare global variables.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ GLOBAL <memvar list>                                               ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <memvar list>  the list of memory variables to be declared global  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          When a program is chained to another program, all the variables
     that were defined as global by the GLOBAL command will be passed to
     the new program.

          The GLOBAL command should be the first command of any program.
     It should definitely precede any command that involves a memory
     variable.

          There can be only one GLOBAL command in a program.  No part of
     the GLOBAL command can be a macro.  A matrix variable cannot occur in
     a GLOBAL command.

          This is how the command works.  In PROG1, you find at the
     beginning

     GLOBAL a,b,c,d

     This places in the memory variable table (in the internal
     VP-Info Level 1 data space, see Appendix A) the variable names: A, B,
     C, D, in that order.  The variables at this stage have no type or
     data.  When in PROG1, A is encountered, that will attach type and a
     pointer to a value to A.

          Now PROG1 is chained to PROG2.  For PROG2 to receive the values
     associated in PROG1 with A, B, C, and D, start with the command:

     GLOBAL a,b,c,d

     Note, however, that the variable names do not have to match (although
     type must).

     GLOBAL x,y,c,d

     will create the variable X with the contents of A, Y with the contents
     of B, C and D retain their names and types.

          If you start PROG2 with

     GLOBAL a,b,c

     then A, B, and C are inherited.  If you specify in PROG2 more global
     variables, for instance,

     GLOBAL                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      GLOBAL     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 231          SECTION 4



     GLOBAL a,b,c,d,e

     then A, B, C, and D inherit their values and types from PROG1; E
     becomes the fifth entry in the memory variable table, with no type or
     value.

          Example:

          PROG1 is chained to PROG2 with the command:

     CHAIN PROG2

          PROG1 wants to pass to PROG2 the values of the following
     variables: TRANSACT, PROCESS, CUSTRANGE, TYPE.  To accomplish this,
     start both PROG1 and PROG2 with the command:

     GLOBAL transact,process,custrange,type


          Note that when the execution of PROG2 starts, only these four
     memory variables exist.

          Now suppose that PROG2 is chained to PROG3, and wants to pass to
     PROG3 the variables TRANSACT, PROCESS, CUSTRANGE, TYPE, and TRDATE.

          Then the first command of PROG1 should be:

     GLOBAL transact,process,custrange,type

     of PROG2:

     GLOBAL transact,process,custrange,type,trdate

     and of PROG3:

     GLOBAL transact,process,custrange,type,trdate

          Now if PROG3 chains to PROG1, the variables TRANSACT, PROCESS,
     CUSTRANGE, TYPE are still passed on, but not TRDATE.














     GLOBAL                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      GLOBAL     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 232          SECTION 4



                                       GO
                                      GOTO

     Set current record pointer to new value.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ <num const>                                                        ║
     ║ GO <num exp>                                                       ║
     ║ GOTO <num exp>                                                     ║
     ║ GO RECORD <num exp>                                                ║
     ║ GOTO RECORD <num exp>                                              ║
     ║ GO TOP                                                             ║
     ║ GOTO TOP                                                           ║
     ║ GO BOTTOM                                                          ║
     ║ GOTO BOTTOM                                                        ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>/<num const>   the number to be assigned to #             ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The commands GO and GOTO are identical.  They assign a new value
     to #, the current record pointer (see Section 3.4).  The data file is
     repositioned to the record with the new record number.

          The forms:

     GO <num exp>
     GOTO <num exp>
     GO RECORD <num exp>
     GOTO RECORD <num exp>

     evaluate the numeric expression <num exp>, throw away any fractional
     part, and assign the value to the current record pointer, #. So, any
     one of the following commands:

     1>2
     1>GO 2
     1>GOTO 2
     1>GO (2+2)/2

     accomplishes the same: the record pointer (#) is set to 2.  Note that

     1>(2+2)/2

     is not allowed.

          If the selected file is indexed, the index is adjusted
     accordingly.

          GO TOP, GOTO TOP and GO BOTTOM, GOTO BOTTOM are used to position
     the current record pointer to the top and bottom of the current data
     file.  If there is no index in use, the TOP is Record 1, and BOTTOM is
     the last record.  If an index is in use, then the TOP and BOTTOM are

     GO/GOTO                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     GO/GOTO     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 233          SECTION 4


     the first and last records according to the index.

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>GOTO 2
     1>DISPLAY name
           2  Steiner
     1>5
     1>DISPLAY name
           5  Poyner
     1>GOTO 1
     1>DISPLAY name
           1  Marek
     1>GO BOTTOM
     1>DISPLAY name
           6  Wilson
     1>GO TOP
     1>DISPLAY name
           1  Marek


































     GO/GOTO                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     GO/GOTO     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 234          SECTION 4



                                      HELP

     Request for information on VP-Info Level 1 commands and related
     topics.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ HELP [<string>]                                                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <string>   the topic for which help is wanted                      ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The HELP command provides information on the syntax (format
     rules) and use of the commands of VP-Info Level 1, and some related
     topics; it is available only in Conversational VP-Info Level 1.

          The command

     1>HELP

     displays all the topics for which HELP is available.  Type HELP and
     the topic description.

          The text is contained in the file SRI.HLP, VPI.HLP or VPIN.HLP,
     which must be in the same directory as your version's MSG file, either
     in the current directory or on the DOS path.  If the file is not
     found, VP-Info Level 1 will so advise the user.

          Examples:

          1.

     1>HELP

     displays the following screen:

















     HELP                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        HELP     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 235          SECTION 4



──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
GENERAL HELP
                              VP-Info Help

Use the arrow keys to move the lightbar and select a topic from the list
below, then press the <ENTER> key.  You may also move the lightbar to the
bottom of the screen and type the name of a specific command or function.

                              1. Commands List
                              2. Functions List
                              3. Color Attribute Table
                              4. Command and Field Redirection
                              5. Date Input Formats
                              6. Date Output Formats
                              7. Editing Keys
                              8. Format Strings
                              9. Get Tables
                             10. REPORT Command
                             11. TEXT
                             12. Variables


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Selection Bar . Select with ┘, Exit with <Esc>, or Enter command....
            Enter topic ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

          A selection bar can be moved with up and down arrows to any of
     the 12 topics listed, or moved beyond the topic listing (up or down)
     to the topic-entry window. Fill in any command or function name and
     press <ENTER> for one or more screens of explanation, like this for
     REPLACE:





















     HELP                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        HELP     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 236          SECTION 4



──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
ROPEN(

Sequential file-opening function: opens a file for reading. Once you've
opened a file with ROPEN(, you can use other file-handling functions to
find and read data from the file; e.g., GET(, IN(, READ(, SEEK(, and
SSEEK(.  To close the file, use the function CLOSE(.

Form: ROPEN(<filename>[,<file number]>)

Type: LOGICAL (DOS file handling)

In: <filename>  - a string or string expression: the file to open; if no
     extension is given, VP-Info assumes TXT.

    <file number> - (optional) a number from 1 to 4: assigns a file number
    to the DOS file being opened. Other file-handling functions can refer to
    this file by number (default 1).

Out: The file is opened for reading. The function itself returns true (T) if
     the action is successful, false (F) if not.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previous Screen - <PgUp>, Exit with <Esc>, or Enter command............
            Enter topic ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


          2.

     1>HELP ROPEN(

     displays the screen on ROPEN(, exactly as shown above.  Press <Pg Dn>
     to get to the additional screens if available, <Pg Up> to get to
     previous screen, or <Esc> to get to the command prompt.

















     HELP                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        HELP     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 237          SECTION 4


                                       IF

     Conditional execution of VP-Info Level 1 program segment.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ IF <cond>                                                          ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <cond>     the condition to be evaluated; if true, segment is      ║
     ║            executed                                                ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The IF command allows conditional execution of a program segment.
     The general form of this command is:

     IF <cond>
        <program segment>
     [ELSE
        <ELSE program segment>]
     ENDIF

          This works as follows: When the IF command is found, the
     condition <cond> is evaluated.  If <cond> is true, the <program
     segment> (a number of program lines) is executed.  The end of the
     <program segment> is at the ELSE or at the ENDIF (whichever comes
     first).

          If <cond> is false, VP-Info Level 1 looks for ELSE.  If ELSE is
     found, the <ELSE program segment> is executed.

          The execution continues with the program line following the
     ENDIF.

          Note that ELSE is optional.

          There can be an IF command within an IF command; this is called
     nesting.  Many level of nesting is permitted; however, too many levels
     of nesting will give a compile-time error message: Stack overflow.

          Care should be taken to nest the IF commands properly in a DO
     WHILE, DO CASE, or REPEAT program structure.  When editing with the
     internal VP-Info Level 1 programming editor (see WRITE command), Alt-F
     reformats the file with all structures properly indented, making it
     easy to see unbalanced structures.

          IF may not take a macro.  Since a line with a macro is not
     compiled until runtime, VP-Info Level 1 will be unable to handle
     nesting properly if a macro is used, resulting in the error message
     "ENDIF implies IF" or "ELSE implies IF."  For an alternative, see
     example 4 below.





     IF                         VPI1  VPI  VPIN                          IF     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 238          SECTION 4



          Examples:

          1.

     IF count>5
        STORE T TO ok
     ELSE
        IF count<2
           STORE F TO ok
        ENDIF
        ? 'ok'
     ENDIF


          Indenting the program lines helps to show the level of nesting of
     the structures.  In WRITE, Alt-F indents the lines and capitalizes the
     command verbs.

          2. Rewrite:

     do while count<5
     if name='DAVID'
     name=name+fname
     enddo
     endif

     as follows:

     DO WHILE count<5
        IF name='DAVID'
           name=name+fname
        ENDIF
     ENDDO


          3. Consider the following simple program:

     IF num=1
        name='DAVID'
     ELSE
        IF num=2
           name='GEORGE'
        ELSE
           IF num=3
              name='TOM'
           ELSE
              name='UNKNOWN'
           ENDIF
        ENDIF
     ENDIF



     IF                         VPI1  VPI  VPIN                          IF     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 239          SECTION 4


          This series of nested IF commands (often called "cascading IFs")
     is equivalent to the following DO CASE structure:

     DO CASE
     CASE num=1
        name='DAVID'
     CASE num=2
        name='GEORGE'
     CASE num=3
        name='TOM'
     OTHERWISE
        name='UNKNOWN'
     ENDCASE

          The DO CASE form is much easier to understand.

          4.   If <cond> must be a macro, use the following technique
     instead:

     cond2=' '                     ;make sure cond2 exists
     cond2=&condition              ;assign macro to pre-existing variable
     IF cond2                      ;now IF does not have a macro
        ...































     IF                         VPI1  VPI  VPIN                          IF     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 240          SECTION 4


                                     INDEX

     Create an index file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ INDEX ON <str exp> TO <file> [FOR <cond>]                          ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <str exp>  the expression providing the key                        ║
     ║ <file>     the name of the index file                              ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ FOR <cond> a selction; only records for which <cond> is true are   ║
     ║               included in the index.                               ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The INDEX command creates an index file.  Index files are used:

          A.   To organize records into an apparent order according to some
               key for listing, reporting, browsing, editing, etc.

          B.   To locate records quickly using the FIND, POST and UPDATE
               commands (and in VP-Info Professional by NEAREST, LAST and
               SEEK).  Each key must have a separate index file.

          C.   To make the file act as though it had only records matching
               a given selection condition and had an apparent order
               according to some key.

          The expression <str exp> must evaluate to a string of length at
     most 60; otherwise, an error message is sent.  In addition, the
     condition itself must be no more than 100 characters long.

          (Do not use COMP for the first four letters of an index file;
     VP-Info Level 1 is unable to open such a file.)

          Once an index file exists, the data file can be opened for use
     with the index file; see the USE <data file> INDEX <index file>
     command.  The commands: APPEND, BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, REPLACE, READ
     automatically update the index files in use.  There can be many index
     files in use, all are updated by these commands, but only one index
     file works with FIND.

          If SET TALK ON, INDEX will output progress reports showing the
     completion of each 100 records, and the total number of records
     indexed.  Large files create temporary files which are then merged to
     create the ultimate index.

          Index expressions should be of type string, but a numeric field
     (not a numeric expression) can also be used.  If you wish to index on
     a numeric expression, use the key STR(<num exp>) or PIC(<num exp>,



     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 241          SECTION 4


     <format)) to convert the values to strings.  See the functions STR(
     and PIC(.

          It is often helpful to use the upper-case functions, !( or
     UPPER(, for string expression that mix upper-case letters and lower-
     case letters, such as names, addresses, and so on.  This way, the data
     is arranged in alphabetical order instead of the ASCII code order
     which is often confusing.  See the functions CHR( and RANK(.

          On a network with SET NETWORK ON in VP-Info Professional Network
     Edition, attempting to create an index while another user is accessing
     a file with the same name will cause a LOCK error.

          See also the REINDEX command.

          Examples:

          1.

     1>USE employee
     1>FIND B
     27. File is not indexed.
     1>INDEX ON name TO employee
           6 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED
     1>LIST name
           2  Balzer
           1  Marek
           5  Poyner
           4  Rayme
           3  Steiner
           6  Wilson
     1>FIND R
     1>DISP name
           4  Rayme

          Note that once the data file is indexed, you can use FIND.

          2.

          A data file has a numeric field AMOUNT containing numbers from 1
     to 5,000; to index the file in decreasing order use the key:

     STR(10000-amount,6)

          3.

          A mailing list has 50,000 records, including about 250 from Utah.
     An efficient way to select and print a listing of all those in Utah
     is:

     USE maillist



     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 242          SECTION 4


     INDEX ON zip TO utah FOR state='UT'





















































     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 242.1        SECTION 4
                                   INDEX FROM

     Create an index file, using the index key of an existing Info, dBASE
     or Clipper index file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ INDEX FROM <filename> [TO <file>] [FOR <cond>]                     ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <filename>  the name of an existing Info, dBASE or Clipper index   ║
     ║               file                                                 ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <file>      the name of the Info index file to be created with     ║
     ║               the same key expression as <filename>; default is    ║
     ║               same as original <filename>                          ║
     ║ FOR <cond>  a selection; only records for which <cond> is true are ║
     ║               included in the index                                ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The INDEX FROM command creates an index file using the index
     expression of an existing index, even if the existing index is corrupt
     or even from any version of dBASE (II, III, or IV) or Clipper.  If no
     new name is given with the TO clause, the original file is
     overwritten.

          Index files are discussed more fully in the Index TO command
     below.

          When making an index from one created in dBASE or Clipper, be
     aware that some expressions from these languages are not permitted in
     Info; if an invalid expression is encountered, an error message is
     sent.  In addition, the <cond> used with the optional FOR clause must
     be no more than 100 characters long.

          For users with existing applications which must be retained in
     dBASE or Clipper, you may use the FILES ... ENDFILES structure to
     point to data and index files in your dBASE or Clipper directory.  To
     avoid confusion between dBASE and Info index files, which both use the
     default extension NDX, you will probably want to specify an extension
     such as KEY in Info.  See example 2 below for a program that uses a
     FILES ... ENDFILES structure and the DIR( function to search for index
     files in a dBASE directory to be used as templates for Info index
     files using the same data files.

          (Note: You may not use COMP for the first four letters of a data
     or index file; Info is unable to open such a file with the USE
     command.)

          Once an index file exists, the data file can be opened for use
     with the index file; see the USE <data file> INDEX <index file>


     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual             Page 242.2       SECTION 4


     command.  The commands: APPEND, BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, REPLACE, READ
     automatically update the index files in use.  There can be many index
     files in use, all are updated by these commands, but only one index
     file works with FIND.

          If SET TALK ON and in Conversational Info, INDEX FROM will output
     progress reports showing the completion of each 100 records, and the
     total number of records indexed.  Large files create temporary files
     which are then merged to create the ultimate index.

          On a network with SET NETWORK ON in VP-Info Professional Network
     Edition, attempting to create an index while another user is accessing
     a file with the same name will cause a LOCK error.

          See also the INDEX ON and REINDEX commands.

          Examples:

          1.

     1>USE employee
     1>INDEX FROM emplnum TO emplnum
           6 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED
     1>INDEX FROM emplnum
           6 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED
     1>INDEX FROM emplnum TO empmarry FOR married
           4 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED

          2.

          An application written in dBASE keeps its data and index files in
     C:\DATA.  The following FILES ... ENDFILES structure is in the CNF
     files executed when Info was started:

     FILES
     *.dbf,c:\data\
     *.ndx,c:\data\
     *.key,c:\info\key\
     *.frm,c:\info\
     ENDFILES

          This allows the following program to work properly, assuming that
     C:\DATA has no more than 60 data files and all index files share the
     first four letters with the data file on which they are created (an
     excellent practice):








     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual             Page 242.3      SECTION 4



     ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     **********************************************************************
     *  dBASEndx.prg   demonstration program for the INDEX FROM command
     *                 to allow automatic maintenance of INFO indexes with
     *                 the same keys as the indexes dBASE itself maintains
     *     Note the use of DIRF command to display directory of files
     *        according to FILES table set by FILES ... ENDFILES structure
     *     Note also that all variables have an off prefix (qz_) as a
     *        safeguard against confusing INFO if a data file has a field
     *        name identical to a variable name (FNAME is frequent, QZ_FNAME
     *        is improbable)
     *  (C) 1990 Sub Rosa Publishing Inc.  (Author: Sidney L. Bursten)
     **********************************************************************
     SET talk on      ;so you can see the indexing in progress
     WINDOW
     ERASE
     *name any data file in next line, so INFO compiler knows one will be opened
     USE E:TRANS COMPILE
     CLS
     DIRF *.dbf      ;get directory using FILES...ENDFILES structure
     SCREEN 1,2      ;save directory as screen display
     DO WHILE t
        SCREEN 2,1   ;restore saved screen
        ? '     In entering file names, do not use period or extension'
        ACCEPT 'Enter name of data file (RETURN only exits) ... ' to qz_fname
        IF qz_fname=' '
           @ 24,0    ;erase last line of screen
           CANCEL    ;end program
        ENDIF
        USE &qz_fname
        CLS
        qz_mask=TRIM(left(qz_fname,4))+'*.ndx'  ;build search mask for DIRF
        DIRF &qz_mask      ;get directory using FILES...ENDFILES structure
        SCREEN 1,3         ;store this screen, too
        DO WHILE t
           SCREEN 3,1      ;restore directory screen after every execution
           ? '     In entering file names, do not use period or extension'
           ACCEPT 'Enter name of index file (RETURN only exits) ... ' to
     qz_iname
           IF qz_iname=' '
              BREAK        ;get back into outer loop for next data file
           ENDIF
           qz_iname=trim(qz_iname)
     * add extension to output name so file goes into current directory
           qz_kname=qz_iname+'.key'
           INDEX FROM &qz_iname TO &qz_kname ;original file unchanged
           WAIT                           ;pause to display results
        ENDDO
     ENDDO
     ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual             Page 242.4       SECTION 4



          When run, the program displays the appropriate files, inputs a file
     name, and acts accordingly:

     ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

     APPTEST.DBF      734  9-06-90 10:07p   AVTEST.DBF       522  5-18-88  2:23p
     BIGKEY.DBF      8798  6-12-88  8:59a   BUG809.DBF      7347  8-09-90  9:46a
     CCUST.DBF        522 10-13-88  5:42p   COMMS.DBF       6546  1-06-91  5:11p
     COMMS2.DBF      6342  1-07-91  1:00p   CUSTJUNK.DBF    7062  9-17-90  3:57p
     CUSTOMER.DBF     734 11-29-90 10:43p   DB4.DBF          406  9-10-90  1:38p
     EXPORT.DBF    635959 11-08-90  2:53p   F1.DBF          1249  1-07-91  6:56p
     F2.DBF          1187  1-07-91  6:56p   F3.DBF           505  1-07-91  6:56p
     FUNC.DBF        2832  1-07-91  7:38p   FUNC2.DBF        258  1-07-91  7:33p
     JOE.DBF          792  9-09-90 11:36a   JUNK.DBF       43254  1-14-91  8:21p
     JUNK2.DBF       5286  1-14-91 11:08a   JUNK8.DBF        121  9-18-90  7:52a
     JUNK9.DBF       1073  9-18-90  7:51a   LONG.DBF        1137  7-17-90 11:26a
     MATRIX.DBF      4130  9-04-90  1:50p   MTEST.DBF        522  7-28-88 10:27a
     NEWTEST.DBF      682  7-27-88 12:01p   NEWTEXT.DBF      522  7-27-88 10:48a
     PAINT2.DBF      4130  8-06-90 11:09a   PAINT3.DBF      4130  8-06-90 11:10a
     PAINTMEM.DBF    4130  8-06-90 11:09a   POS1.DBF       12830  5-28-88  9:58a
     PTEST.DBF        570  7-28-88 10:26a   SEN.DBF            1  9-06-90  9:36a
     SHARETST.DBF    6271  9-08-90  6:18p   SID.DBF        18432  9-02-90  6:28p
     SID2.DBF          66  6-03-88 11:38a   TEST.DBF        3312  1-14-91  8:18p
     TEST2.DBF        372  2-10-91  5:33p   TESTTEST.DBF    2094  3-17-90 12:40p
     THREE.DBF        189  6-12-88  9:21a   TRANSACT.DBF       2  5-02-88  2:48p
     VAITEST.DBF      552  7-28-88 12:32p   HELP.DBF         234  4-08-91  4:47p

     795837 bytes in 42 files.
     1724416 bytes remaining.
        ? '     In entering file names, do not period or use extension'
     Enter name of data file (RETURN only exits) ... customer
     ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

     CUSTNAME.NDX    1028 11-30-90  5:36p   CUSTNUM.NDX     1024  4-17-91 11:10a
     CUST1.NDX       1028  3-19-91  6:51p   CUST2.NDX       1028  3-19-91  6:51p

     4108 bytes in 4 files.
     1724416 bytes remaining.
        ? '     In entering file names, do not period or use extension'
     Enter name of index file (RETURN only exits) ...  cust2
            4 RECORDS READ
            4 RECORDS INDEXED
     WAITING

     ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────







     INDEX ON                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    INDEX ON
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 243          SECTION 4



                                     INPUT

     Input request for data of any type.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ INPUT ['<string>'] TO <memvar>                                     ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ '<string>'     prompt message                                      ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command INPUT is used to enter string, numeric, or logical
     data into a memory variable, <memvar>.  It works the same way as the
     command ACCEPT (see ACCEPT), except that string input needs quotation
     marks.

          The type of the <memvar> is determined as follows:

          If the data typed in is in quotation marks, it is a string;
     <memvar> is of character type.

          If the data is a number, <memvar> is of numeric type.

          If the data is Y, y, N, n, T, t, F, or f, <memvar> is of logical
     type.

          The optional character string is used as a prompt.  A character
     expression cannot be used, but a macro is permitted, provided the
     macro expression includes quotation marks.

          ACCEPT is the preferred way to enter strings, since ACCEPT does
     not require quotation marks as delimiters.

          <memvar> cannot be a matrix variable.

          Examples:

     1>INPUT 'Your name: ' TO name
     Your name: 'Cathy'
     1>INPUT 'Your age: ' TO age
     Your age: 32
     1>INPUT 'Are you telling the truth? ' TO truth
     Are you telling the truth? n
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      Cathy
     AGE             N       8      32
     TRUTH           L       2      .F.





     INPUT                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       INPU     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 244          SECTION 4


     ** Total **  3  variables, 15  bytes

          The following illustrates use of a variable instead of a string
     as the prompt:


     1>prompt='"This is a prompt: "'
     1>INPUT &prompt TO hello
     This is a prompt:  4
     1>LIST MEMORY

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     PROMPT          C      20      "This is a prompt: "
     HELLO           N       8      4
     ** Total ** 2  variables... 28  bytes







































     INPUT                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       INPUT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 245          SECTION 4



                                      LAST

     Find the last record matching a given FIND string by its index in the
     selected data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LAST <string>                                                      ║
     ║                          VP-Info Professional only                 ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <string>   the characters to match in the current master index     ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          LAST is one of a family of commands that finds a record in an
     indexed data file by matching a given string with key values in the
     index file:

          LAST positions the file on the last record in the index matching
               the FIND string (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find
               positions the file at the top of file)
          FIND positions the file on the first record in the index matching
               the LAST string (no-find positions the file at the top of
               file)
          NEAREST positions the file on the first record in the index equal
               to or greater than the FIND string (VP-Info Professional
               only)
          SEEK is identical to FIND, except that it searches for the match
               to the value of a character expression instead of a string
               constant (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find positions the
               file at the top of file)

          All forms allow a search to be made on a character expression
     when the expression if preceded by the macro symbol "&".  When the
     variable var='TAYLOR', both of the following command lines are
     equivalent:

     LAST TAYLOR
     LAST &var

          In Conversational VP-Info Level 1, just type LAST and the key.

          Examples:

     1>LAST TAYLOR
     1>LAST TOM

          If SET DELETE ON, deleted records will not be found.  (See the
     command SET.)

          Numbers must always be treated as strings, even if the key
     expression is a numeric field.  If NUM is a numeric field of width 2,



     LAST                           VPI  VPIN                          LAST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 246          SECTION 4


     LAST 1 will not find 1, but LAST &STR(1,2) or LAST &' 1' will be
     successful.

          For the users' convenience, Conversational VP-Info Level 1
     converts all command lines to upper case before execution.  So, to
     find the inventory numbers that start with AB, type either of the
     following two commands:

     1>LAST AB
     1>LAST ab

          It follows that

     1>LAST Taylor

     is understood by VP-Info Level 1 as LAST TAYLOR.  If you have to find
     Taylor, either use the string directly with the macro symbol:

     1>LAST &'Taylor'

     or if name='Taylor' use the following:

     1>LAST &name

          In a Level 1 program, FIND the key in the file, use the LIMIT
     command to limit the scope of all positioning commands to those
     records matching the FIND string, and GOTO BOTTOM.

          When LAST is successful, the value of the current record pointer
     (as shown by the # and RECNO( functions) is set to the current record
     number, and the system variable :NEAR is set to the same number.

          If the record is not found, the current record pointer will be
     set to 0 and the value of :NEAR will be set to the number of the first
     record in the index with a key greater than the FIND string; if the
     index contains no key greater than the FIND string, :NEAR is set to
     the bottom of file, and EOF is set to T (true).

          For a fuller discussion, see the FIND command.















     LAST                           VPI  VPIN                          LAST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 247          SECTION 4



                                     LIMIT

     Limit the records available within the current master index to those
     matching all or part of the current record's index key.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LIMIT <num exp>                                                    ║
     ║ LIMIT <key exp>                                                    ║
     ║ LIMIT                                                              ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>    the number of characters in the key expression of     ║
     ║                 the current master index                           ║
     ║ <key exp>    the string expression to match in the current master  ║
     ║                 index                                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          When the current file has an index, VP-Info Level 1 can be made
     to treat the file as though it includes only those records matching
     the current record's key expression, or some leftmost part of it.
     When a LIMIT is in effect, no VP-Info Level 1 command can access a
     record outside that limit.

          You can most quickly implement this command by using the
     <num exp> option.  The effect is to have VP-Info Level 1 set the LIMIT
     to the leftmost <num exp> characters of the key expression of the
     master index.

          If <num exp> exceeds the length of the key, the effect is
     identical to setting the LIMIT to the entire index expression.
     (Maximum index-key length is 60 characters.)

          When LIMIT is used with no option, or when <num exp> is zero, the
     limit is deactivated.

          Using LIMIT with <key exp> requires precision in its use to avoid
     problems that may become extremely serious. Note that the <key exp>
     expression must be the same as the master index key in use at the
     moment, or some LEFT( portion of it. Do not attempt to use an
     expression that does not meet this requirement.

          Cautions:

          A.   FIND should not be used on a file with an active limit.  If
               you choose to do so, be certain that the FIND will be
               successful.  An unsuccessful FIND places the record pointer
               on record 0 which is by definition not in the index.  This
               causes an error, suspends operation of a program, and turns
               off the LIMIT.



     LIMIT                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       LIMIT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 248          SECTION 4



          B.   Do not use REPLACE ALL on a field included in an active
               limit expression, since upon completion, no records will be
               included in the limit; the result is the same as above.

          C.   Do not use APPEND, APPEND BLANK or BROWSE APPEND, or enter
               "append mode" in EDIT, while a limit is active unless you
               are sure to make all new records equal to the current LIMIT
               key before leaving the new records.  Doing so causes the
               record pointer to move outside the LIMIT; the result is the
               same as above.

          D.   LIMIT should be used with extreme care, and left in effect
               for the minimum number of commands possible.  For instance,
               if used with BROWSE, LIMIT should be invoked immediately
               before the BROWSE command and canceled immediately
               afterward.

          E.   LIMIT is automatically canceled when the index or the file
               with which it is active is closed, or the master index is
               changed with SET INDEX TO n.

          F.   LIMIT cannot be used with a string constant instead of a
               <key exp>.  The <key exp> can be implemented with a macro.






























     LIMIT                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       LIMIT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 249          SECTION 4



                                      LIST

     List expressions from selected records.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LIST [<scope>] [FOR <cond>] [<exp list>] [OFF]                     ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>        select by scope (default scope: ALL)                ║
     ║ FOR <cond>     select by condition                                 ║
     ║ <exp list>     items to list                                       ║
     ║ OFF            do not print the record numbers                     ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command lists the whole selected data file (including the
     records flagged as DELETED, unless the command SET DELETE ON is
     given).  If the data file is indexed, the listing is by the indexed
     order.

          The records to be listed can be selected by scope and/or by a
     condition.  To list only selected fields of the records, use an
     expression list.

          Examples:


     1>USE employee
     1>LIST
           1  Marek           Joe        231 River Drive      Broomsdale
           2  Balzer          Joan       2407 E 38th Street   Broomsdale
           3  Steiner         Tom        114 North Pitt St.   Lakewood
           4  Rayme           Pamela     42368 Wedgewood Dr.  Broomsdale
           5  Poyner          Roger      2757 Regency Road    Florington
           6  Wilson          Robert     16255 Ventura Street Broomsdale
     1>GO TOP
     1>LIST NEXT 3 fname,name
           1  Joe        Marek
           2  Joan       Balzer
           3  Tom        Steiner













     LIST                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        LIST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 250          SECTION 4



                                   LIST FILES

     List files from the directory.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LIST FILES [LIKE <file format>] [ON <drive letter>]                ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ LIKE <file format>   limit to those files matching the file format ║
     ║                         specification (default .DBF)               ║
     ║ ON <drive letter>    show only files on named disk (colon optional)║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command lists the data files, with the default extension
     DBF, from the current or other specified disk drive.  LIST FILES is
     provided only for compatibility with earlier versions of VP-Info; DIR
     should be used instead.

          If the LIKE clause is used, the type of file required can be
     specified; the wild cards * and ? (see the DIR command) can be used
     just as in the operating system command DIR.

          If the ON <drive letter> clause is used, only the files from the
     drive specified are listed.

          See the VP-Info Level 1 command DIR.

          Examples:


     1>LIST FILES
     CCUST.DBF       1024 10-24-89  1:07a   COMMS.DBF       1024 10-24-89  1:07a
     COMMS.DBF        757  8-31-89 11:30p   CUSTJUNK.DBF     653  9-06-89  9:02a
     CUSTOMER.DBF    1024 10-24-89  1:07a   RUST2.DBF     342058 11-29-89  8:25p
     SUBDUE.DBF      2027 11-29-89  7:21p   SUBDUE2.DBF     1168 11-29-89  2:29a
     WAY_BUSI.DBF  506022 10-24-89  2:24a   WAY_PHON.DBF   45525 10-24-89  1:29a
     WAY_DBFS.DBF    1291 10-24-89  3:15a   WAY_RES.DBF   406175 10-24-89  1:05a

     1024349 bytes in 12 files.
     5251072 bytes remaining.












     LIST FILES                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  LIST FILES     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 251          SECTION 4


     1>LIST FILES ON A
     THREE.DBF        189  6-12-88  9:21a   TRANSACT.DBF       2  5-02-88  2:48p
     VAITEST.DBF      552  7-28-88 12:32p

     795603 bytes in 41 files.
     51072 bytes remaining.
     1>LIST FILE LIKE c*.*
     CCUST.DBF        522 10-13-88  5:42p   COMMS.DBF       6546  1-06-90  5:11p
     COMMS2.DBF      6342  1-07-90  1:00p   CUSTJUNK.DBF    7062  9-17-89  3:57p
     CUSTOMER.DBF     734 11-29-89 10:43p

     21206 bytes in 5 files.
     5251072 bytes remaining.









































     LIST FILES                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  LIST FILES     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 252          SECTION 4



                                  LIST MEMORY

     List the memory variables.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LIST MEMORY                                                        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command LIST MEMORY displays a listing of all non-matrix
     memory variables and their contents, and a separate listing of the
     matrix variables and their dimensions.

          Examples:

     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     ** Total **  0  Variables used  0  Bytes used
     1>name='David'
     1>number=12.78
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     NUMBER          N       8      12.78
     ** Total **  2  Variables used  13  Bytes used
     1>DIM NUM a[12]
     1>DIM CHAR table[2,12]
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     NUMBER          N       8      12.78

     Matrix Name   Type    Width    Dimensions
     A               N       8      [12]
     TABLE           C      10      [2,12]
     ** Total **  4  Variables used  33  Bytes used

          Note that matrix variables are stored in high memory (see
     Appendix A).  The number of "bytes used" message does not take this
     into account.  To see the usage of high memory, use the STATUS
     command.  See also DIM.










     LIST MEMORY                VPI1  VPI  VPIN                 LIST MEMORY     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 253          SECTION 4



                                 LIST STRUCTURE

     List the structure of the selected file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LIST STRUCTURE                                                     ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command LIST STRUCTURE displays the structure of the selected
     data file.

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>LIST STRU
     Data file:           EMPLOYEE.DBF
     Number of records:       6
     File number:             1
     Field   Name       Type Width   Dec
       1     NAME         C     15
       2     FNAME        C     10
       3     ADDR         C     20
       4     CITY         C     20
       5     STATE        C      2
       6     ZIP          C      5
       7     TEL_NO       C      8
       8     MARRIED      L      1
       9     SALARY       N      9      2
      10     YEAR_EMP     N      4
      11     DEPT         C     15
     ** Record Length **       110
     1>USE#5 order
     1>LIST#5 STRU
     Data file:           ORDER.DBF
     Number of records:       3
     File number:            #5
     Field   Name       Type Width   Dec
       1     ORDER:NO     C      6
       2     CUST:NO      C      6
       3     INVEN:NO     C      6
       4     STYLE:NO     C      4
       5     COLOR        C      2
       6     CATEGORY     C      2
       7     DESCR        C     30
       8     SLSMAN:NO    C      3
       9     PRICE        N      9      2
      10     QTY          N      9      2
      11     COST         N      9      2
      12     AMOUNT       N      9      2
     ** Record Length **        96



     LIST STRUCTURE             VPI1  VPI  VPIN              LIST STRUCTURE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 254          SECTION 4
























































     LIST STRUCTURE             VPI1  VPI  VPIN              LIST STRUCTURE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 255          SECTION 4



                                  LIST SYSTEM

     List the function key definitions and system variables.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LIST SYSTEM                                                        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command LIST SYSTEM displays the current contents of the 10
     function keys and system variables (see Sections 1.2 and 2.6).

          Example:

     1>LIST SYST
     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     :F1             C       5      HELP
     :F2             C      10      LIST STRU;
     :F3             C       6      WRITE
     :F4             C      10      LIST MEMO;
     :F5             C       7      BROWSE;
     :F6             C       5      STAT;
     :F7             C      12      ^wCONT;EDIT;
     :F8             C      11      LOCATE FOR
     :F9             C       5      FIND
     :F10            C       5      EDIT;
     :TIME           C       8      22:53:43
     :DATE           C      24      Thursday, March 19, 1991
     :VERSION        C       4      510
     :SERIAL         C      10      5108796982
     :COMPANY        C      34      Sub Rosa Publishing Inc.
     :PICTURE        C      10      9999999.99
     :TITLE          C       1
     :UNDOC          C       1
     :KEY            N       8      13
     :AVAIL          N       8      0
     :FIELD          N       8      0
     :ERROR          N       8      0
     :MESSAGE        C       1
     :RETRY          N       8      25
     :USER           N       8      1
     :DIR            C      11      C:\VPI
     :NEAR           N       8      0
     :COLOR          N       8      48
     ** Total ** 28  variables... 244  bytes

          To set the system variables to suit your needs, use the SRI.CNF
     file or the VPI.CNF file as appropriate, see Section 1.






     LIST SYSTEM                VPI1  VPI  VPIN                 LIST SYSTEM     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 256          SECTION 4



                                     LOCATE

     Search for a record that satisfies the condition.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LOCATE [<scope>] FOR <cond>                                        ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>   search only within the scope (default scope: ALL)        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command LOCATE searches for records by a condition.  This
     command works quicker if there is no index file.

          If a match is found with SET TALK ON,

     Record n

     informs the user of the record number (n).

          The LOCATE command line cannot be more than 128 characters.  The
     keyword FOR cannot be in a macro.

          The CONTINUE command continues the search after the current
     record using the condition of the last LOCATE.

          Normally, the selected file should not be indexed.  The command
     LOCATE executes about three time slower in an indexed file.  If an
     index file is in use, the search will take place in the indexed order.

          The preferred way to locate a record in an indexed file is with
     the FIND command.

          With the default scope ALL, LOCATE starts at the top of file and
     scans either until the first record matching the condition is found,
     or the end of file is reached; an unsuccessful LOCATE sets the EOF
     flag to T (true).

          You can use an alternate scope, NEXT or WHILE, to have LOCATE
     begin with the record after the current record.  Unlike all other uses
     of scope in VP-Info Level 1, however, LOCATE does not require anything
     other than the keyword to make the scope act in this way.  Example:

     LOCATE NEXT FOR cust>'M'      ;looks for a matching record anywhere in
                                   the file, starting with the next record.
     LOCATE WHILE FOR cust>'M'     ;works exactly the same


          Examples:



     LOCATE FOR                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  LOCATE FOR     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 257          SECTION 4



     1>USE employee
     1>LIST name, salary
           1  Marek
           2  Balzer
           3  Steiner
           4  Rayme
           5  Poyner
           6  Wilson
     1>GO TOP
     1>LOCATE FOR salary > 20000
     Record 1
     1>? name, salary
     Marek            25800.00
     1>CONT
     Record 3
     1>? name, salary
     Steiner          35780.00
     1>CONT
     Record 4
     1>? name, salary
     Rayme            79110.00
     1>CONT
     Record 6
     1>? name, salary
     Wilson           33870.00
     1>CONT
     1>? EOF
     T

























     LOCATE FOR                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  LOCATE FOR     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 258          SECTION 4



                                      LOCK

     Lock the current record.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LOCK                                                               ║
     ║                   VP-Info Professional Network Edition only        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          In VP-Info Professional Network Edition, this command locks the
     current record to all other users so that you can safely make changes
     to a record key while the file is open in SHARE mode.

          If SET NETWORK OFF, LOCK is ignored.

          In Level 1 and VP-Info Professional, LOCK has no effect, but is
     accepted for program compatibility across versions.

          See the SET NETWORK command on how to get into the multi-user
     mode.  See also UNLOCK.

          Example:

     mcust=cust
     FIND &mcust
     LOCK



























     LOCK                             VPIN                             LOCK     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 259          SECTION 4



                                  LOCK INDEXES

     Lock the current record.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LOCK INDEXES                                                       ║
     ║                   VP-Info Professional Network Edition only        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          In VP-Info Professional Network Edition this command locks all
     indexes attached to the current data file so that you can safely make
     changes to a record's key while the file is open in SHARE mode.

          Like the LOCK command (which locks records in a data file), and
     SET LOCK ON (which automatically locks each record as it is used),
     LOCK INDEX should be used only when files are opened in SHARE mode on
     a network.

          LOCK INDEXES allows only one person to change the index files,
     though any number of others can access the indexes if they open the
     data file in either SHARE or READ mode.  UNLOCK INDEXES will unlock
     the all the index file.

          See the SET NETWORK command on how to get into the multi-user
     mode.  See also UNLOCK INDEXES.

          In Level 1 and VP-Info Professional, LOCK INDEXES has no effect,
     but is accepted for program compatibility across versions.

          Example:

     mcust=cust
     FIND &mcust
     LOCK INDEXES



















     LOCK INDEXES                     VPIN                     LOCK INDEXES     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 260          SECTION 4



                                      LOOP

     Jump to the top of the DO WHILE loop.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ LOOP                                                               ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          When the LOOP command is found in a DO WHILE <cond> loop, program
     execution jumps to the top of loop (evaluates the condition).  See
     also DO WHILE and BREAK.

          Example:

     USE cust
     USE#2 trans INDEX trans1
     DO WHILE T
        ACCEPT 'Enter the customer number ' TO mcust
        IF TRIM(mcust)=' '
           BREAK
        ENDIF
        FIND#2 &mcust
        IF RECNO(2)=0
           LOOP
        ENDIF
        SELECT 2
        DO WHILE custn=mcust .AND. .NOT. EOF
           ? date,descript,amount
           SKIP
        ENDDO
        SELECT 1
     ENDDO





















     LOOP                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        LOOP     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 261          SECTION 4



                                      MAX

     Scan selected records for the highest values of one or more numeric
     expressions.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ MAX [<scope>] <num exp list> [TO <memvar list>] [FOR <cond>]       ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp list>    the numeric expressions to sum                   ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>           select by scope (default scope: ALL)             ║
     ║ <memvar list>     store the results in these memory variables      ║
     ║ FOR <cond>        select by condition                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command MAX evaluates numeric expressions for selected
     records of the selected data file, determining the highest value
     encountered for each expression.  Up to 10 expressions can be scanned
     with one command.

          Optionally, the results can be stored in numeric memory
     variables; the expression list and the numeric memory variable list
     must have the same number of entries.  <memvar list> cannot contain
     numeric matrix variables.

          Records flagged as DELETED are not scanned.  See also MIN, SUM,
     COUNT and AVERAGE.

          Example:

          The highest hourly wages, the highest annual earnings, and the
     highest number of hours worked in the year:

     1>USE employee
     1>MAX hourly,ydt_earned,ytd_hours
           6 RECORDS CHECKED
          32.57,  51579.65,   2632.65
     1>SET TALK OFF
     1>MAX hourly,ydt_earned,ytd_hours TO maxrate,maxearned,maxhours
     1>?  maxrate,maxearned,maxhours
          32.57   51579.65    2632.65










     MAX                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         MAX     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 262          SECTION 4



                                    MEMORY=

     Request a specific memory configuration for VP-Info Professional.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ MEMORY=<blocks>                                                    ║
     ║          VP-Info Professional only             VPI.SET file only   ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <blocks> number of 1K blocks of memory to reserve for high memory  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command MEMORY= in the VPI.SET file allocates a specific
     amount of high memory for use of VP-Info Professional rather than the
     default of 128K.

          The number of blocks can be as little as 32, although VP-Info
     Professional can be expected to be sluggish in performance at that
     level, and there will be little space available for matrixes and
     background screens.

          High memory is used for a wide variety of tasks in
     VP-Info Level 1, including storage of index blocks, print spooling,
     background screen storage, matrixes, table storage, program swap area,
     etc.  Requesting 32 to 127 blocks decreases the space available for
     these tasks, but increases the space available for storing binary
     files to be executed with the CALL command (see BINSPACE= command) and
     for running programs in DOS (see RUN command).

          If large amounts of memory are required for matrixes, you may
     need to request more than 128 blocks.  Requesting more memory than
     available will not cause an error; VP-Info Professional always takes
     all the memory there is or the amount requested, whichever is less.

          See Appendix A for more about organization of memory.

          Example:

     MEMORY=96















     MEMORY=                        VPI  VPIN                       MEMORY=     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 263          SECTION 4


                                      MIN

     Scan selected records for the lowest values of one or more numeric
     expressions.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ MIN [<scope>] <num exp list> [TO <memvar list>] [FOR <cond>]       ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp list>    the numeric expressions to sum                   ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>           select by scope (default scope: ALL)             ║
     ║ <memvar list>     store the results in these memory variables      ║
     ║ FOR <cond>        select by condition                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command MIN evaluates numeric expressions for selected
     records of the selected data file, determining the lowest value
     encountered for each expression.  Up to 10 expressions can be scanned
     with one command.

          Optionally, the results can be stored in numeric memory
     variables; the expression list and the numeric memory variable list
     must have the same number of entries.  <memvar list> cannot contain
     numeric matrix variables.

          Records flagged as DELETED are not scanned.  See also MAX, SUM,
     COUNT and AVERAGE.

          Example:

          The lowest hourly wages, the lowest annual earnings, and the
     lowest number of hours worked in the year:

     1>USE employee
     1>MIN hourly,ydt_earned,ytd_hours
           6 RECORDS CHECKED
           5.57,   1579.65,    232.65
     1>SET TALK OFF
     1>MIN hourly,ydt_earned,ytd_hours TO maxrate,maxearned,maxhours
     1>?  maxrate,maxearned,maxhours
           5.57,   1579.65,    232.65











     MIN                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         MIN     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 264          SECTION 4



                                     MODIFY

     Modify the structure of a data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ MODIFY [STRUCTURE]                                                 ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command MODIFY (or MODIFY STRUCTURE) modifies the structure
     of the selected file.  The display is the same as in CREATE, the keys
     retain their meaning.  Each field is represented by four editing
     fields.

          All records in the file will be automatically appended.  If any
     types or names are changed, the contents of the affected fields will
     be lost.

     Restrictions:

          A.   Do not use MODIFY in a program

          B.   Do not use MODIFY merely to change the name of a field.
               Fields may be renamed instantaneously with the RENAME FIELD
               command.

          Editing keys:

     <Left> or Ctrl-S        moves the cursor back one character
     <Right> or Ctrl-D       moves the cursor forward one character
     Ctrl-<Left>             moves to the beginning of the editing field
     Ctrl-<Right>            moves to the end of the editing field
     <Ins> or Ctrl-V         puts you in insert mode: what you type gets
                                inserted  (normally, you are in overtype
                                mode: what you type overtypes the existing
                                text); pressing <Ins> or Ctrl-V again, puts
                                you back into overtype mode
     <BACKSPACE>             deletes the character to the left of the
                                cursor
     <Del> or Ctrl-G         deletes the character on the cursor
     Ctrl-Y                  deletes the rest of the editing field

     <Up> or Ctrl-E          moves the cursor to the previous editing field
     <Dn> or Ctrl-X          moves the cursor to the next editing field

     Ctrl-Q                  quits and does not modify the file
     <End> or Ctrl-W         quits and modifies the file

     Ctrl-K                  moves back to the top of the previous page
     Ctrl-L                  moves to the top of the next page




     MODIFY                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      MODIFY     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 265          SECTION 4


     Ctrl-N                  inserts a new line
     Ctrl-T                  deletes the line

          To be safe, make a back up copy of the file to be modified before
     the MODIFY command is given.  After the MODIFY, the new fields will be
     blank, the deleted fields disappear.  All deleted records will also be
     lost.

          If <Esc> or Ctrl-Q is pressed at any time in MODIFY before the
     appending of records is completed, MODIFY will be aborted and the data
     file closed.  No changes already made will be saved.

          Changing the characteristics of a field (say the width) effects
     the field the same way as in APPEND FROM.

          On a network with SET NETWORK ON in VP-Info Professional Network
     Edition, attempting to MODIFY an index while another user is accessing
     a file with the same name will cause a LOCK error.  Always open a file
     in LOCK mode before modifying it.

          Example:

          Change the FNAME field in EMPLOYEE.DBF from 10 characters to 15
     characters.

     1>USE employee
     1>COPY employee to temp                    making a backup copy
     1>MODIFY

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thursday, March 22, 1990
                                 VP-Info Modify               EMPLOYEE.DBF
Name         Type    Width   Dec        Name         Type    Width   Dec

NAME          C       15      0
FNAME         C       10      0
ADDR          C       20      0
CITY          C       20      0
STATE         C        2      0
ZIP           C        6      0
TEL_NO        C       10      0
MARRIED       L        1      0
SALARY        N        9      2
YEAR_EMP      N        4      0
DEPT          C       15      0


┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ UP/DOWN           COLUMN MOVE  ROW            SAVE STRUCTURE    C..Strings │
│ previous. <PgUp>  left... ^K   insert... ^N   update... <End>   N..Numbers │
│ next..... <PgDn>  right.. ^L   delete... ^T   nochange. ^Q      L..Yes/No  │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

     MODIFY                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      MODIFY     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 266          SECTION 4




          Now change 10 to 15:


──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thursday, March 22, 1990
                                 VP-Info Modify               EMPLOYEE.DBF
Name         Type    Width   Dec        Name         Type    Width   Dec

NAME          C       15      0
FNAME         C       15      0
ADDR          C       20      0
CITY          C       20      0
STATE         C        2      0
ZIP           C        6      0
TEL_NO        C       10      0
MARRIED       L        1      0
SALARY        N        9      2
YEAR_EMP      N        4      0
DEPT          C       15      0


┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ UP/DOWN           COLUMN MOVE  ROW            SAVE STRUCTURE    C..Strings │
│ previous. <PgUp>  left... ^K   insert... ^N   update... <End>   N..Numbers │
│ next..... <PgDn>  right.. ^L   delete... ^T   nochange. ^Q      L..Yes/No  │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

          When you press <End>, you are given the opportunity to change to
    data file "type" from the current type shown to any other.  Type 3 is the
    only one that can be read and changed by dBASE III, dBASE IV, FoxPro,
    Clipper, etc.
















                          Page 267 intentionally omitted.



     MODIFY                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      MODIFY     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 268          SECTION 4


                                    NEAREST

     Find the first record whose index key is equal to or greater than a
     given FIND string by its index in the selected data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ NEAREST <string>                                                   ║
     ║                          VP-Info Professional only                 ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <string>   the characters to match in the current master index     ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          NEAREST is one of a family of commands that finds a record in an
     indexed data file by matching a given string with key values in the
     index file:

          NEAREST positions the file on the first record in the index equal
               to or greater than the FIND string (VP-Info Professional
               only).  If no key in the index is equal to or greater than
               the FIND string, the current record pointer and :NEAR are
               set to the bottom of file, and EOF is set to T (true)
          FIND positions the file on the first record in the index matching
               the LAST string (no-find positions the file at the top of
               file)
          LAST positions the file on the last record in the index matching
               the FIND string (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find
               positions the file at the top of file)
          SEEK is identical to FIND, except that it searches for the match
               to the value of a character expression instead of a string
               constant (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find positions the
               file at the top of file)

          All forms allow a search to be made on a character expression
     when the expression if preceded by the macro symbol "&".  When the
     variable var='TAYLOR', both of the following command lines are
     equivalent:

     NEAREST TAYLOR
     NEAREST &var

          In Conversational VP-Info Level 1, just type NEAREST and the key.

          Examples:

     1>NEAREST TAYLOR
     1>NEAREST TOM

          If SET DELETE ON, deleted records will not be found.  (See the
     command SET.)

          Numbers must always be treated as strings, even if the key
     expression is a numeric field.  If NUM is a numeric field of width 2,


     NEAREST                        VPI  VPIN                       NEAREST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 269          SECTION 4


     NEAREST 1 will not find 1, but NEAREST &STR(1,2) or NEAREST &' 1' will
     be successful.

          For the users' convenience, Conversational VP-Info Level 1
     converts all command lines to upper case before execution.  So, to
     find the inventory numbers that start with AB, type either of the
     following two commands:

     1>NEAREST AB
     1>NEAREST ab

          It follows that

     1>NEAREST Taylor

     is understood by VP-Info Level 1 as NEAREST TAYLOR.  If you have to
     find Taylor, either use the string directly with the macro symbol:

     1>NEAREST &'Taylor'

     or if name='Taylor' use the following:

     1>NEAREST &name

          By definition, NEAREST is always successful (unless the file is
     empty).  If an exact match is found, both the current record pointer
     (as shown by the # and RECNO( functions) and the system variable :NEAR
     are set to the first matching record.

          If an exact match is not found, the current record pointer and
     the value of :NEAR will be set to the number of the first record in
     the index with a key greater than the FIND string; if the index
     contains no key greater than the FIND string, the current record
     pointer and :NEAR are set to the bottom of file, and EOF is set to T
     (true).

          To position the record pointer to the record equal to or
     immediately less than the FIND string, do the following:

     NEAREST &findstring
     IF keyexpr<findstring
        SKIP -1
     ENDIF


          Note to Level 1 programmers: In a Level 1 program, you can
     approximate the actions of NEAREST when FIND fails by shortening the
     FIND string one character at a time until either the FIND is
     successful or the FIND string disappears. For example, if the FIND
     string is stored in VAR:




     NEAREST                        VPI  VPIN                       NEAREST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 270          SECTION 4


     finder2=finder
     DO WHILE len(finder2)>0
        FIND &finder2
        IF #>0
           BREAK
        ENDIF
        finder2=LEFT(finder2,LEN(finder2)-1)
     ENDDO
     IF #=0
        GOTO TOP
     ENDIF

          For a fuller discussion, see the FIND command.









































     NEAREST                        VPI  VPIN                       NEAREST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 271          SECTION 4



                                   NOEFFECTS

     Suppress special effects.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ NOEFFECTS                                                          ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║          VP-Info Professional only             VPI.SET file only   ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command in the VPI.SET file suppresses the special screen
     and sound effects used for the sign-on screen, as well as for the
     SCREEN, SOUND, and RING commands.

          Examples:

     NOEFFECTS



































     NOEFFECTS                      VPI  VPIN                     NOEFFECTS     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 272          SECTION 4



                                      NOTE

     Add notes to VP-Info Level 1 programs.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ NOTE [<string>]                                                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <string>   any text line: the comment                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This is the same as the command * (see *).  Any VP-Info Level 1
     command line that starts with NOTE is ignored by VP-Info Level 1.

          Notes can also be added with semicolon(;) to any VP-Info Level 1
     command line

          Since notes are not compiled, they have no effect on the
     execution of programs.  Comments should be used liberally to help you
     (and possibly others) understand your programs later.  If programs are
     very large, however, some comments may have to be shortened or
     eliminated to allow the compiler and/or WRITE to load them properly.

          Examples:

     NOTE This is the start of the main menu display
     IF cust=mcust ;the start of the processing for the current customer

























     NOTE                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        NOTE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 273          SECTION 4



                                    NOUPDATE

     Do not write changes made to the current record back to the disk.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ NOUPDATE                                                           ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Whenever a change is made to the current record in an open data
     file, leaving the record or closing the file causes the changes to be
     written to the disk.  This automatic action can be overridden by the
     NOUPDATE command, which tells VP-Info Level 1 to ignore the changes.

          This is essentially what happens when Ctrl-Q is pressed during
     EDIT and BROWSE.

          Example in a program:

          Suppose full-screen editing is in effect with the READ command,
     and you want to ignore any changes made to the record if the user
     presses Ctrl-Q or an erroneous key like Ctrl-T and Ctrl-U.  Using the
     :KEY system variable that stores the key number of the key pressed to
     terminate the last process:

     DO WHILE t
        READ
        IF :key=17 .OR. :key=20 .OR. :key=21  ;key numbers of ^Q, ^T and ^U
           NOUPDATE
           LOOP
        ENDIF
        DO CASE
        CASE :key=...                         ;check a key
           ...                                ;action based on :key value
        ENDCASE
     ENDDO


















     NOUPDATE                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    NOUPDATE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 274          SECTION 4



                                    ON ERROR

     Tell VP-Info Level 1 what to do if an error is encountered during
     program execution.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ ON ERROR                                                           ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command ON ERROR starts the ON ERROR/ENDON structure.  There
     can be any program segment between ON ERROR and ENDON, except that no
     data files should be opened or closed, and no new variables created or
     released.  This program segment is executed whenever the program
     encounters an error.

          The ON ERROR is in effect in the program from the point where it
     is located.  It remains in effect until another ON ERROR structure is
     found, or until execution leaves the current module, either on a
     RETURN or DO command.

          ON ERROR has no effect within a subroutine called by the DO
     command; if the subroutine needs the same ON ERROR structure, repeat
     the structure in the subroutine.

          Since the ON ERROR structure has no effect after returning to a
     calling program from a subroutine, you should consider putting this
     structure (possibly together with the ON ESCAPE structure) into a
     procedure that is performed at the beginning of the program, and after
     every DO command.

          ON ERROR should normally include a RETURN, CHAIN, CANCEL, or QUIT
     command to allow execution to leave the current program.  Do not
     RETURN from a main return, or CHAIN from a subroutine.

          When editing with the internal VP-Info Level 1 programming editor
     (see WRITE command), Alt-F reformats the file with all structures
     properly indented, making it easy to see unbalanced structures.

          Example:

     ON ERROR
        ? 'Aborting program execution because Error',:error,'encountered'
        ? :message      ;  :error contains the latest error number, and
        ?               ;  :message contains its meaning
        RING
        CANCEL
     ENDON






     ON ERROR                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    ON ERROR     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 275          SECTION 4



                                   ON ESCAPE

     Tell VP-Info Level 1 what to do if the user presses <Esc>.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ ON ESCAPE                                                          ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command ON ESCAPE starts the ON ESCAPE/ENDON structure.
     There can be any program segment between ON ESCAPE and ENDON, except
     that no data files should be opened or closed, and no new variables
     created or released.  This program segment is executed whenever the
     user presses <Esc>.

          The ON ESCAPE is in effect in the program from the point where it
     is located.  It remains in effect until another ON ESCAPE structure is
     found, or until execution leaves the current module, either on a
     RETURN or DO command.

          ON ESCAPE has no effect within a subroutine called by the DO
     command; if the subroutine needs the same ON ESCAPE structure, repeat
     the structure in the subroutine.

          Since the ON ESCAPE structure has no effect after returning to a
     calling program from a subroutine, you should consider putting this
     structure (possibly together with the ON ERROR structure) into a
     procedure that is performed at the beginning of the program, and after
     every DO command.

          ON ESCAPE should normally include a RETURN, CHAIN, CANCEL, or
     QUIT command to allow execution to leave the current program.

          When editing with the internal VP-Info Level 1 programming editor
     (see WRITE command), Alt-F reformats the file with all structures
     properly indented, making it easy to see unbalanced structures.

          Example:

     ON ESCAPE
        ? 'Aborting program execution because <Esc> key pressed.'
        RING
        CANCEL
     ENDON










     ON ESCAPE                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   ON ESCAPE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 276          SECTION 4



                                    ON FIELD

     Control the processing of data input during execution of the full-
     screen editing commands: READ, EDIT, APPEND, and BROWSE.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ ON FIELD                                                           ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command ON FIELD starts the ON FIELD/ENDON structure.  There
     can be any program segment between ON FIELD and ENDON, except that no
     data files should be opened or closed, and no new variables created or
     released.

          Inside the ON FIELD structure is a number of FIELD statements,
     each telling VP-Info Level 1 what to do when the user leaves a
     specific field, enters a new record, or leaves the record.  There can
     be one FIELD statement for each input field in a Get Table, in
     addition to the two FIELD statements controlling entry and exit from
     READ (or the current record in EDIT and BROWSE).

           (Note that the term editing field does not refer in this case
     only to fields, but to the on-screen area where you're expected to
     enter or edit data; an editing field may be a "window into" a data-
     file field, a memory variable, or a system variable.  An element in a
     matrix cannot be accessed with the full-screen editing commands, so
     cannot be tied to an editing field.)

          ON FIELD is used primarily for the following three functions:

          A.   To verify data input.  If the value entered does not meet a
               condition, the cursor can be directed back to the current
               field with the :FIELD=FIELD(fieldname) command.

          B.   To do data lookups from the selected or other files. For
               example, suppose the first field in the screen is mcust;
               when a customer number is entered FIND &mcust is executed
               and the proper record found in the current file.  If an
               invoice number is entered, data can be retrieved from the
               proper invoice with a FIND into another indexed file.

          C.   To change the order in which the cursor goes to the next
               field.  For example, a TEXT can have three columns of input
               figures; VP-Info Level 1 normally goes left to right on each
               line, and then top to bottom, but appropriate use of the
               :FIELD system variable can direct the cursor to do one
               column at a time.

          The form of the ON FIELD structure:




     ON FIELD                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    ON FIELD     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 277          SECTION 4



     ON FIELD
     FIELD 0
        <initiating command sequence>   ;The FIELD 0 code is executed when
                                          READ is entered or whenever a new
                                          record is entered in BROWSE OFF,
                                          EDIT OFF, etc.
     Field 1
        <command sequence 1>            ;The FIELD 1 code is executed when
                                          the cursor leaves the first
                                          editing field (and again when the
                                          current record is exited provided
                                          SET EXECUTE ON).
     Field 2
        <command sequence 2>            ;The FIELD 2 code is executed when
                                          the cursor leaves the second
                                          editing field (and again when the
                                          current record is exited provided
                                          SET EXECUTE ON).
     Field <n>
        <command sequence <n>>          ;The FIELD <n> code is executed
                                          when the cursor leaves the nth
                                          (final) editing field (and again
                                          when the current record is exited
                                          provided SET EXECUTE ON).
     Field 65
        <command sequence 65>           ;The FIELD 1 code is executed when
                                          the cursor leaves READ or when
                                          the current record is exited in
                                          BROWSE OFF, EDIT OFF, etc.
     ENDON

          Fields 1 through 64 may be referenced either by number of by the
     name of the field or variable being edited.  Names are usually more
     understandable and always more flexible, since a field can later be
     added or omitted without having to renumber the entire ON FIELD
     structure.

          You can force VP-Info Level 1 to execute the entire set of FIELD
     commands from 1 through 64 by SET EXECUTION ON.  The default is OFF.
     Do not use ON if there is a possibility of creating an endless loop
     which doesn't allow a graceful exit.

          The Get Table is usually canceled as soon as execution leaves the
     current program, even when just executing a subroutine with the DO
     command.  You can SET GET ON to maintain the Get Table, provided it is
     not cleared in the sub-program.  (A Get Table is cleared either with
     the CLEAR GETS command, or by creating a GET with TEXT or an @ GET
     command after a READ command.)  The default is SET GET OFF.





     ON FIELD                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    ON FIELD     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 278          SECTION 4


          When editing with the internal VP-Info Level 1 programming editor
     (see WRITE command), Alt-F reformats the file with all structures
     properly indented, making it easy to see unbalanced structures.

          Example:

     date1=date(1)
     CLS
     TEXT
     .. date1,99/99/99
                    Enter game date (must be a Wednesday)

                                @date1
     ENDTEXT
     ON FIELD
     FIELD date1
        IF DATE(FULL,date1)<>"W"
           :field=FIELD(date1)          ;use FIELD( to get correct number
        ENDIF
     ENDON
     DO WHILE t
        READ
        <command modules>
     ENDDO

          Note the placement of the three elements: the TEXT with its input
     macro and the ON FIELD come before the READ or other full-screen
     editing command, and are usually outside the DO WHILE loop unless the
     screen is rewritten elsewhere inside the loop.

























     ON FIELD                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    ON FIELD     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 279          SECTION 4



                                   OTHERWISE

     Introduce the optional clause in a DO CASE program structure.
     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ OTHERWISE                                                          ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          In a DO CASE program structure, if no condition is true,
     VP-Info Level 1 executes the program segment following the OTHERWISE
     command, if any.  Only one OTHERWISE command is permitted within any
     DO CASE structure; it is equivalent to CASE t (true).

          See under DO CASE.








































     OTHERWISE                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   OTHERWISE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 280          SECTION 4



                                  OVERWRITE TO

     Copy the fields from a record in one data file directly into the
     current record of another data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ OVERWRITE TO [<filenum>]                                           ║
     ║                           VP-Info Professional only                ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <filenum>   any number of the data file containing the record to   ║
     ║               be overwritten                                       ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The OVERWRITE TO command is primarily used to implement
     transaction processing and to avoid lengthy record locks while records
     are being edited in a network environment.  Its companion command is
     APPEND TO.

         The technique in both cases is essentially the same, utilizing a
     main, indexed file and a small, unindexed personal file for each
     operator.

         The operator edits only in the personal file, adding records as
     required and verifying that everything is correct before moving the
     data back into the main file.  If the records already exist in the
     main file, OVERWRITE TO is used to put the corrected records back
     where they came from; if new records were appended to the personal
     file, APPEND TO is used to add them to the end of the main file.

          The two files do not need to have the same structures.  Any
     fields which do not exist in both files will be unaffected; any that
     are smaller in one than the other create risks of losing some data due
     to string truncation or numeric overflow.

          Executing OVERWRITE TO is much faster than a long series of
     REPLACE commands.

          Example in a program with SET NETWORK ON (VP-Info Professional
     Network Edition only):

     USE customer INDEX custnum,custname SHARE
     USE#2 personal
     SET FUNCTION OFF
     DO WHILE t
        SET SAVE OFF
        EDIT TEXT customer      ;use formatted EDIT







     OVERWRITE TO                   VPI  VPIN                  OVERWRITE TO     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 281          SECTION 4


        IF usedby<>0
           WINDOW 20,30,22,75 DOUBLE   ;pop up a window for message
           recnum=RECNO(1)
           TEXT
     .. recnum,'999,999'
     .. usedby,999
         Record &recnum is in use by user &usedby

         Press any key to skip to next record...
           ENDTEXT
           junk=INKEY()               ;wait to keystroke
           SKIP
           LOOP
        ENDIF
        IF :key=324                   ;F10 means edit this record
           REPLACE usedby with :USER  ;mark record as in use by you
           OVERWRITE TO 2             ;then move into personal file
           SELECT 2                   ;select personal file
           SET SAVE ON                ;allow changes to be saved
           CLS                        ;clear the screen
           TEXT custedit              ;with "CHANGES PERMITTED" message
           READ
           WINDOW 20,30,22,75 DOUBLE  ;pop up a window for confirmation
           ans='No '
           recnum=RECNO(1)
           TEXT
     .. recnum,'999,999'
     ..,ans,!xx
         Changes may have been made to record #recnum

              Save all changes (Yes/No)  @ans
           ENDTEXT
           IF ans='Y'
              OVERWRITE to 1
           ENDIF
           REPLACE usedby with 0      ;free the record for other users
        ENDIF
     ENDDO
















     OVERWRITE TO                   VPI  VPIN                  OVERWRITE TO     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 282          SECTION 4



                                      PACK

     Remove deleted records from the selected file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ PACK [TRUNCATE]                                                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ TRUNCATE   reduce the DOS size of the file                         ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command removes records that have been marked for deletion
     by the DELETE command or the Ctrl-U of the EDIT and BROWSE commands.

          All the index files in use are automatically reindexed after
     PACK. (See INDEX and REINDEX.)

          Make sure you have a back up copy of the file before packing it.
     If PACK is interrupted, the file may be corrupt or contain duplicate
     records.

          PACK does not release disk space unless the TRUNCATE option is
     used.  If a file frequently gets large, has many records deleted and
     then grows again, it may be more efficient to PACK without TRUNCATE,
     so that DOS is not constantly adding disk clusters and recovering them
     again.

          On a network with SET NETWORK ON in VP-Info Professional Network
     Edition, attempting to PACK or create an index while another user is
     accessing the data file or an index file with the same name as any of
     the current indexes will cause a LOCK error.  Always LOCK the data
     file before attempting to PACK.

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>GO 2
     1>DELETE
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>LIST name
           1  Marek
           2 *Balzer
           3  Steiner
           4  Rayme
           5  Poyner
           6  Wilson
     1>PACK
           5 TOTAL PACKED
     1>LIST name



     PACK                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        PACK     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 283          SECTION 4


           1  Marek
           2  Steiner
           3  Rayme
           4  Poyner
           5  Wilson

















































     PACK                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        PACK     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 284          SECTION 4



                                    PERFORM

     Execute a procedure.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ PERFORM <procedure>                                                ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <procedure>      the name of the procedure                         ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command PERFORM is used to execute a procedure, <procedure>,
     defined in the current program; <procedure> cannot be a macro.  The
     procedure is defined with the PROCEDURE command (see PROCEDURE).

          The procedure is compiled where it is first called with PERFORM.
     If the procedure makes references to fields, the structure and order
     of the files in use must be the same any time the procedure is used.
     The same comment also applies to memory variables.  Normally,
     procedures perform tasks that are independent of the environment
     (files in use and memory variables) or they are always invoked in the
     same environment.

          If you need the same procedure in different environments, write
     the procedure as a separate program, and invoke it as a subroutine
     with the DO command.  See the command DO.

          Performing procedures is a very fast way of executing the same
     program segment from many places in the program.  The procedures
     themselves must be at the end of the program.

          Example:

     PERFORM header
     DO WHILE .NOT. EOF
        ...
        line=line+1
        IF line>55
          PERF header
        ENDIF
     ENDDO
     CHAIN menu












     PERFORM                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     PERFORM     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 285          SECTION 4


     PROCEDURE header
        TEXT
     &:DATE                             &:COMPANY                Page &page
                                      Sales Journal

     Date    Invoice #  Description                     Units     Dollars

        ENDTEXT
        line=6
     ENDPROCEDURE












































     PERFORM                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     PERFORM     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 286          SECTION 4



                                      POST

     Post the FROM (transaction) file to the POSTING file (selected file
     with index).

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ POST ON <str exp> FROM <file> [FIELDS <mixed field list>] [<scope>]║
     ║      [FOR <cond>]                                                  ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <str exp>   the expression that is the key for finding the records ║
     ║                in the FROM file                                    ║
     ║ <file>      the FROM file                                          ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ FIELDS <mixed field list>  the fields to be totalled in the        ║
     ║                       FROM file and added to the fields            ║
     ║                       in the POSTING file (the selected file);     ║
     ║                       <field> WITH <num exp> can add an expression ║
     ║ <scope>            selection restricted by scope                   ║
     ║                       (default scope: ALL)                         ║
     ║ FOR <cond>         selection restricted by <cond>                  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The selected file, called the POSTING file, must be indexed by
     <str exp>, an expression formed from fields of the FROM file, called
     the FROM file, and constants and memory variables.

          This procedure takes all the appropriate records (that is, the
     first record satisfying the <cond> and within the scope) of the FROM
     file, one at a time.  It picks the first appropriate record, and
     evaluates <str exp> in the FROM file.  Next it finds the matching
     record in the POSTING file.  If the find is not successful, an error
     message POST ERROR" is sent.

          If the find is successful, the procedure posts.  Posting consists
     of one of two actions, depending on whether a field name is listed
     alone in the mixed field list, or if a field name has a WITH clause
     attached.

          A.   If the field is named alone, the value of that field in the
               FROM file is added to the value already in the POSTING
               file.; that is, it adds the fields in the <field list> of
               the current record of the FROM file to the fields of the
               same name in the current record of the POSTING file.

          B.   In a mixed field list, the clause <field> WITH <num exp>
               allows adding any numeric expression <field> to the field in
               the POSTING file.  <num exp> is formed using the fields of
               the FROM file, and optionally fields from other files
               (including the POSTING file), variables, and constants.


     POST                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        POST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 287          SECTION 4



          If a find is unsuccessful and SET ADD ON, a record will be
     appended to the POSTING file, the non-numeric fields of the POSTING
     file record will be replaced by the matching fields in the FROM file
     record, and, finally, the procedure posts as above.

          The procedure continues with the next appropriate record of the
     FROM file.

          If there is no FIELDS clause, POST simply checks whether there is
     a record in the POSTING file for each value of <str exp> in the FROM
     file.  This is valuable to check whether every record in the FROM file
     has a matching record in the POSTING file without changing any fields.

          If SET PRINT OFF (the default), the error messages appear on the
     screen; otherwise, they are echoed to (printed on) the printer (or to
     the alternate text file, if SET ALTERNATE ON).

          Deleted records are not posted, irrespective of SET DELETED.

          Important programming note: The POST command automatically opens
     the FROM file in its internal work area; if the FROM file is already
     open in another work area, the compiler will assume it is closed when
     the POST command is passed during execution, even if that command is
     in an IF, CASE or other structure module that is not executed!

          Therefore, if there is any reference to the FROM file later in
     the program, open the file in the proper work area again immediately
     after the POST command.  If it is not actually needed after the POST
     is executed (e.g., the program exits after the POST), open it with the
     COMPILE keyword.  Example:

     USE#4 invoices COMPILE

          See also the related commands: TOTAL and UPDATE.

          Example:

          Use the data files SALESMEN and ORDER (see Appendix), to record
     the amount of merchandise sold.

     1>SET TALK ON
     1>USE salesmen
     1>INDEX ON slsman:no TO salesmen
           2 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED
     1>POST ON slsman:no FROM order FIELDS amount FROM order
                                    2 ** POST ERROR ** 4
           5 POST(S)
     1>LIST
           1  1   Smith           John              4386.00
           2  5   Willson         Tom              14679.50



     POST                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        POST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 288          SECTION 4



          The error message POST ERROR indicates that in the ORDER file
     there is a record (number 2) with a salesman code ("4") not found in
     the SALESMEN file.

          Note that the amount for Smith is 2709.00 (the amount that was in
     the SALESMEN file) +1677.00 (the amount in ORDER record 5).

          The amount for Willson is 12089.00 (the amount that was in the
     SALESMEN file) +597.50 (the amount in order 1) +559.00 (the amount in
     order 3) +1434.00 (the amount in order 4).

          Of course, the most typical example of the use of the command
     POST is posting to a general ledger (the POSTING file) from a journal
     (the transaction file).







































     POST                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        POST     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 289          SECTION 4



                                   PROCEDURE

     Procedure (subroutine) definition.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ PROCEDURE <procedure>                                              ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <procedure>   the name of the procedure                            ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The PROCEDURE command indicates the start of a procedure
     definition, the ENDPROCEDURE command indicates the end of the
     procedure:

     PROCEDURE <procedure>
       <program segment>
     ENDPROCEDURE

          Procedures should be used for all VP-Info Level 1 program
     segments that are used more than once in a program.  However, if the
     procedure makes references to fields, the structure and order of the
     files in use must be the same any time the procedure is used.  The
     same comment also applies to memory variables.  Normally, procedures
     perform tasks that are independent of the environment (files in use
     and memory variables) or they are always invoked in the same
     environment.

          If the whole program will not fit in memory, then replace the
     procedures by subroutines invoked by the DO command.  (See CHAIN,
     PERFORM, PROCEDURE.

          The procedure name, <procedure>, follows the same rules as
     variable names  (see Section 2); <procedure> cannot be a macro.
     Procedures must be placed at the end of the program.  A procedure can
     perform other procedures.

          A procedure is compiled at the first PERFORM invoking it.  (See
     Example 1 in Appendix A)

          Hint: If the same procedure must be used in more than one
     subroutine, add a digit (1, 2, 3, etc.) to the name in the various
     subroutines.  Example: if a procedure called BELL is needed in main
     program ENTER and subroutines ENTER1 and ENTER2, call it BELL, BELL1
     and BELL2 in the three program modules respectively.

          Examples:

          1. A simple label printing procedure.

     INPUT 'Enter the number of labels to print ' TO nlabel



     PROCEDURE                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   PROCEDURE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 290          SECTION 4


     REPEAT nlabel TIMES
        PERFORM label
        SKIP
     ENDREPEAT


















































     PROCEDURE                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   PROCEDURE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 291          SECTION 4


     PROCEDURE label  ; prints 5 lines of data and 4 blank lines
        ? name        ; on standard labels one across
        ? add:1
        ? add:2
        ? add:3
        ? postal
        ?
        ?
        ?
        ?
     ENDPROCEDURE   ; end of label printing

          2. A procedure to clear screen, make border, set standard
     heading, and create reverse video black for menu choices.  This
     procedure would be called before any menu display in the program.

     PROCEDURE MENUSCREEN
        ERASE
        WINDOW 2,1,23,77 DOUBLE
        COLOR 112, 6, 4, 22, 74
        @ 3,0 SAY CEN(:COMPANY, 80)
        @ 5,0 SAY CEN('Enter your choice below:',80)
     ENDPROCEDURE menuscreen































     PROCEDURE                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   PROCEDURE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 292          SECTION 4



                                      QUIT

     Leave VP-Info Level 1.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ QUIT [<errorlevel>]                                                ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║ <errorlevel>    a value passed to DOS, which allows batch files    ║
     ║                   to control their execution with the              ║
     ║                   IF ERRORLEVEL command                            ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command QUIT exits from VP-Info Level 1.  It closes all the
     files and gives you the prompt of the operating system.

          If VP-Info Level 1 is running unattended in a batch file, a
     program can pass an "errorlevel" to DOS indicating if some condition
     was encountered during execution.  For instance, if there is an error
     reading a data file, you can QUIT to DOS with an errorlevel of 1,
     which the batch file can detect so that the tape backup is not run.
     The command in this case wound be QUIT 1. Consult your DOS reference
     manual for the IF ERRORLEVEL batch program command.

          Example:

     DO CASE
        CASE ans='0'
           QUIT
        CASE ans='2'
           CHAIN prog1
        ...
        OTHERWISE
           QUIT 1        ;tells DOS an error encountered by VP-Info Level 1
     ENDCASE

















     QUIT                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        QUIT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 293          SECTION 4



                                      READ

     Enter full-screen editing and data entry specified by the @ GET and
     TEXT commands.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ READ                                                               ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The READ command activates the input aspect of the @ GET commands
     (including the @ and % macros in a TEXT).  The @ GET command displays
     the variable at the specified location and format.  The READ command
     puts the screen in full-screen editing mode with the current values of
     all fields and memory variables shown, and the new values of all the
     variables in the @ GET (and the @ and % macros in TEXT) commands can
     be entered.

          If the READ changes any key of a record in an index file in use,
     then the index files are updated.

          The READ command clears all the pending GET commands.

          Editing keys:

     <Left> or Ctrl-S        moves the cursor back one character
     <Right> or Ctrl-D       moves the cursor forward one character
     Ctrl-<Left>             moves to the beginning of the field
     Ctrl-<Right>            moves to the end of the field
     <Ins> or Ctrl-V         puts you in insert mode: what you type gets
                                inserted  (normally, you are in
                                overtype mode: what you type overtypes the
                                existing text); pressing <Ins> or Ctrl-V
                                again, puts you back into overtype mode
     <BACKSPACE>             deletes the character to the left of the
                                cursor
     <Del> or Ctrl-G         deletes the character on the cursor
     Ctrl-Y                  deletes the rest of the field
     Ctrl-Q                  quits and does not update the current record
     <End> or Ctrl-W         quits and updates the current record
     Alt-W                   when the cursor is in a memo field, edit the
                                current memo (if no current memo, one is
                                created) and allow changes to be saved
     Alt-R                   when the cursor is in a memo field, view the
                                current memo in read-only mode; no changes
                                are saved





     READ                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        READ
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 293a         SECTION 4


          Example:

     @ SAY 20,0 'Enter your choice: ' GET ans
     READ

     is the same as:

     ACCEPT 'Enter your choice: ' TO ans

     except that @ SAY does not create ANS, ACCEPT does; @ SAY directs the
     query to a specific location on the screen.


                                  NOTE


          The editing keys used in the command line and with such input
     commands as INPUT and ACCEPT use the same set of editing keys as READ,
     except for those related specifically to full-screen editing. The full
     set of command-line editing keys is as follows:

     <Left> or Ctrl-S        moves the cursor back one character
     <Right> or Ctrl-D       moves the cursor forward one character
     Ctrl-<Left>             moves to the beginning of the field
     Ctrl-<Right>            moves to the end of the field
     <Ins> or Ctrl-V         puts you in insert mode: what you type gets
                                inserted  (normally, you are in
                                overtype mode: what you type overtypes the
                                existing text); pressing <Ins> or Ctrl-V
                                again, puts you back into overtype mode
     <BACKSPACE>             deletes the character to the left of the
                                cursor
     <Del> or Ctrl-G         deletes the character on the cursor
     Ctrl-Y                  deletes the rest of the field
















     READ                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        READ     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 294          SECTION 4



                                     RECALL

     Undelete selected deleted records in the selected file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RECALL [<scope>] [FOR <cond>]                                      ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>       select by scope (default scope: current record)      ║
     ║ FOR <cond>    select by condition                                  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Records are flagged as DELETED either with Ctrl-U in BROWSE, or
     EDIT, or with the DELETE command (see the commands BROWSE, DELETE, and
     EDIT).  The command RECALL reverses the DELETED flag.

          The command PACK physically removes all records flagged for
     deletion.  After a PACK, the records can no longer be recalled.

          Note that if SET DELETE ON, then RECALL will work only on a
     deleted record only if it is also the current record.  Normally SET
     DELETE OFF before using RECALL.

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>GO 2
     1>DELETE
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>LIST name
           1  Marek
           2 *Steiner
           3  Rayme
           4  Poyner
           5  Poyner
           6  Wilson
     1>GO 2
     1>RECALL
           1 RECALL(S)            ;record 2 was recalled
     1>RECALL                     ;the default is the current record
           0 RECALL(S)
     1>DELETE RECORD 2
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>DELETE RECORD 4
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>DELETE RECORD 6
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>RECALL ALL
           3 RECALL(S)            Note: Records 2, 4, 6 are recalled



     RECALL                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      RECALL     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 295          SECTION 4


     1>GO TOP
     1>DELETE
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>DELETE RECORD 3
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>DELETE RECORD 5
           1 DELETE(S)
     1>LIST name
           1 *Marek
           2  Steiner
           3 *Rayme
           4  Poyner
           5 *Poyner
           6  Wilson
     1>GO TOP
     1>RECALL NEXT 4
           2 RECALL(S)            Note: Records 1 and 3 are recalled





































     RECALL                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      RECALL     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 296          SECTION 4



                                    REINDEX

     Reindex all index files in use.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ REINDEX [FOR <cond>]                                               ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ FOR <cond>    select by condition                                  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command takes all the index files currently in use for the
     selected data file, and rebuilds each index file.

          In Conversational VP-Info Level 1, and in programs with SET TALK
     ON, REINDEX will output the key, the progress of the indexing
     procedure, showing the completion of each 100 records, and the total
     number of records indexed.

          A FOR clause can be used to limit the records in the index(es) to
     those for which <cond> is true.  See INDEX.

          On a network with SET NETWORK ON in VP-Info Professional Network
     Edition, attempting to REINDEX while another user is accessing an
     index file with the same name as one of the current file's indexes
     will cause a LOCK error.

          Examples:

          The commands:

     1>USE employee
     1>INDEX on name+fname TO employee

     accomplish the same as the following:

     1>USE employee INDEX employee
     1>REINDEX

          Note that for REINDEX, you do not have to specify the key
     (name+fname) or the name of the index file (EMPLOYEE.NDX).

          In a program:

     USE employee INDEX employee,empl1,empl2
     REINDEX

     will rebuild three index files: EMPLOYEE.NDX,EMPL1.NDX,EMPL2.NDX.




     REINDEX                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     REINDEX     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 297          SECTION 4


          The following uses a FOR clause to limit the index to current
     employee only, based on date of termination being blank:

     USE employee INDEX employee,empl1,empl2
     REINDEX FOR terminated=' '

















































     REINDEX                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     REINDEX     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 298          SECTION 4



                                    RELEASE

     Erase memory variables.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RELEASE [<memvar list>/EXCEPT <memvar list>/ALL]                   ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <memvar list>          the memory variables to be released,        ║
     ║                           separated by commas                      ║
     ║ EXCEPT <memvar list>   the memory variables not to be released,    ║
     ║                           separated by commas                      ║
     ║ ALL                    release ALL                                 ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command RELEASE erases memory variables; it releases memory
     space for new memory variables.  You can make a list of the memory
     variables you want removed, use the parameter ALL to remove them all,
     or use the parameter EXCEPT <memvar list> to remove all except those
     on the list.

          This command should be used in programs only with the utmost
     care.  Compiled programs set pointers to memory variables.  If the
     memory variables are released, the release must be absolute, not
     dependent on some conditions.

          Since 128 memory variables can be used at any one time, and any
     number of them may be matrix variables, it is best not to RELEASE
     during a program.  When programs are chained, VP-Info Level 1 will do
     a CLEAR, which includes a RELEASE ALL.

          RELEASE does not affect the values of the function keys and the
     system variables.

          Examples:

          1. In Conversational VP-Info Level 1:

     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     ** Total **  0  variables, 0  bytes
     1>name='David'
     1>age='11'
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     AGE             C       2      11



     RELEASE                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     RELEASE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 299          SECTION 4


     ** Total **  2  variables, 7  bytes
     1>RELEASE age
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     ** Total **  1  variables, 5  bytes
     1>RELEASE                             ;RELEASE by itself does nothing
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     ** Total **  1  variables, 5  bytes
     1>age=11
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     AGE             N       8      11
     ** Total **  2  variables, 13  bytes
     1>RELEASE ALL
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     ** Total **  0  variables, 0  bytes

          2. In programming, from a program you might DO a number of
     subroutines; each uses a number of memory variables, most of which are
     unique to it, but which in total exceed the 128 memory variable limit.
     In this case, decide which variables needed to be retained, and use
     the RELEASE EXCEPT after each subroutine as follows:

     @ 20,30 SAY ' Enter your choice: ' GET choice PICTURE'!'
     DO CASE choice                     ;menu choices
        CASE choice='A'
           DO proga
           RELEASE EXCEPT choice,cust,due,amount
        CASE choice='B'
           DO progb
           RELEASE EXCEPT choice,cust,due,amount
        CASE choice='C'
           DO progc
           RELEASE EXCEPT choice,cust,due,amount
        ENDCASE
     ENDDO                              ;menu choices









     RELEASE                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     RELEASE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 300          SECTION 4



                                     REMARK

     Display message on screen or printer.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ REMARK ['<text line>']                                             ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ '<text line>'       the text line to be displayed                  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Same as the command ?.  <text line> may be an expression list.








































     REMARK                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REMARK     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 301          SECTION 4



                                     RENAME

     Rename a file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RENAME <file> TO <new file>                                        ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <file>        the file name to be changed (default extension DBF)  ║
     ║ <new file>    the new name for the file   (default extension DBF)  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command is similar to the RENAME command of the operating
     system: a file is renamed.  No wild card characters are allowed.

          If the file name has no extension, the extension DBF is assumed.
     (Do not rename a data or index file to a name starting with the
     letters COMP; VP-Info Level 1 is unable to open such a file.)

          Examples:

     1>RENAME employee TO empl

     Renames EMPLOYEE.DBF to EMPL.DBF.

     1>RENAME employee.dbf TO employee.xyz




























     RENAME                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      RENAME     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 302          SECTION 4



                                  RENAME FIELD

     Rename a field in a data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RENAME FIELD <field> TO <new fieldname>                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <field>          the field name to be changed                      ║
     ║ <new fieldname>  the new name for the field                        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command allows you to change the name of a field in a data
     file without doing a MODIFY, which potentially endangers the file and
     removes all deleted records, often necessitating a REINDEX.

          Examples:

     1>RENAME FIELD employee TO empl

     Renames the field EMPLOYEE to EMPL in the current data file.

     1>RENAME#3 FIELD cust TO customer

               Caution: All programs, report forms and index files that
          reference the old field name must be revised before they will
          work properly after a field is renamed.



























     RENAME FIELD               VPI1  VPI  VPIN                RENAME FIELD     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 303          SECTION 4



                                     REPEAT

     Repeat program segment a specified number of times.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ REPEAT <num exp> TIMES [VARYING <num var>]                         ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>    a numeric expression; repeat the loop this many times ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ VARYING <num var>   loop counter                                   ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The REPEAT command introduces the program structure:

     REPEAT <num exp> TIMES [VARYING <num var>]
        <program segment>
     ENDREPEAT

          The program lines in the <program segment> are repeated <num exp>
     times.  The end of the program segment is indicated by ENDREPEAT.

          The optional VARYING clause is used to vary a memory variable
     from 1 to <num exp>; at the start of the first loop, <num var> is
     initialized as 1; <num var> is incremented by 1 each time the top of
     the loop is reached.

          This command is especially useful to manipulate matrix variables.

          Repeats can be nested.

          The BREAK command is used in a REPEAT loop to exit at the bottom
     of the loop.  If there are nested loops, the exit is at the bottom of
     the innermost loop then being executed.

          The VP-Info Level 1 keywords: TIMES and VARYING should not be in
     macros.  <num var> cannot be a matrix variable.

          Note that, if <program segment> contains commands that move the
     current record pointer (for instance, a SKIP command), REPEAT does not
     terminate if EOF becomes true.  Thus displaying a record and skipping
     in a file with 50 records, using REPEAT 100 TIMES, will display the
     last record in the file 51 times.  DO WHILE .NOT. EOF is the better
     construction for such a task.

          When editing with the internal VP-Info Level 1 programming editor
     (see WRITE command), Alt-F reformats the file with all structures
     properly indented, making it easy to see unbalanced structures.




     REPEAT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPEAT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 304          SECTION 4


          Examples:

     SET WIDTH TO 40
     DIM NUM num[10]
     REPEAT 10 TIMES VARYING count
        num[count]=POW(2,count)
     ENDREPEAT
     ? num

     This displays:


           2.00       4.00       8.00
          16.00      32.00      64.00
         128.00     256.00     512.00
        1024.00






































     REPEAT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPEAT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 305          SECTION 4



                                    REPLACE

     Replace field(s) in the selected data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ REPLACE [<scope>] <field1> WITH <exp1> [,<field2> WITH <exp2> ... ]║
     ║      [FOR <cond>]                                                  ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>                 select by scope                            ║
     ║                            (default scope: current record)         ║
     ║ <field> WITH <exp>...   list fields and expressions for replacement║
     ║ FOR <cond>              select by condition                        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command is used for changing some records in the selected
     data file.  The number of <field> WITH <exp> is only limited by the
     length of a command line (254 characters).

          The scope ALL can be used to change all the records in the data
     file.  This could be dangerous.  Consider backing up your data file
     before you use this command.

          This command is very useful, especially in conjunction with SET
     RELATION TO, so that the fields from which <exp> is formed may come
     from a number of data files.

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>REPLACE name WITH 'Mareck'
     1>? name
     Mareck
     1>REPLACE ALL salary WITH salary*1.05
           6 REPLACE(S)
     1>LIST name,salary
           1  Mareck           27090.00
           2  Steiner          37569.00
           3  Rayme            83065.50
           4  Poyner            9145.50
           5  Poyner            9145.50
           6  Wilson           35563.50
     1>GO TOP
     1>REPLACE NEXT 4 salary WITH salary*1.06 FOR name < 'P'
           1 REPLACE(S)
     1>USE order
     1>USE#2 clothing
     1>SET RELATION ON inven:no TO 2
     1>REPLACE price WITH price#2



     REPLACE                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     REPLACE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 306          SECTION 4
























































     REPLACE                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     REPLACE     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 307          SECTION 4



                                     REPORT

     The report generator.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ REPORT [FORM] <form file> [<scope>] [FOR <cond>]                   ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <form file>       the name of the form file                        ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ FOR <cond>         select by condition                             ║
     ║ <scope>            select by scope (default:ALL)                   ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command REPORT is a very versatile report generator.  With a
     minimum of effort the user can generate a great variety of columnar
     reports.  The command takes care of the width of the report, the
     arrangement of the date, page numbering, title(s), the columns, the
     data in the columns, headings, subtotals (two levels), totals, and
     many other parameters.

          This command reports on the file(s) in use according to the
     format in the report form file <form file>.  The form file can be
     created  with the VP-Info Level 1 editor (WRITE) or with any word
     processor; the default extension is FRM.

          VP-Info Level 1 computes the necessary width as the minimum
     required to accommodate the title(s), headings, the expression list,
     and the company name.

          The report is automatically centered over 80, 112, or 132
     characters wide, whichever is equal to or greater than the width of
     the report body.  The SET WIDTH TO command also affects the heading,
     but not the width of the body.

          The following keywords can be used in a report form file:


     COMPRESS                           Sends code 15 to the printer for
                                          compressed printing on Epson and
                                          IBM Proprinter printers, sends
                                          code 18 after completion of the
                                          report to restore normal-width
                                          mode. For non-compatible
                                          printers, use SETUP.)

     DOUBLE                             Prints double spaced lines.

     EJECT                              Ejects a page after each subtotal.



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 308          SECTION 4



     FIELDS - <exp1>,<exp2>,...         The expressions for the columns of
                                          the report.

     FILE - <file> [INDEX <index file>] Opens the data file <file> and,
                                          optionally, the index file.

     HEADING - string1,string2,...      The headings for the expressions in
                                          the report.

     INDEX - <exp> TO <index file name> [FOR <cond>]

                                        Indexes on the expression <exp> to
                                          the specified file the last data
                                          file opened with the FILE
                                          keyword; a FOR clause is
                                          permitted (see INDEX).

     LENGTH - <num exp>                 Number of printed lines per page.

     MESSAGE - <str exp>                Introduces the message to be
                                          displayed for a subtotaled group
                                          (2 allowed).

     NODETAIL                           Shows only the totals and
                                          subtotals.

     PICTURE - <picture list>           Which expressions (in the FIELDS
                                          line) are to be totaled.

     PRINT                              Sends the report to the printer.

     RELATION - <exp> TO <file number>  Sets a relation between file 1 and
                                          the file <file number>.

     SELECT - <cond>                    Selects the records by condition
                                          <cond>.

     SETUP - <setup string>             A list of control codes to be sent
                                          to the printer before beginning
                                          page 1 (do not use without PRINT
                                          or SPOOL keywords).

     SPOOL - <file name>                Sends the report to the file <file
                                          name> (PRINT must not be used).

     SUBTOTAL - <exp>                   Subtotals be printed when the
                                          expression <exp> changes (2
                                          allowed).

     TITLE - string or <str exp>        The title of the report (2
                                          allowed).


     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 309          SECTION 4



          Some of these keywords can be used more than once.  More detailed
     explanation follows in the subsection on keywords.

          The REPORT command is influenced by the commands previously
     given, such as USE, INDEX, SET PRINT ON.  Most of these can also be
     done from within the report form file.

          Commands influencing REPORT.  The REPORT command works on the
     selected file (if any). So

     1>SELECT 3
     3>REPORT salary

     means: report on file 3 using the report form file SALARY.FRM.  If no
     file is in use as file 3, the report form file will have to specify
     (with the FILE keyword) the data file(s) to use.

          Similarly, specifying the index file(s) to use with the data
     file(s) and reindexing can be done before the REPORT command is given.

          Here is a simple example:

     1>SELECT 2
     2>USE clients
     2>INDEX ON newdate TO newdate
     2>REPORT call

          The report can be directed to the screen, the printer, or to a
     text file.  To the printer:

     2>SET PRINT ON

     To a text file (TEMP.TXT):

     2>SPOOL temp
     2>SET PRINT ON
     2>REPORT call
     2>SET PRINT OFF
     2>SPOOL

          REPORT can use files related to each other:

     1>SELECT 1
     1>USE order INDEX order
     1>USE#2 client INDEX client
     1>SET RELATION ON client TO 2
     1>REPORT order

          REPORT can use linked files:





     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 310          SECTION 4


     1>SELECT 1
     1>USE order index order
     1>USE#2 history1
     1>USE#3 history2
     1>SET LINK TO 2
     1>SET#2 LINK TO 3
     1>REPORT order1

          It may be necessary to send control characters to the printer to
     set up the desired printing mode.  Example:

     1>SET PRINT ON
     1>?? CHR(27)+CHR(121)+CHR(128)

          The system variables :COMPANY, :TITLE, and :DATE influence the
     report.  The company name in :COMPANY appears centered in the second
     line of the report.  The text in :TITLE becomes the title of the
     report unless the report form file specifies otherwise (with the
     keyword TITLE).  The date on the first line of the report comes from
     :DATE.

          The three system variables may be changed before REPORT.

          Much of what can be accomplished by setting the environment of
     REPORT before the command is given, can also be done in the report
     format file.  There are some exceptions: for instance, since SPOOL
     adds to the top of an existing file with the same name as the spool
     file, you may want to delete the existing file before doing the
     report, or alternately using the SPOOL command outside the report and
     the keyword PRINT inside the report.  You may also want to set page
     depth with SET LENGTH TO, the number of character over which the
     heading will be centered with SET WIDTH TO, the left margin with SET
     MARGIN TO, etc.  See also SET EJECT.

          The form of the REPORT command.  The selection criteria can be
     placed in the REPORT command and/or in the report form file.  If the
     REPORT command contains a FOR clause, and the report form file has a
     SELECT line, then the FOR clause of the REPORT command overrules the
     SELECT line of the report form file.

          You may restrict the range of records in the report by the LIMIT
     command or a scope; both must be invoked outside the REPORT form.  The
     WHILE <cond> form of the scope may be very useful when reporting on a
     very big file. As an example,

     1>USE orders INDEX clients

     In the current record the field CLIENT contains A234.  To report on
     all the orders by this client with part number > 1200:

     1>REPORT ship WHILE client='A234' FOR VAL(part:num)>1200



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 311          SECTION 4



     or

     1>LIMIT client
     1>REPORT ship FOR VAL(part:num)>1200
     1>LIMIT

     Note that without either the scope or the LIMIT command, processing
     would stop only after all the records of the file had been processed.

          Report form file.  Look at the examples of report form files
     given below.  In a report form file, the first word of a line has to
     be a keyword, followed by any modifiers separated from the keyword by
     a hyphen (-).  There are currently 18 keywords.

          Only the FIELDS line is required; all the others are optional.
     Some keywords can occur more than once.


          Keywords:


     TITLE - string/<str exp>

          This keyword is followed by the title of the report; the title
     appears centered as the third line of the report.  If no title is
     specified in the text file, then the string in the system variable
     :TITLE (if any) is used for the title.

          If a <str exp> is used, it will be evaluated, and used as the
     title.  If an invalid expression is used, it will be printed as a
     literal.

          VP-Info Level 1 looks at the TITLE line; what appears to the
     right of the hyphen is evaluated as an expression.  If it is valid,
     then it is used as an expression.  If it is not, then it is printed
     "as is."

          So to get Annual Report as the title, simply use the line

     TITLE - Annual Report

     No quotation marks are needed.

          The TITLE keyword may be used twice:

     TITLE - string1
     TITLE - string2

     Then the title is in two lines, both centered.




     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 312          SECTION 4


          If ASOF is a variable containing the date of the last accounts-
     receivable aging in the standard format, then

     TITLE - 'Accounts receivable as of '+DATE(FULL,asof)

     will display

             Accounts receivable as of Thursday, September 19, 1991

     FILE - <data file> [INDEX <index file>]

          This keyword opens the data file (as file 1, if there was a file
     open as file 1, it is first closed) and, optionally, the index file.

          This keyword may occur a number of times.  The second time it
     opens file 2, then file 3, and so on.  Since the reporting is done on
     the first data file opened by FILE, more than one file should be
     opened only if relations are used.

          If there is no FILE line, REPORT uses the current data file.  If
     none is open, an error message (usually: 2. Variable not found.) is
     given.


     INDEX - <exp> TO <index file name> [FOR <cond>]

          This keyword will index the last data file opened with the FILE
     keyword on the expression <exp> to the specified index file.  If this
     is only a temporary index, then you should specify a name such as
     TEMP.  A condition can be specified to limit the index to only those
     records matching the condition; this is often faster than using SELECT
     or a FOR clause on the REPORT command.


          Example:

     FILE - inventry
     INDEX - inven:no TO temp1 FOR type='G'
     FILE - supplier
     INDEX - suppl:code TO temp2


     opens up the data files: INVENTRY as file 1 and SUPPLIER as file 2,
     and indexes both, limiting the primary index and the report to those
     for which type='G'.


     FIELDS - <exp1>,<exp2>,...

          This is the expression list; these expressions fill the columns
     of the report.  Often, these expressions are just field names, though
     they may be arbitrary expression including fields (from various data
     files), variables, and constants.

     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 313          SECTION 4



          If all the expressions do not fit on one line, then leave a comma
     at the end of the line and continue on the next line.


     HEADING - string1,string2,...

          These are the column headings for each expression in FIELDS line.
     Separate the strings with commas.  The spacing of each column is done
     by the program based on the largest of the following: the length of
     the heading, the width of the field, and the picture clause in the
     PICTURE line.  Blanks on the left and on the right of a heading are
     counted in the width.

          To move a column to the right, put spaces in front of the column
     heading.  To make a column wider, put spaces at the end of the column
     heading.  To move the column heading of a numeric field to the left,
     put spaces at the end of the column heading.

          If no heading is required for a column, it may be omitted, but
     its comma is required if any later columns are to have a heading; no
     trailing commas are permitted, since they would be understood as
     continuation characters merging the next keyword to the HEADING line..

          If the strings in the HEADING line do not fit on one line, then
     leave a comma at the end of the line and continue on the next line.
     Do not break a heading with a comma.


          Multi-line headings.  In the HEADING line, a semicolon (;) breaks
     the heading into more than one line.  At most three lines are
     permitted.

          For instance,

     HEADING - Last Name;=========,First Name;==========,
     Department;==========,Salary;======


     produces the headings:

     Last Name       First Name Department         Salary
     =========       ========== ==========         ======


          Note the use of the comma (,) at the end of the first line as a
     continuation character.







     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 314          SECTION 4



     PICTURE - <format list>

          The PICTURE keyword is used to indicate which expressions (in the
     FIELDS line) are to be totaled.  The PICTURE line also shows how the
     expressions and totals (and subtotals) are to be displayed.

          A format is some 9s and, optionally, a decimal point or other
     special characters used in the format clause for numbers (see the
     command @).  Examples:

     999
     999999.99
     9.9999
     999999.99-
     999999.99>


          A format list is a number of formats separated by commas.  Some
     formats may be missing, but the commas have to be there as long as
     formats are required to reach the last field requiring accumulation.
     no trailing commas are permitted, since they would be understood as
     continuation characters merging the next keyword to the picture line.

          Negative values can be displayed in any of three ways.  The
     default is to use a leading minus sign.  It is possible to surround
     negative values with pointed brackets, or to use trailing minus signs
     as follows:

          Indicator for Negatives    Example       Value        Displays

          None                       9999999.99    -19876.87     -19876.87
          Trailing minus sign        9999999.99-   -19876.87      19876.87-
          None                       9999999.99>   -19876.87     <19876.87>

          If a format includes a comma, that format must be enclosed in
     quotes.

          The following will all total the fourth and the fifth columns out
     of the eight (or more) specified in the FIELDS line:

     PICTURE - ,,,999.99,999999
     PICTURE - ,,,999.99,'999,999'
     PICTURE - ,,,999.99,'$$$,$$9.99'
     PICTURE - ,,,999.99-,'999,999-'
     PICTURE - ,,,999.99>,'$$$,$$9.99>'

          There can be no format for character fields in the PICTURE line,
     since no strings are carried from record lines to total lines.  To
     format a character field, use PIC( or other functions.




     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 315          SECTION 4



     SUBTOTAL - <exp>

          This keyword causes subtotals to be printed when the expression
     <exp> changes.  Subtotaling is done for all numeric expressions that
     are specified in the PICTURE line.

          Of course, subtotaling produces erratic result if the data file
     is not sorted or indexed in a way to group all the items with the same
     <exp> in one group.  The command REPORT works whether or not this is
     the case.


     MESSAGE - <str exp>

          This keyword introduces the message to be displayed on the report
     lines at the start of a subtotaled group; e.g., 'Salesman - '+salesm.


          Two levels of subtotaling.  If there are two SUBTOTAL lines:

     SUBTOTAL - <exp1>              "inside level"
     MESSAGE - string1              message for the "inside level", footer
     SUBTOTAL - <exp2>              "outside level"
     MESSAGE - string2              message for the "outside level", header

     two levels of subtotaling is done.  <exp1> is the "inside" level (the
     sub-subtotal) and <exp2> is the "outside" level (the grand subtotal).

          The message for the outside level appears as a header; the
     message of the inside level appears with the sub-subtotal.  String1 is
     printed from the start of the line.  Make sure that there is enough
     room for string1 before the start of the first totaled column.

          For instance, if the file is indexed on salesman+style, then
     salesman is exp2, the outside level, and salesman+style is exp1, the
     inside level.  Thus one obtains a sales report grouped by salesman
     (outside level), and within salesman by style (inside level):

     SUBTOTAL - salesman+style
     MESSAGE - 'Style '+style
     SUBTOTAL - salesman
     MESSAGE - 'Salesman '+salesman

          Note that the inside subtotal expression in on salesman+style
     instead of by style alone; this is done because the last record for
     one salesman might be the same as the first record for the next
     salesman, thus giving confusing results.  Both subtotal expressions
     should be some leftmost part of the index expression, with the inside
     expression longer than the outside expression.




     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 316          SECTION 4



     PRINT

          This will send the report to the printer.  It has the same effect
     as SET PRINT ON at the beginning of the report and SET PRINT OFF at
     the end.


     EJECT

          This keyword will cause a page eject after each subtotal.  If two
     levels of subtotals are specified, only the main level will cause a
     page eject.

          If SET EJECT OFF, instead of sending a form feed code to the
     printer, VP-Info Level 1 will send enough carriage returns to move the
     paper in the printer to the form depth set by the SET LENGTH TO
     command (default is 66).


     RELATION - <str exp> TO <file number>

          This keyword sets a relation between file 1 and the file <file
     number>.  It is equivalent to the commands:


     1>SELECT 1
     1>SET RELATION ON <str exp> TO <file number>

          Example:

     RELATION - inven:no TO 2.


          There can be a number of these lines.  File 1 can be in relations
     to file 2, file 3, and so on.  The relations are always between file 1
     and another file.


     DOUBLE

          Print double spaced lines.


     COMPRESS

          Sends code 15 to the printer for compressed printing; and code 18
     after the report to discontinue compressed printing.  If the printer
     requires different codes, use the SETUP keyword or send them before
     and after the REPORT command with the function CHR(.




     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 317          SECTION 4



     SETUP - <setup string>

          SETUP establishes a string of control characters to be sent to
     the printer when printing begins.  It should not be used if neither
     printing nor spooling is in effect.

          The setup string is a list of character descriptors, separated by
     commas. Each descriptor may be a number (the ASCII value of a
     character), a hex number followed by an "h" (the hex value of a
     character, or any alpha character.  Example

     SETUP - 27,W,1Bh,41h,3h


     SPOOL - <file name>

          This is an alternative to the PRINT keyword and SET PRINT ON, and
     should not appear if either of the others is present.  It sends the
     report to the file <file name> (default extension TXT).

          Spool a report if you want to pretty it up with your word
     processor, or include it in a document, or print it some other time.
     The VP-Info Level 1 command SPOOL finename TO PRN or the operating
     system command PRINT can later print the report in the background mode
     from this file.

          Note that if <file name> already exists, the report will be added
     at its end; it will not be overwritten.  (Do not confuse the SPOOL
     keyword with the SPOOL command, which does overwrite existing files.)


     SELECT - <cond>

          Select by condition <cond>; the same as a FOR clause in the
     REPORT command.  If a FOR clause is used in the REPORT command, it
     overrides the selection of the SELECT line.  If a FILTER is in effect,
     only records which match both the filter and the select condition are
     included in the report.


     NODETAIL

          This modifies a report with subtotaling: only the totals and
     subtotals are shown.  The expressions from the FIELDS line and the
     column headings from the HEADING line are not displayed.


     LENGTH - <num exp>

          This sets the number of printed lines per page.  For instance,



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 318          SECTION 4



     LENGTH - 40

     will set the page length at 40.

          Comments.  The lines in the report form file can be separated by
     any number of blank lines to increase readability.

          A * can be put at the front a line to comment out (temporarily)
     that line.

          The lines can appear in just about any order.  The INDEX keyword
     must appear after the FILE keyword, and the MESSAGE keyword must
     appear after the SUBTOTAL keyword.

          Examples of report form files:

          Example 1. The simplest report form file, SALARY.FRM:

     FIELDS - name,fname,dept,salary


          Use it with the commands:

     1>USE employee INDEX name
     1>REPORT salary

          Example 2.  Using a multi-line heading (use it with the same
     commands as those for Example 1):

     HEADING - Last Name;=========,First Name;==========,
     Department;==========,Salary;======
     FIELDS - name,fname,dept,salary

          Example 3. Using two title lines (use it with the same commands
     as those for Example 1):

     TITLE - Salary Report
     TITLE - For the Third Quarter
     HEADING - Last Name,First Name,Department,Salary
     FIELDS - name,fname,dept,salary

          Example 4. A simple totaling using a string expression for the
     title; the memory variable QUARTER contains 'First', 'Second, 'Third',
     or 'Fourth' (use it with the same commands as those for Example 1):

     TITLE - Salary Report
     TITLE - 'For the '+quarter+' Quarter'
     HEADING - Last name,First name  ,Department,Salary
     FIELDS - name,fname,dept,salary
     PICTURE - ,,,9999999.99



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 319          SECTION 4



          Example 5. Subtotaling by department:

     TITLE - Salary Report
     HEADING - Last name,First name  ,Department,Salary
     FIELDS - name,fname,dept,salary
     SUBTOTAL - dept
     PICTURE - ,,,9999999.99

     Use it with the commands:

     1>USE employee
     1>INDEX ON dept TO dept
     1>REPORT salary

          Example 6. Subtotal with a message, appearing as a header for the
     group (use it with the same commands as those for Example 5):

     TITLE - Salary Report
     HEADING - Last name,First name  ,Salary
     FIELDS - name,fname,salary
     MESSAGE - 'Department: '+dept
     SUBTOTAL - dept
     PICTURE - ,,9999999.99

          Example 7. Two levels of subtotaling (use it with the same
     commands as those for Example 5):

     HEADING -  ,          ,Part,Date,Amount
     FIELDS - ' ',' ',part,date,amount
     PICTURE - ,,,,999999.99
     SUBTOTAL - salesman+part
     MESSAGE - 'Part '+trim(part)+' total: '
     SUBTOTAL - salesman
     MESSAGE - 'Salesman: '+salesman

          Example 8. Specifying files in use and a relation:

     FILE - sales INDEX sales
     FILE - abbrev INDEX abbrev
     RELATION - part TO 2
     HEADING -  ,               ,Part,Date,Amount
     FIELDS - ' ',' ',part,date,amount
     PICTURE - ,,,,999999.99
     SUBTOTAL - salesman+part
     MESSAGE - TRIM(descr#2)+' total: '
     SUBTOTAL - salesman
     MESSAGE - 'Salesman: '+salesman






     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 320          SECTION 4


          Example 9.  A real-life example:

     TITLE - 'Report on '+trim(product)+' sales'
     TITLE - 'For month ending '+date(lchar,date(ymd))
     FILE - inven INDEX inven2
     INDEX - style TO inven2 FOR q1+q2+q3+q4+q5+q6+q7+q8>0
     HEADING - COLOR,DESCRIPTION,,ONE,XXS,XS,S,M,L,XL,QUANT
     FIELDS - color,descript,
     q1,q2,q3,q4,q5,q6,q7,q8,
     q1+q2+q3+q4+q5+q6+q7+q8
     SUBTOTAL - style
     MESSAGE - 'Style - '+style
     PICTURE - ,,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,99999
     EJECT
     PRINT







































     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 321          SECTION 4


          Example 10. An example with expressions:

     TITLE - Inventory Listing
     *
     FILE - inven
     INDEX - style+color TO inven1
     *
     HEADING - STYLE,COLOR,DESCRIPTION,COST,
     ,ONE,XXS,XS,S,M,L,XL,
     QUANT,ORDER,PROG,AVAIL,OYTD,CYTD,SYTD
     *
     FIELDS - style,color,descript,cost,
     q1,q2,q3,q4,q5,q6,q7,q8,
     quant,order,progress,quant-order+progress,oytd,cytd,sytd
     *
     PICTURE - ,,,,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,9999,99999,99999,
     99999,99999,99999,99999,99999
     *
     PRINT
     *
     SUBTOTAL - style
     MESSAGE - 'Style - '+style


                            A General Discussion on
                               Multi-File Reports
                        Using Relations and Subtotaling

          Since many database users come to VP-Info Level 1 with some
     exposure to other database languages which cannot print reports using
     relations, this powerful tool is often overlooked by many users and
     even magazine reviewers.

          VP-Info Level 1 allows any two data files to be linked together,
     either in a chain (1-to-2, 2-to-3, 3-to-4, etc.) or multiple-child
     relationship (1-to-2, 1-to-3, 1-to-4, etc., simultaneously).

          Let's say you want to print a list of all items sold today from
     your store.  Each item is described in ITEMS.DBF, customers are stored
     in CUST.DBF, and invoices list all items in a file called INVOICE.DBF.

          You can get the report you want, using the report specification
     in Figure 1, with the following command, either in a program or at the
     command prompt:

     REPORT invcdate FOR date=date(1)

     ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                            Figure 1
     * INVCDATE.FRM  report form for printing invoice details by date
     FILE - invoice INDEX invcdate



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 322          SECTION 4


     FILE - items INDEX itemcode
     FILE - cust INDEX custcode
     RELATION - itemcode TO 2
     RELATION - custcode TO 3
     FIELDS - date,custcode,name#3,itemcode#2,quant,price,price*quant
     HEADING - DATE,CUSTOMER,NAME,ITEM,QUANTITY,PRICE,TOTAL
     PICTURE - ,,,,,,$$$$$$9.99
     PRINT
     TITLE - 'Invoices Produced '+date(char)

     ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

          This produces the report shown in Figure 2.


     SUBTOTALING

          Of course, the report could have been printed in order by
     customer or item code just as easily, and even grouped and subtotalled
     by either of them.  For example, adding these two lines after the
     PICTURE line,

     SUBTOTAL - custcode
     MESSAGE - name#3

     would print the name of the customer above all items he purchased, and
     show a total cost of all these items for each customer, as well as a
     grand total of all customers.

          VP-Info Level 1 actually provides two levels of grouping and
     subtotaling, which we call the "inside" level and the "outside" level.

          Let's say our file in indexed on CUSTCODE+DATE to INVCCUST.NDX.
     Then we produce the report shown in Figure 3 by inserting the
     following four lines into our report specification after the PICTURE
     line:

     SUBTOTAL - custcode+date
     MESSAGE - blank(5)+date(dmy,date)
     SUBTOTAL - custcode
     MESSAGE - name#3

          The first two lines specify the inside level, while the last two
     set up the outside level.  You'll notice that there can be several
     days grouped inside a single customer; that's why date is the INSIDE
     grouping.

          Also notice that the "trigger expression" for the inside level is
     CUSTCODE+DATE and not DATE alone.  Remember that you want a date
     heading and subtotal printed whenever a customer changes, even if the
     next customer's purchase was on the same day.  The best rule is to



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 323          SECTION 4


     make sure that the trigger expression for the inside grouping is
     longer than, and includes all of, the outside trigger expression.

          (In actual practice, you would probably adjust the specification
     to remove the date and name#3 fields from the FIELDS line, since they
     are printed in the header and footer of the groups.)


     A FEW REPORT TIPS:

          Although the single command, REPORT invcdate FOR date=DATE(ymd),
     can produce the report shown above, there are a couple of better and
     faster -- but more complicated -- ways to get the same result.  The
     problem is that, over time, the invoice file will become very large,
     and the method shown above requires every single record to be
     processed, even though only a few are going to be printed.

          Better Method 1 is primarily for those who want to use the report
     from the command prompt.  Use these three lines instead,

     USE invoice
     INDEX ON item TO temp FOR date=date(ymd)
     REPORT invcdate

     thus making a special index which includes only the records you want
     to print.  Even with very large files, this is extremely quick.  Of
     course, you'll have to change the first line of your report file to
     read "FILE - invoice INDEX temp".

          Better Method 2 will be chosen by most programmers who can easily
     set up the files and relations to be used for the report in their
     program as follows:

     SELECT 1
     USE invoice INDEX invcdate
     USE#2 items INDEX itemcode
     USE#3 cust INDEX custcode
     SET RELATION ON itemcode TO 2
     SET RELATION ON custcode TO 3
     FIND &date(ymd)
     REPORT INVCDATE WHILE date=date(ymd)

          Of course, the FILE and RELATION lines would be omitted from
     INVCDATE.FRM.


     USING RELATION TO SHOW WHAT ISN'T THERE

          Relations aren't used just to show what is in another file.  In
     fact, one of these best uses is to highlight things that aren't there.




     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 324          SECTION 4


          Remember that setting up a relation means that, every time the
     record number changes on the main file, a FIND is executed on the
     relation expression to the related file.  If no matching record is
     found, the related file is set to the mythical record zero, meaning
     that all character fields are blank and all numeric fields are zero.

          Say you have a data file with a customer code field, but you
     aren't sure that every code is correct.  You can set up a relation
     between the two files and print the report specified in Figure 4,
     showing all records for which NO customer was found in CUST.DBF.  It's
     the line "SELECT - custcode<>'   '" that causes only mismatched
     records to print.

          With all the power built into the VP-Info Level 1 REPORT command
     -- relations and two levels of grouping -- it's rare even for full-
     time custom programmers to take the time to write a program to produce
     a report.  Once you get a little practice, you'll find that only a few
     minutes are needed to create complex and exciting reports.


──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                       Figure 2
Monday, February 13, 1991                                        Page 1
                  COMPUTER DISTRIBUTING EXTRORDINAIRE
                  Invoices Produced February 13, 1991

DATE   CUSTOMER NAME                 ITEM  QUANTITY    PRICE      TOTAL

910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPINF       10   199.00   $1990.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPEXP        2   179.00    $358.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPPLA        1   149.00    $149.00
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPPLU        2   249.00    $498.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPINF       12   199.00   $2388.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPEXP       54   179.00   $9666.00
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPPLA        1   149.00    $149.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPPLU        5   249.00   $1245.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPINF        1   199.00    $199.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPEXP       21   179.00   $3759.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPPLA      285   149.00  $42465.00
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPPLU       85   249.00  $21165.00
                                                             ==========
                                                              $84031.00

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                       Figure 3
Monday, February 13, 1991                                       Page 3
                  COMPUTER DISTRIBUTING EXTRAORDINAIRE
                  Invoices Produced February 13, 1991



     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual          Page 325          SECTION 4



DATE   CUSTOMER NAME                 ITEM  UANTITY    PRICE      TOTAL
Create Computer
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPEXP       2   179.00    $358.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPINF      12   199.00   $2388.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPPLU       5   249.00   $1245.00
910213 CRE50    Create Computer      VPEXP      21   179.00   $3759.00
     13-Feb-1991                                              $7750.00

                                                            ----------
                                                              $7750.00
Paperback Software
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPPLA       1   149.00    $149.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPEXP      54   179.00   $9666.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPINF       1   199.00    $199.00
910213 PSI50    Paperback Software   VPPLA     285   149.00  $42465.00
     13-Feb-1991                                             $52479.00

                                                            ----------
                                                             $52479.00
Sub Rosa Inc.
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPINF      10   199.00   $1990.00
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPPLU       2   249.00    $498.00
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPPLA       1   149.00    $149.00
910213 SUB50    Sub Rosa Inc.        VPPLU      85   249.00  $21165.00
     13-Feb-1991                                             $23802.00

                                                            ----------
                                                             $23802.00
                                                            ==========
                                                             $84031.00

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                       Figure 4
* NOFIND.FRM    report form listing all invoices for customers
*               not found in CUST.DBF
FILE - invoice
FILE - cust INDEX custcode
RELATION - custcode TO 2
FIELDS - date,custcode,invoice,itemcode,quant,price,price*quant
HEADING - DATE,CUSTOMER,INVOICE,ITEM,QUANTITY,PRICE,TOTAL
PICTURE - ,,,,,,$$$$$$9.99
PRINT
TITLE - Invoices For Customers Not In Customer Data File
SELECT - custcode<>'   '






     REPORT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      REPORT
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 326          SECTION 4




                                    RESTORE

     Restore memory variables from file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RESTORE FROM <file> [ADDITIVE]                                     ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <file>             name of memory variable file                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ ADDITIVE           add new variables, update old ones              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command is used for restoring the memory and system
     variables that had previously been saved by the SAVE TO command.  This
     command erases all the variables that are currently in memory.  (See
     the command SAVE TO.)

          The ADDITIVE clause inhibits clearing of memory variables.  It
     adds the memory variables from the file to the memory variable table.
     If a memory variable occurs both in the table and the file, its value
     gets updated from the file.  With the ADDITIVE clause, the position of
     the existing variables in the memory variable table does not change,
     so pointers to them remain correct.

       /--------------------------------------------------------------\
       |     In general, the ADDITIVE clause is not needed in         |
       |  Conversational VP-Info, but must ALWAYS be used in programs.|
       `--------------------------------------------------------------'

          This command should be used with the utmost care.  Compiled
     programs set pointers to memory variables.  If the memory variables
     are restored, the restore must be absolute, not dependent on some
     conditions.  (See Appendix A.  At compilation, the memory variable
     file must be present.)

          Example:

     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     AGE             N       8      11
     ** Total **  2  variables, 13  bytes
     1>SAVE TO child
     1>QUIT
     C:\>SRI
     1>RESTORE FROM child




     RESTORE                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     RESTORE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 327          SECTION 4


     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     AGE             N       8      11
     ** Total **  2  variables, 13  bytes















































     RESTORE                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     RESTORE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 328          SECTION 4



                                     RETURN

     Return to the calling program.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RETURN                                                             ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The RETURN command returns the current program to the program
     from which it was called with the DO command.

          There may be any number of RETURN commands in a program. (See
     also the command DO.)







































     RETURN                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      RETURN
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 329          SECTION 4



                                      RING

     Sound a beep on the computer speaker.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RING                                                               ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The RING command has different effects in Level 1 and VP-Info
     Professional; refer to the section applying to you.

          A.   In VP-Info Professional without the NOEFFECTS keyword in the
               VPI.SET file:

               RING uses one of the sound effects from its effect library,
               and does not send anything to the screen.

          B.   In Level 1 (and in VP-Info Professional with the NOEFFECTS
               keyword in the VPI.SET file):

               RING sends character 7 (the ASCII bell character) to the
               screen at the current cursor position.  If there is already
               a character in that position, it will be overwritten
               (erased).

          See the SOUND command.


























     RING                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        RING
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 330          SECTION 4



                                      RUN

     Execute DOS commands or run a program outside VP-Info Level 1.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ RUN <command file>/<DOS command>                                   ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <command file>   an EXE, COM or BAT file to be executed            ║
     ║ <DOS command>    an internal DOS command (COMMAND.COM must be      ║
     ║                    in the current directory or in the PATH         ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Provided your computer has sufficient memory available, the RUN
     command allows you to execute DOS commands and run small programs
     outside VP-Info Level 1 without leaving VP-Info Level 1.

          The amount of memory devoted to VP-Info is controlled by the
     MEMORY= command in the VPI.SET file, but cannot be changed from the
     default configuration in Level 1.  The default is to use as much high
     memory as possible up to 128K.  See MEMORY= and BINSPACE= commands.

          Examples:

     1>RUN chkdsk                  ;check current disk...CHKDSK must be
                                   ;in current directory or path

     1>RUN editor test             ;use an editor on file TEST...EDITOR
                                   ;must be in current directory or path

     1>RUN mode com1:1200,n,8,1    ;configure the COM1: port...MODE must be
                                   ;in current directory or path





















     RUN                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         RUN
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 331          SECTION 4



                                      SAVE

     Save the memory variables to a file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SAVE TO <file>                                                     ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <file>           the name of the memory variable file              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command is used to save the memory variables to a file.
     These can later be restored using the RESTORE FROM command. (See
     RESTORE FROM.)

          If no extension is given to the file name, the file will have
     extension MEM.

          During debugging, you may save the memory variables to a file for
     later analysis.

          Example:

     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     ** Total **  0  variables, 0  bytes
     1>name='David'
     1>age=11
     1>LIST MEMO

     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     AGE             N       8      11
     ** Total **  2  variables, 13  bytes
     1>SAVE TO child
     1>QUIT
     C:\>SRI
     1>RESTORE FROM child
     1>LIST MEMO
     Name          Type    Width    Contents
     NAME            C       5      David
     AGE             N       8      11
     ** Total **  2  variables, 13  bytes









     SAVE                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        SAVE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 332          SECTION 4



                                     SCOPE

     Limit the records available within the current master index to those
     matching all or part of the current records index key.  A synonym for
     LIMIT command.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SCOPE <num exp>                                                    ║
     ║ SCOPE <key exp>                                                    ║
     ║ SCOPE                                                              ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>     the number of characters in the key expression to    ║
     ║                 to match                                           ║
     ║ <key exp>     the string expression to match in the current master ║
     ║                 index                                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          When the current file has an index, VP-Info Level 1 can be made
     to treat the file as though it includes only those records matching
     the current record's key expression, or some leftmost part of it.
     When a SCOPE is in effect, no VP-Info Level 1 command can access a
     record outside that limit.

          You can most quickly implement this command by using the
     <num exp> option.  The effect is to have VP-Info Level 1 set the SCOPE
     to the leftmost <num exp> characters of the key expression of the
     master index. If <num exp> exceeds the length of the key, the effect
     is identical to setting the SCOPE to the entire index expression.

          When SCOPE is used with no option, or when <num exp> is zero, the
     limit is deactivated.

          Using SCOPE with <key exp> requires precision is its use to avoid
     problems that may become extremely serious. Note that the <key exp>
     expression must be the same as the master index key in use at the
     moment, or some LEFT( portion of it. Do not attempt to use an
     expression that does not meet this requirement.

          Cautions:

          A.   FIND should not be used on a file with an active limit.  If
               you choose to do so, be certain that the FIND will be
               successful.  An unsuccessful FIND places the record pointer
               on record 0 which is by definition not in the index.  This
               causes an error, suspends operation of a program, and turns
               off the SCOPE.




     SCOPE                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       SCOPE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 333          SECTION 4


          B.   Do not use REPLACE ALL on a field included in an active
               limit expression, since upon completion, no records will be
               included in the limit; the result is the same as above.

          C.   Do not use APPEND, APPEND BLANK or BROWSE APPEND, or enter
               "append mode" in EDIT, while a limit is active unless you
               are sure to make all new records equal to the current SCOPE
               key before leaving the new records.  Doing so causes the
               file to move outside the SCOPE; the result is the same as
               above.

          D.   SCOPE should be used with extreme care, and left in effect
               for the minimum number of commands possible.  For instance,
               if used with BROWSE, SCOPE should be invoked immediately
               before the BROWSE command and canceled immediately
               afterward.

          E.   SCOPE should be canceled before closing the index or the
               file with which it is active, or before the master index is
               changed with SET INDEX TO n.  If not done by the user or
               programmer, the SCOPE is automatically turned off by
               VP-Info Level 1.

          F.   SCOPE cannot be used with a string constant instead of a
               <key exp>.  The <key exp> can be implemented with a macro.

          G.   SCOPE is a synonym for the LIMIT command, and can be used
               interchangeably.

























     SCOPE                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       SCOPE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 334          SECTION 4



                                     SCREEN

     Save and restore screen images between the displayed screen and up to
     three additional background screens.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ One of three forms:                                                ║
     ║ 1. SCREEN <source>,<destination>                                   ║
     ║ 2. SCREEN <destination>                                            ║
     ║ 3. SCREEN <effect>                                                 ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <source>      the number of the screen to be transferred to        ║
     ║                 destination in form 1                              ║
     ║ <destination> screen number to which all screen output in to be    ║
     ║                 directed in form 1; the "active" screen in form 2  ║
     ║ <effect>      transfer the stored image of Screen 2 to Screen 1    ║
     ║                 (the visible screen) in form 3; transfer uses the  ║
     ║                 named effect in VP-Info Professional only if       ║
     ║                 NOEFFECTS not in CNF file                          ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Screen 1 is the screen the user can see, although screen output
     can be directed to any of three background screens, numbered 2 through
     4, and images can be transferred directly from any one to any other.

          In VP-Info Professional, the visual impact of these transfers can
     be enhanced by using any of seven special effects, each accompanied by
     a characteristic sound effect.  The seven special effects are achieved
     by naming it with one of these keywords:

          Keyword   Effect

          Tear      Push the current screen up and to the right
          Left      Push the current screen to the left
          Right     Push the current screen to the right
          Up        Push the current screen up
          Down      Push the current screen down
          Open      Expose Screen 2 gradually from the middle
          Close     Push the current screen into itself at the middle

          Shortcut: When specifying effect by name, only the first
          character is required.

          In all cases, these effects move screen 2 to Screen 1; in order
     to see to effect, the active screen should be Screen 1.

          In its default mode, color attributes and cursor positions are
     stored and restored automatically.  SET SCREEN OFF to allow color
     attributes and cursor position to be unaffected by the SCREEN command.




     SCREEN                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      SCREEN
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 335          SECTION 4



          Example in a program:

     SCREEN 2          ;direct output to background screen
     <commands>        ;draw the background screen
     SCREEN 1          ;make the visible screen active
     SCREEN TEAR       ;use effect to move Screen 2 to 1 -- in Level 1 ,
                       ;  or VP-Info with NOEFFECTS, same as SCREEN 2,1













































     SCREEN                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      SCREEN
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 336          SECTION 4



                                     SCROLL

     Scroll a part of the screen.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SCROLL <line1>,<line2>                                             ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <line1>      from this line number                                 ║
     ║ <line2>      to this line number                                   ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Scroll the screen up one line from line number line1 to line
     number line2; line1 and line2 are numeric expressions. If line1 is
     less than line2, the scrolling is reversed.  line1 cannot equal line2.

          This command is used to scroll text on the screen.

          Examples:

          1.

     1>SCROLL 2,5
     1>SCROLL 5,2

          2. Scrolling demo.  Needs two data files: CUST, with fields CUSTN
     (customer number), NAME (customer name), ADD:1 (address); INVEN with
     fields: STYLE, COLOR, DESCRIPT, QUANT, COST.

     USE cust
     USE#2 inven
     @ 2,0 SAY CEN('VP-Info can scroll windows',80)
     @ 5,0 SAY CEN('windows can scroll up !',80)
     DELAY .5
     @ 7,0 SAY 'CUSTN  NAME                           ADDRESS'
     REPEAT 5 TIMES VARYING i
        ? custn,name,add:1,i
        SKIP
        DELAY .5
     ENDREPEAT
     REPEAT 5 TIMES
        SCROLL 8 12
        @ 12,0
        ?? custn,name,add:1
        DELAY .5
        SKIP
     ENDREPEAT
     @ 14,0 SAY CEN('and windows can scroll down',80)
     DELAY .5
     @ 16,0 SAY 'STYLE  COL DESCRIPTION          QUANT    COST'



     SCROLL                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      SCROLL
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 337          SECTION 4


     DELAY .5
     SELECT 2
     REPEAT 5 TIMES VARYING i
        ? style,color,descript,quant,cost,i
        SKIP
        DELAY .5
     ENDREPEAT
     REPEAT 5 TIMES
        SCROLL 21 17
        @ 17,0
        ?? style,color,descript,quant,cost
        DELAY .5
        SKIP
     ENDREPEAT







































     SCROLL                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      SCROLL
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 338          SECTION 4



                                      SEEK

     Find the last record matching a given FIND string by its index in the
     selected data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SEEK <char exp>                                                    ║
     ║                          VP-Info Professional only                 ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <char exp>   expression to be evaluated and found in the current   ║
     ║                index                                               ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          SEEK is one of a family of commands that finds a record in an
     indexed data file by matching a given string with key values in the
     index file:

          SEEK is identical to FIND, except that it searches for the match
               to the value of a character expression instead of a string
               constant (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find positions the
               file at the top of file)
          FIND positions the file on the first record in the index matching
               the LAST string (no-find positions the file at the top of
               file)
          LAST positions the file on the last record in the index matching
               the FIND string (VP-Info Professional only) (no-find
               positions the file at the top of file)
          NEAREST positions the file on the first record in the index equal
               to or greater than the FIND string (VP-Info Professional
               only)

          All forms allow a search to be made on a character expression
     when the expression if preceded by the macro symbol "&".  When the
     variable var='TAYLOR', all of the following command lines are
     equivalent:

     SEEK var
     FIND &var
     SEEK &var

          If SET DELETE ON, deleted records will not be found.  (See the
     command SET.)

          Numbers must always be treated as strings, even if the key
     expression is a numeric field.  If NUM is a numeric field of width 2,
     FIND 1 will not find 1, but SEEK STR(1,2) or SEEK ' 1' will be
     successful.





     SEEK                           VPI  VPIN                          SEEK
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 339          SECTION 4


          When SEEK is successful, the value of the current record pointer
     (as shown by the # and RECNO( functions) is set to the current record
     number, and the system variable :NEAR is set to the same number.

          If the record is not found, the current record pointer will be
     set to 0 and the value of :NEAR will be set to the number of the first
     record in the index with an index key greater than the FIND string; if
     the index contains no key greater than the FIND string, :NEAR is set
     to the bottom of the file and EOF( is set to T (true).












































     SEEK                           VPI  VPIN                          SEEK
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 340          SECTION 4



                                     SELECT

     Select the file number to work with.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SELECT <num const>/PRIMARY/SECONDARY                               ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num const>    a file number between 1 and 6 Level 1, or between   ║
     ║                     1 and 10 VP-Info                               ║
     ║ PRIMARY          same as 1                                         ║
     ║ SECONDARY        same as 2                                         ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command selects a file number, <num const>.  Once this
     number has been selected, the data files opened with the USE command
     will be referred to as file <num const>.

          (For compatibility with older VP-Info programs, file 1 is also
     called the PRIMARY file and File 2 is also called the SECONDARY file.)

          In Level 1 and VP-Info, there can be six or ten data files open
     at the same time; each must have a different file number.

          SELECT 1, SELECT 2, and so on are regarded as command verbs; no
     part of the command can be in a macro.

          Examples:

     1>SELECT 4
     4>SELECT SECONDARY

          You can temporarily change the selected file by putting the file
     number after the command keyword.

          Example:

     1>SELECT 1
     1>USE invoice
     1>USE#2 customer
     1>LIST

          The LIST command will list from the invoice file and the customer
     file will be opened as file 2.

          Note to dBASE programmers:  No version of dBASE uses file numbers
     the way VP-Info Level 1 does, but both have a method of field
     redirection that must be adjusted when porting dBASE applications to
     VP-Info Level 1.  dBASE II named fields in a different work area by
     preceding the name with P. or S. to indicate Primary or Secondary work




     SELECT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      SELECT
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 341          SECTION 4


     area. dBASE III and later versions use aliases, established when the
     file is opened with USE, that are linked to a field name with an arrow
     (example: cust->name).  Your first step in program conversion is
     replacing these constructs with VP-Info Level 1 file-numbering scheme
     (example: cust#2).
















































     SELECT                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      SELECT
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 342          SECTION 4



                                      SET

     Set up environmental controls.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET <param> ON/OFF                                                 ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <param>   is chosen from the list:                                 ║
     ║               ADD, ALTERNATE, ANSI, BELL, CARRY, CONFIRM,          ║
     ║               CONSOLE, DEBUG, DELETED, DELIMITER, DISPLAY,         ║
     ║               DIVZERO, DO, ECHO, EJECT, END, ERROR, ESCAPE,        ║
     ║               EXACT, EXECUTION, FUNCTION, GET, HEADING,            ║
     ║               INTENSITY, KEEP, LINE, LOCK, MENU, MONO, NETWORK,    ║
     ║               PRINT, PROMPT, RAW, SAVE, SCREEN, SNOW,              ║
     ║               STEP, TALK, TEXT, TRIM, UPPER, ZERO                  ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Switch:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ ON or OFF                                                          ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          These parameters enable and disable certain features of
     VP-Info Level 1.  The features are explained below.

          VP-Info Level 1 comes with some of these features on, and some
     off; an asterisk marks the default.

     Parameter   Switch  Explanation:

     ADD         ON      When doing a POST, and the find is unsuccessful, a
                            record will be appended to the Master File, the
                            non-numeric fields of the Master File record
                            will be replaced by the matching fields in the
                            Transaction File record, and, the posting is
                            done to the new record.
                *OFF     When doing a POST, and the find is unsuccessful,
                            an error message is sent.

     ALTERNATE   ON      An alternative to SET PRINT ON and SET FORMAT TO
                            PRINT commands: output that would be sent to
                            the printer is sent to a disk text file
                            instead.  The name of the disk file is
                            specified in the SET ALTERNATE TO <file>
                            command (see also SET ALTERNATE TO.  SET PRINT
                            ON is ignored when SET ALTERNATE ON.
                *OFF     Stop sending output to the disk file. (NOTE: SET
                            PRINT OFF also sets ALTERNATE OFF if ALTERNATE
                            ON. Do not mix SET PRINT and SET ALTERNATE
                            commands, however; only use these commands in
                            ON/OFF pairs.)


     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 343          SECTION 4



     ANSI        ON      ANSI.SYS is no longer supported for terminal
                            emulations by VP-Info Level 1, but the SET ANSI
                            command is allowed for compatibility with
                            programs written for earlier versions. It has
                            no effect.
                *OFF     SET ANSI has no effect in VP-Info Level 1.

     BELL       *ON      The computer rings the bell whenever illegal data
                            is entered or when data input goes from an
                            editing field to the next editing field.
                 OFF     Bell is turned off.

     CARRY       ON      When in APPEND or the append mode of EDIT, make
                            the appended record identical to the current
                            record.
                *OFF     Appended records are blank.

     CONFIRM     ON      In full-screen editing, data entry into an editing
                            field must be terminated by pressing <ENTER>.
                            (When filling a numeric field, this condition
                            will drop the last numeric character, the one
                            under the cursor.  The remedy is to make the
                            input picture one character wider.)
                *OFF     Once an editing field is filled, data entry
                            proceeds to the next editing field.

     CONSOLE    *ON      The output directed to the screen goes to the
                            screen.  This flag is always set when <Esc> is
                            pressed or VP-Info Level 1 stops execution on
                            an error.
                 OFF     All output directed to the screen is suppressed.
                            (Note, however, that scrolling is not
                            suppressed by this command, so existing
                            material on the screen can be scrolled off the
                            top of the screen.  Consider directing screen
                            output to a background screen instead of SET
                            CONSOLE OFF.)

     DEBUG       ON      Activate all the DEBUG print commands.
                *OFF     Ignore all the DEBUG print commands.

     DELETED     ON      All records with the DELETED flag are ignored by
                            all the commands except the GOTO command.
                *OFF     Records with the DELETED flag are listed, found
                            with FIND, etc., but marked as DELETED
                            (however, these records are never appended,
                            averaged, copied, counted, summed, totalled, or
                            reported).




     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 344          SECTION 4



     DELIMITER   ON      The editing fields in the @ GET, EDIT, BROWSE,
                            TEXT (@ and % macros) commands are bounded by
                            colons.
                *OFF     These editing fields are not bounded by colons.

     DISPLAY    *ON      Displayed macros are immediately updated in a TEXT
                            during READ when their values are changed in an
                            ON FIELD structure.
                 OFF     Displayed TEXT macros are not updated during READ.

     DIVZERO      ON      Division by zero is permitted and does not cause
                            execution of a program to cease with an error
                            message; the result of division by zero is
                            arbitrarily set at zero.
                *OFF     Division by zero is not permitted and causes
                            program execution to abort with an error
                            message.

     DO         *ON      Subroutines are compiled as overlays to the
                            calling program (see DO command).
                 OFF     Subroutines are not compiled in the calling
                            program. Instead, the compile produces files
                            containing the compiled environment for the
                            subroutines (with the extension ENV).  May be
                            useful in developing and debugging very complex
                            applications.

     ECHO        ON      When compiling a VP-Info Level 1 program
                            (including the compiling done on-the-fly before
                            running an uncompiled program), the program
                            lines are shown on the screen as they are
                            compiled; it has no effect while programs are
                            actually being executed.
                *OFF     Program lines are not shown.

     EJECT      *ON      In a report form file, the EJECT line will send a
                            form feed character after each subtotal.
                 OFF     In a report form file, the EJECT line will send
                            enough carriage returns to move the paper in
                            the printer to the form depth set by the SET
                            LENGTH TO command (default is 66).











     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 345          SECTION 4



     END        *ON      During READ while SET FUNCTION OFF, pressing any
                            function key has the same effect as pressing
                            <End>; READ is exited and the function key
                            number is stored into :KEY.
                 OFF     If SET FUNCTION OFF, then all function keys give a
                            carriage return and line feed combination
                            (leave input field) and the function key number
                            is stored in :KEY.  READ is not exited, but
                            action can be controlled in an ON FIELD
                            structure.

     ERROR      *ON      If an ON ERROR structure is in effect, it is
                            executed in event of an error.
                 OFF     An active ON ERROR structure is ignored and
                            VP-Info Level 1 reacts as though the structure
                            did not exist.

     ESCAPE     *ON      Hitting <Esc> aborts program execution, or if an
                            ON ESCAPE structure is in effect, program
                            execution jumps to the start of the structure.
                 OFF     <Esc> is ignored.

     EXACT       ON      Whenever strings are compared for equality (in
                            conditions, or when invoking FIND), all
                            characters in both strings, including trailing
                            blanks, are compared, and only perfect matches
                            are true.  Thus 'ABCD'='ABC' is false, and FIND
                            ABC will not find 'ABCD'.
                *OFF     Whenever strings are compared for equality,
                            trailing blanks are ignored, and only the
                            number of characters to the right of the = sign
                            are compared.  Thus 'ABCD'='ABC' is true, and
                            FIND ABC will find 'ABCD' (if 'ABCD' is the
                            first record key starting with 'ABC').

     EXECUTION   ON      All FIELD modules in an ON FIELD structure are
                            executed before exiting READ (or the current
                            record in BROWSE OFF and EDIT OFF), as well as
                            when leaving their respective input fields.
                *OFF     FIELD modules are executed only when leaving their
                            respective input fields.

     FUNCTION   *ON      Function keys display values stored in them when
                            pressed.
                *OFF     Disable the usual functions of the function keys
                            <F1> to <F10>.  Pressing a function key will
                            produce a Ctrl-W (or a carriage return/line
                            feed if SET END OFF); the number of the
                            function key pressed is available to the
                            programmer in the :KEY system variable.


     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 346          SECTION 4



     GET         ON      A Get Table is maintained when calling a sub-
                            program; it is, therefore, still in effect upon
                            return from the sub-program, provided it is not
                            cleared in the sub-program.  (A Get Table is
                            cleared either with the CLEAR GETS command, or
                            by creating a get with TEXT or an @ GET command
                            after a READ command.)
                *OFF     A Get Table is cleared whenever program execution
                            leaves a sub-program.

     HEADING     ON      Field names are displayed over each column during
                            LIST and DISPLAY command execution.  If fields
                            names are longer than column width, the name is
                            truncated as in BROWSE.  Headings are not
                            displayed if an expression list is given on the
                            LIST or DISPLAY command line.
                *OFF     Field names are not displayed with LIST and
                            DISPLAY.

     INTENSITY  *ON      The editing fields in full-screen editing are
                            shown in reverse video.
                 OFF     Editing fields are shown in normal video.

     KEEP        ON      When a TEXT file is read from the disk, it is
                            stored in memory so that subsequent calls for
                            the same TEXT will use the version in memory
                            instead of reading it in from the disk again.
                *OFF     The disk is accessed every time the TEXT file is
                            called.  Note: If the TEXT filename is a macro
                            or variable name, VP-Info Level 1 always goes
                            to the disk for the text whether SET KEEP is ON
                            or OFF.

     LINE       *ON      Place line numbers in compiled program to be used
                            with error messages.
                 OFF     No line numbers in compiled program.

     LOCK        ON      VP-Info Professional Network Edition only.  All
                            data file records are automatically locked
                            whenever the user is positioned on them.
                *OFF     Records are not automatically locked.

     MENU        ON      Display the meaning of the editing keys for EDIT
                            and BROWSE, and help after every ERASE or CLS.
                *OFF     No editing keys displayed.

     MONO        ON      A monochrome monitor is used. (Has no default.
                            Not required unless both monochrome and color
                            adapters are present in your computer; put the
                            appropriate command in your CNF file.)
                 OFF     A color monitor is used.

     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 347          SECTION 4



     NETWORK     ON      Turn network facilities on (VP-Info Professional
                            Network Edition only; enables the user to LOCK
                            and UNLOCK records on any network or multi-user
                            system adhering to the standard conventions of
                            Microsoft DOS 3.1 and above.  See SET NETWORK
                            TO command).
                *OFF     Network facilities are not turned on (VP-Info
                            Professional Network Edition only).

     PRINT       ON      Output produced such by relative display commands
                            as LIST, DISPLAY, ?, and ?? is sent to a
                            printer (or to a text file if SPOOL is in
                            effect).  In the interactive mode, the effect
                            of SET PRINT ON is turned off when the prompt
                            appears, so that the commands will not be
                            printed.  VP-Info Level 1 will continue
                            printing the results of the commands.
                *OFF     The output is sent to the screen.  This flag is
                            always set OFF when <Esc> is pressed or an
                            error is encountered while running a program.

     PROMPT      ON      A dot prompt, as in dBASE.
                *OFF     The n> prompt, where n is the file number.

     RAW         ON      No blanks separate the expressions when the
                            DISPLAY or LIST command is used with an
                            expression list (see ?, ??, DISPLAY, and LIST).
                *OFF     Blanks are placed between expressions.

     SAVE       *ON      Changes are saved to disk when the user leaves a
                            changed record or closes the data file.
                 OFF     Changes are not written to disk.

     SCREEN     *ON      SCREEN command works as described under SCREEN
                            command.
                 OFF     When screens are switched with SCREEN command,
                            cursor position and color attributes are not
                            saved or restored.  (Provided only to allow
                            user to force compatibility with early versions
                            of VP-Info.

     SNOW       *ON      When using a CGA color monitor and some other
                            monitor types, VP-Info Level 1 may cause screen
                            flicker called "snow."
                 OFF     Snow is suppressed, at a cost of slowing screen
                            displays.






     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 348          SECTION 4



     STEP        ON      Execute a VP-Info Level 1 program a line at a time
                            (with SET LINE ON, the line numbers will be
                            displayed on the top line of the screen
                            display).
                *OFF     Execute VP-Info Level 1 programs continuously.

     TALK       *ON      VP-Info Level 1 messages from commands are
                            displayed.  This flag is always set when <Esc>
                            is pressed and when the conversational mode is
                            entered.
                 OFF     Messages are not displayed.

     TEXT       *ON      The TEXT display macros created with & and # are
                            put into the Get Table; usually required for
                            input screens created with TEXT.
                 OFF     Display macros are not put into the Get Table;
                            usually required when using TEXT for printer
                            output, as in mail-merge programs.

     TRIM       *ON      The & macro in TEXT trims string variables.
                 OFF     The trimming is turned off.

     UPPER       ON      All keyboard-input characters from "a" to "z" are
                            forced to upper case "A" to "Z"; a software
                            "Caps Lock".
                *OFF     Lower-case keyboard entry is not altered.

     ZERO       *ON      Display zeros whenever the numeric value zero must
                            be displayed.
                 OFF     If the value zero has to be displayed, display
                            blanks instead.





















     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 349          SECTION 4



                                 SET ALTERNATE

     Specify text file for output.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET ALTERNATE TO <file>                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <file>          text file name                                     ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SET ALTERNATE specifies the text file to be used when
     the SET ALTERNATE ON command is given.  The default extension of the
     file is TXT.  If the file already exists, the new data is appended at
     the end.  (See SET ALTERNATE ON under the SET command.)

          All data that would normally go to the printer is sent to this
     file.

          Example:

     SET ALTERNATE TO record
     SET ALTERNATE ON
     @ 10,0 SAY 'This goes to RECORD.TXT'
     SET ALTERNATE OFF




























     SET ALTERNATE               VPI1  VPI  VPIN              SET ALTERNATE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 350          SECTION 4



                                   SET COLOR

     Set the attribute byte of the characters to be displayed.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET COLOR TO <attrib>                                              ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <attrib>   numeric expression, the attribute byte: 0 to 255        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command sets the attribute byte of all characters to be
     displayed on the screen, and updates the system variable :COLOR with
     <attrib>.  SET COLOR TO 0 returns to the normal mode.  An alternative
     way of getting the same result is:

     :COLOR=<attrib>

          These commands work with standard IBM monochrome and color
     monitors.

          Every character displayed on the screen has an attribute byte
     that determines how the character is displayed.

          For monochrome monitors: the character may be bold, underlined,
     reverse, and blink, or any combination of them.  The important numbers
     are:

          standard characters       7
          underline                 1
          reverse video           112

          to get bold:        add   8
          to make it blink:   add 128

          For color monitors, both the background and the character has
     color.  Compute ATTRIB by adding up (up to) four numbers:
     background+foreground+blink+brightness from the following tables:

          background         0  - black
                            16  - blue
                            32  - green
                            48  - cyan
                            64  - red
                            80  - magenta
                            96  - brown
                           112  - white

          foreground         0  - black
                             1  - blue



     SET COLOR                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   SET COLOR
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 351          SECTION 4


                             2  - green
                             3  - cyan
                             4  - red
                             5  - magenta
                             6  - brown
                             7  - white

          blink              0  - no blink
                           128  - blink

          brightness         0  - normal
                             8  - intense

          See also the COLOR command for setting the attribute bytes for a
     rectangular part of the screen.

          Examples:

     1>SET COLOR TO 7         ;white on black, the mono default
     1>SET COLOR TO 48        ;black on light blue, the color default
     1>SET COLOR TO 58        ;bright green on light blue (48+8+2)
     1>SET COLOR TO 96        ;black on gold
     1>SET COLOR TO 112       ;black on white...the mono reverse






























     SET COLOR                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   SET COLOR
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 352          SECTION 4



                                    SET DATE

     Set the default form for dates.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET DATE TO <str exp>                                              ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <str exp>     the default date format                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command, in conjunction with the date function DATE(7,
     <str exp>), is designed to give control over input of dates.  The
     order of the day, month, and the year, and the number of digits in
     year (2 or 4), is controlled as follows:


          SET DATE TO                 formats '12/31/1991' as follows:

          'mmddyy'                             123191
          'ddmmyy'                             312191
          'yymmdd'                             911231
          'mmddyyyy'                           12311991
          'ddmmyyyy'                           31121991
          'yyyymmdd'                           19911231


          These are the six available options.

























     SET DATE                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    SET DATE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 353          SECTION 4



                                  SET DEFAULT

     Set the drive letter of the default disk drive for data and index
     files.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET DEFAULT TO <drive letter>                                      ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <drive letter>  the drive letter of the default drive              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command sets the drive letter of the default drive for data
     and index files.  If this drive letter is, say, C, every data and
     index file will be searched for on drive C, unless the file name
     contains an explicit drive letter.

          This command will rarely be used, but is provided for
     compatibility with older versions of VP-Info Level 1.  Most users will
     prefer the extra flexibility of the FILES command, the FILES ...
     ENDFILES structure, and the SET DIR command.  The first two allow you
     to specify exactly where specific files and groups of files are to be
     found, and the third actually "logs" you onto any disk and/or
     directory.

          See the FILES command, the FILES ... ENDFILES structure, and the
     SET DIR command.

          Example:

     1>SET DEFAULT TO C
     1>USE employee INDEX a:emp2

          In this example, the data file EMPLOYEE.DBF will be looked up on
     drive C:; however, the index file EMP2.NDX will be fetched from
     drive A:.

















     SET DEFAULT                VPI1  VPI  VPIN                 SET DEFAULT
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 354          SECTION 4



                                    SET DIR

     Change drive and/or current directory.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET DIR TO [<drive>:][<directory>]                                 ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <drive>         the drive letter of the new default drive          ║
     ║ <directory>     the directory name (according to DOS rules)        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command changes the current drive and/or the current
     directory; equivalent to combining the DOS commands change drive and
     CHDIR (CD)..

          Contrast this with the FILES and SET DEFAULT TO commands, which
     only tell VP-Info Level 1 where to look for certain categories of
     files without changing the user's current position on the disk.  Exit
     from VP-Info Level 1 after SET DIR is in the new directory on the new
     drive.

          If <drive> is not specified, the new directory is on the same
     drive.  If directory is not specified, the new directory will be the
     last directory DOS changed to on the target drive or, if no directory
     has been changed to, the root of that drive.

          If <directory> begins with a backslash (example \DATA), the
     directory will be off the root; if not, the directory will be off the
     directory onto which the user is currently logged.

          If the <drive> is invalid, no message will be given, but the
     change will not take place. If no <drive> is given and the <directory>
     is invalid, again no change will occur.  However, if <drive> is valid
     and <directory> is invalid, the drive will change and the user will be
     logged into the current directory on that drive.

          The current drive and directory can be checked with the :DIR
     system variable, which always contains the current drive and directory
     (example C:\INFO).
          `
               Caution: If you change directories within VP-Info Level 1,
          you may lose track of where some of your files are.  This is
          particularly likely if you have a FILES structure in use without
          full path names giving both drive letter and leading backslash on
          the directory.

          Example:

     1>SET DIR TO D:\UTIL



     SET DIR                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     SET DIR
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 355          SECTION 4


     1>? :DIR
     D:\UTIL



















































     SET DIR                    VPI1  VPI  VPIN                     SET DIR
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 356          SECTION 4



                                   SET FIELDS

     An obsolete command retained in the language for compatibility with
     earlier versions of VP-Info.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET FIELDS TO <num const>                                          ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num const>   the number of fields                                 ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command is ignored in VP-Info Level 1. In VP-Info
     Professional, its role is taken by the FILES= command in the VPI.SET
     file.






































     SET FIELDS                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  SET FIELDS
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 357          SECTION 4



                                   SET FILTER

     Set a condition which applies to all subsequent data-file commands.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET FILTER TO [<cond>]                                             ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <cond>    the condition applied to all subsequent data-file        ║
     ║             commands                                               ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          Most command that use data files (LIST, REPLACE, REPORT, etc.)
     allow a selection condition to be specified with a FOR clause.

          VP-Info Level 1 also allows a global condition to be attached to
     all data-file commands, including many that do not allow a FOR clause,
     including SORT, EDIT, and BROWSE.

          The filter is turned off with  FILTER TO without a condition.

          While a filter is in effect, a FOR clause can be used with
     commands to limit further the records subject to the command.


          Examples:

          1.   Browse a filtered data file:

     1>SET FILTER TO amt:due>0
     1>BROWSE

          2.   Produce a listing of payables due to vendors in California,
     only if there is actually an amount due.

     1>SET FILTER TO amt:due>0
     1>REPORT owing FOR state='CA'













     SET FILTER                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  SET FILTER
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 358          SECTION 4



                                   SET FORMAT

     Directs the @ SAY commands to screen or printer.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET FORMAT TO SCREEN/PRINT                                         ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Switch:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ SCREEN     send output to screen; the default                      ║
     ║ PRINT      send output to printer                                  ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          SET FORMAT TO SCREEN or PRINT is used to send data formatted with
     the @ SAY command to the screen or the printer (but not to both).  The
     default is SCREEN.  (See the command @.)  The default is always set
     when <Esc> is pressed.

          IF SPOOL or SET ALTERNATE TO has redirected print output to a
     disk file, SET FORMAT TO PRINT will cause output to go into the disk
     file.































     SET FORMAT                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  SET FORMAT
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 359          SECTION 4



                                   SET INDEX

     Specify index files.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET INDEX TO                                                       ║
     ║ SET INDEX TO <file>                                                ║
     ║ SET INDEX TO <file list>                                           ║
     ║ SET INDEX TO <num const>                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <file>        the name of the index file                           ║
     ║ <file list>   a list of up to 7 index files                        ║
     ║ <num const>   a number between 1 and 7                             ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SET INDEX TO specifies the index file(s) to be used
     with the selected data file.  If more than one index file is given,
     the first index file will be used as the Master Index.  The Master
     Index is used by the FIND command, and all the display type commands
     (BROWSE, LIST).  However, all the index files specified in the list
     are maintained by the commands that add or edit records (APPEND, EDIT,
     @ GET, and so on).

          The Master Index can be changed with the SET INDEX TO <num const>
     command.  The index files are assigned numbers when they are activated
     in a file list.  Say, SET INDEX TO 3, makes the third on the list the
     Master Index.  This involves no disk action; no file is opened or
     closed.

          Index files can also be opened with the USE command (see USE).

          SET INDEX TO with no file name, closes all the index files for
     the selected data file, but the data file is not closed.  Index files
     are also closed when the data file is closed. (See the commands CLOSE
     and USE.)

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>SET INDEX TO employee,empl2,empl3
     1>LIST
     1>SET INDEX TO 3        ; makes empl3 the Master Index
     1>SET INDEX TO          ; closes all index files for the selected file









     SET INDEX                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   SET INDEX
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 360          SECTION 4



                                   SET LENGTH

     Set page depth for the printer when the printer does not support a
     standard formfeed control character.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET LENGTH TO <num exp>                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>   the page depth                                         ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The page depth is the number of lines from the top of the page to
     the very bottom of the page.  If the SET LENGTH command is not used,
     page depth is assumed to be 66.

          Warning: SET LENGTH does not set how many lines will be printed
     on a page but the physical size of the page.  This command is used if
     the page depth is unusual (e.g., filling in a preprinted form), or if
     the usual 6 line per inch printing is changed, say, to 8 lines per
     inch.

          Example:

     1>SET LENGTH TO 40




























     SET LENGTH                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  SET LENGTH
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 361          SECTION 4



                                  SET LIBRARY

     Set the drive letter of the default disk drive for data and index
     files.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET LIBRARY TO <library>                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <library>     a library file, default extension LIB                ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This opens a special form of file called a library, which
     contains up to 65,000 library entries each of 256 bytes.  Library
     entries are automatically combined into volumes of up to about 20,000
     characters by creation of an internal linked list, analogous to the
     way DOS links disk clusters together to make large disk files.

          If the <library> does not exist, it will be created.  The default
     extension for library files is LIB.

          Library volumes can be created only with the WRITE command, and
     output only with the TEXT command (although a programmer can also
     access the data through use of the sequential file functions SEEK(,
     GET(, and PUT( if sufficiently skilled).

          Both WRITE and TEXT distinguish between standard disk files and
     volume numbers in their command lines by preceding volume numbers with
     a period.  Do not mistake this usage for a decimal number.

          Technical information for experienced programmers: the structure
     of a library file is as follows:

          Header:

            Bits 0 and 1           next volume to be added, an unsigned
                                     integer
            Bits 2 and 3           next available volume, an unsigned
                                     integer; may be less than next to be
                                     added because existing volumes may
                                     have been released with REMLIB(
                                     function or shortened with WRITE
            Bits 4 through 15      unused

          Each volume:

            Bits 0 through 253     the text contents of the volume; end of
                                     file indicated by 1A hex
            Bits 254 and 255       a pointer to the next part of the
                                     volume, an unsigned integer; if no
                                     next part, pointer is null


     SET LIBRARY                VPI1  VPI  VPIN                 SET LIBRARY
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 362          SECTION 4



          Example:

     1>SET LIBRARY TO screens
     1>? :avail                  ;get number of next available volume
          65.00
     1>WRITE .:avail             ;use WRITE to enter a file in volume 65














































     SET LIBRARY                VPI1  VPI  VPIN                 SET LIBRARY
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 363          SECTION 4



                                    SET LINK

     Set up a physical link between two data files.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET LINK TO <num const>                                            ║
     ║ SET LINK OFF                                                       ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num const>  the selected file is linked to the file with          ║
     ║                   this file number                                 ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SET LINK TO sets up a link between two files by
     record number.  After the link is set up between the selected file and
     another file, as the record pointer is moved in the selected file (for
     instance, with GO, FIND, or LIST), the record pointer in the other
     file is similarly moved.  If the selected file has more records, once
     the record number is too large for the other file, its current record
     number pointer will stay on the last record.

          SET LINK OFF turns off the linkage (if any) from the selected
     file.

          The command SET LINK TO temporarily "creates" data files with
     more than 32 fields from data files with such limits.  Data files
     which permanently have more than 32 fields can be created with the
     CREATE command.

          SET LINK TO can "chain" many files together.

     1>SET LINK TO 2
     1>SET#2 LINK TO 4
     1>SET#4 LINK TO 6

     links together the files 1, 2, 4, and 6.

          There can be only one SET LINK TO command from any one file.

     2>SET LINK TO 3
     2>SET LINK TO 4

     The second command overrules the first.










     SET LINK                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    SET LINK
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 364          SECTION 4


          It is the user's responsibility to make sure that there are no
     "loops" such as in:

     1>SET LINK TO 2
     1>SELECT 2
     2>SET LINK TO 1

          If SET LINK is used, SET RELATION should be avoided.













































     SET LINK                   VPI1  VPI  VPIN                    SET LINK
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 365          SECTION 4



                                   SET MARGIN

     Specify text margin for printer.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET MARGIN TO <num exp>                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>   the margin                                             ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SET MARGIN sets the left margin for the printer.
     This command can be used in conjunction with any command that sends
     output to the printer.  See the commands SET PRINT ON, SET FORMAT TO
     PRINT, SET WIDTH, and TEXT.

          Example:

     SET PRINT ON
     SET MARGIN TO 5
     ? 'This is indented'

     Prints:

          This is indented.




























     SET MARGIN                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  SET MARGIN
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 366          SECTION 4



                                   SET MEMORY

     An obsolete command retained in the language for compatibility with
     earlier versions of VP-Info.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET MEMORY TO <num const>                                          ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num const>   the amount of memory reserved for high memory        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command is ignored in VP-Info Level 1. In VP-Info
     Professional, its role is taken by the MEMORY= command in the VPI.SET
     file.






































     SET MEMORY                 VPI1  VPI  VPIN                  SET MEMORY
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 367          SECTION 4



                                  SET NETWORK

     Specify the network.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET NETWORK TO <num exp>                                           ║
     ║ SET NETWORK  ON/OFF                                                ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>   the network number                                     ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command enables the user to LOCK and UNLOCK records on any
     network or multi-user system adhering to the standard conventions of
     Microsoft DOS 3.1 and above.

          The network calls are turned on with SET NETWORK TO 1 or SET
     NETWORK ON.

          The network calls are turned off with SET NETWORK TO 0 or SET
     NETWORK OFF.

          Caution:  Do not SET NETWORK ON when the SHARE command or your
     network's equivalent is not in effect, or run with SET NETWORK OFF while
     SHARE is in effect.  If you want to run VP-Info Professional Network
     Edition in both modes, start from different directories depending on
     whether the network is loaded.  Put SET NETWORK ON in the VPIN.CNF
     file in one directory, and SET NETWORK OFF in the other.

          Examples:

     1>SET NETWORK TO 1
     1>SET NETWORK TO 0
     1>SET NETWORK ON



















     SET                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        SET
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 368          SECTION 4



                                  SET RELATION

     Set up a relation between the selected file and another indexed data
     file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET RELATION ON <str exp> TO <num const>                           ║
     ║ SET RELATION OFF                                                   ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <str exp>      the key of the relation                             ║
     ║ <num const>    the relation is set between the selected file       ║
     ║                     and file <num const>                           ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          <str exp> is an expression made up of fields (of character type)
     of the selected file, string constants, and string variables.

          Any time the current record pointer is changed for the selected
     file, <str exp> is evaluated, and a FIND is made with the result in
     the file <num const>.

          A file can be related to a number of other files: 1 is related to
     2, 1 is related to 3, 1 is related to 4 (file 1 has 3 fields on which
     additional information is available in files 2, 3, and 4); 1 is
     related to 2, 1 is related to 3, and 3 is related to 4 (the
     information linking 1 and 3 has additional data on file 4).

          Relations can also be chained: 1 is related to 2, 2 is related to
     3, and 3 is related to 4.

          However, only one file can SET RELATION TO a given file: you
     cannot have both 1 related to 6 and 2 related to 6.

          It is the user's responsibility to make sure that there is no
     loop, such as 1 related to 2, 2 related to 3, and 3 related to 1.

          To disable a relation, SET RELATION OFF, close either the
     selected file or the target file, of close the indexes on the target
     file.

          Examples:

     1>USE order
     1>USE#3 customer
     1>INDEX#3 ON cust:no TO customer
           3 RECORDS IN TOTAL INDEXED
     1>SET RELATION ON cust:no TO 3
     1>LIST order:no,fname#3,name#3
           1  10001  Robert          Steen



     SET RELATION               VPI1  VPI  VPIN                SET RELATION
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 369          SECTION 4


     NO FIND
           2  10002
           3  10003  Joe             Smiths
     NO FIND
           4  10004
           5  10005  Robert          Steen
     1>SET RELATION OFF

          Note: the first order has CUST:NO 0050; this was found in the
     customer file, and the customer name was listed.  The second order has
     CUST:NO 105; there is no such customer in the customer file, so a NO
     FIND message is sent (this can be turned off in programs only with SET
     TALK OFF), and only the ORDER:NO was listed.








































     SET RELATION               VPI1  VPI  VPIN                SET RELATION
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 370          SECTION 4



                                   SET WIDTH

     Specify text width for printer.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SET WIDTH TO <num exp>                                             ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>     page width                                           ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SET WIDTH sets the page width (number of characters
     per line) for the TEXT and REPORT commands.  The WIDTH is the width of
     the text from the left margin; the default is 80.  So if the commands:

     SET MARGIN TO 10
     SET WIDTH TO 50

     are given, TEXT will wrap the words at character position 60.

          When a matrix variable is displayed, it is wrapped by the value
     set by SET WIDTH.

          The only aspect of a report that is affected by SET WIDTH TO is
     the number of characters over which its heading is positioned. It has
     no effect on the report columns themselves.

          See the commands SET MARGIN, SET PRINT ON, SET FORMAT TO PRINT,
     and TEXT.

          Examples:

          1. Program segment:

     SET WIDTH TO 40
     TEXT
     This is a nice long sentence to illustrate SET WIDTH.
     ENDTEXT

          Prints:

     This is a nice long sentence to
     illustrate SET WIDTH.

          2. Program segment:

     SET WIDTH TO 80
     TEXT
     This is a nice long sentence to illustrate SET WIDTH.
     ENDTEXT



     SET WIDTH                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   SET WIDTH
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 371          SECTION 4



          Prints:

     This is a nice long sentence to illustrate SET WIDTH.

          3. Matrix variables:

1>DIM NUM num[20]
1>? num
      0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
1>SET WIDTH TO 30
1>? num
      0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00       0.00
      0.00       0.00
































     SET WIDTH                  VPI1  VPI  VPIN                   SET WIDTH
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 372          SECTION 4



                                      SKIP

     Move ahead or back in data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SKIP [<num exp>]                                                   ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Option:                                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp>   by this many records; may be positive (forward) or     ║
     ║               negative (backward); default 1 record forward        ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SKIP moves the current record pointer ahead or back
     in the selected data file.

          SKIP by itself advances the record pointer to the next record.

          If you SKIP ahead more records than there are records left in the
     data file, then the current record becomes the last record.  Skipping
     past the last record sets the function EOF true.

          If you SKIP too many records back, the current record pointer
     will be set to 0.

          If there is an index file, ahead and back is understood in the
     indexed order.

          Examples:

     1>USE employee
     1>? #
          1.00
     1>SKIP
     1>? #,EOF
          2.00 F
     1>SKIP 5
     1>? #,EOF
          6.00 T
     1>SKIP -2
     1>? #,EOF
          4.00 F
     1>SKIP -10,EOF
     1>? #
          0.00 F







     SKIP                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        SKIP
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 373          SECTION 4



                                      SORT

     Sort the selected data file into another data file.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SORT ON <str exp> TO <file>                                        ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <str exp>     the key of the sort                                  ║
     ║ <file>        the data file to contain the result of the sort      ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command sorts the selected data file to the data file
     specified.  The sort is done by evaluating the <str exp>, creating a
     temporary index, and copying the file to <file>.

          Example:

     1>USE employee
     1>SORT ON name+fname TO empl2

          This is equivalent to the following:

     1>USE employee
     1>INDEX ON name+fname TO temp
     1>COPY TO empl2

          However, the second version has the advantage of allowing a field
     list and FOR clause, and output as an SDF file, none of which is
     available in SORT.

          For example, suppose the intention is to create a small, sorted
     data file with only name and address information on single employees
     for use by the company social club for a mailing about an upcoming
     event.

          The correct way to accomplish this is:

     1>USE employee
     1>INDEX ON name+fname TO temp FOR .NOT. married
     1>COPY TO empl2 FIELDS fname,name,addr,city,state,zip,tel_no

          See COPY and INDEX.










     SORT                       VPI1  VPI  VPIN                        SORT
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 374          SECTION 4



                                     SOUND

     Use the computer speaker to generate a sound effect.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SOUND <numeric exp>                                                ║
     ║                                 VP-Info Professional only          ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <numeric exp>  the number of the sound required                    ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          When effects are enabled (i.e., the NOEFFECTS keyword is not in
     the VPI.SET file), SOUND activates the computer speaker with one of a
     library of sounds effects.

          At publication time, there are 13 preprogrammed sound effects,
     numbered 1 through 13.  SOUND 0 terminates any sound. Values outside
     the range 0 through 13 are ignored.

          As naming the effects is not meaningful, VP-Info Professional
     users are urged to run the program example below and try all of them.

          Note that effect 2 continues until another sound is activated or
     SOUND 0 is executed; all other effects have defined duration.

          The command RING actually executes SOUND 7.

          Examples:

     1>SOUND 3

          A program to demonstrate all 13 effects:

     CLS
     REPEAT 13 TIMES VARYING effect
        @ 10,35 SAY 'Effect'+STR(effect,3)
        SOUND effect
        DELAY 1               ;timed pause
        SOUND 0               ;terminate sound if not self-terminating
     ENDREPEAT












     SOUND                          VPI  VPIN                         SOUND
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 375          SECTION 4



                                     SPOOL

     Redirect printer output to disk file, or send disk file to printer.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ Four forms:                                                        ║
     ║ 1.  SPOOL <filename>                                               ║
     ║ 2.  SPOOL                                                          ║
     ║ 3.  SPOOL <filename> TO <device> [PAGE <num exp>]                  ║
     ║ 4.  SPOOL/T                                                        ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ Form 1:      Create file <filename> and direct print output to     ║
     ║                that file; default extension TXT                    ║
     ║ Form 2:      Close any open spool file and stop redirection        ║
     ║ Form 3:      Do background printing of <filename> on <device>,     ║
     ║                usually PRN but can be any DOS device               ║
     ║     PAGE <num exp>  start printing on page <num exp>               ║
     ║ Form 4:      Stop background printint started with Firm 3          ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command allows printer output to be captured into a disk
     file, and optionally spooled out to disk while other processing
     continues.  This command has four forms as follows:

               1.   Used with a filename, it creates a new spool file with
                    the name of filename (default extension TXT).

               2.   Used without a filename, SPOOL closes any open spool
                    file and restores printer as standard print device..

               3.   Used with both filename and device name, <filename> is
                    spooled to the specified DOS device, such as PRN, LPT1,
                    etc.  If PAGE option is used with a page number (can be
                    an expression) prinnting starts with the top of that
                    page number.

               4.   Used with a slash-T (/T), spooling is terminated. This
                    is same symbol as used with the DOS PRINT command for
                    the same purpose.

          If SPOOL is used to create a file, and a file already exists with
     that name, the user in Conversational VP-Info Level 1 is required to
     confirm that the file should be overwritten; in programs, the existing
     file is overwritten without prompting.

          Examples:



     SPOOL                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       SPOOL
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 376          SECTION 4



     1>SPOOL reports
     1>REPORT custlist
     1>SPOOL
     1>SPOOL reports TO prn
















































     SPOOL                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       SPOOL
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 377          SECTION 4



                                     STATUS

     Display status information.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ STATUS                                                             ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          If used in the interactive mode, this command displays two
     screens of information on the status of VP-Info Level 1.

          The first page lists the data files in use, the current record
     numbers, which file number is selected (marked by an asterisk), the
     expressions on which the index files had been indexed (the index file
     names are not shown).  In the example below, the lines:

     Rec #               File name       Indexed by
     0000008 *File 1 ... SALES.DBF       SALESMAN+PART , PART , DATE

     tell you that SALES.DBF is file 1; the asterisk shows that file 1 is
     selected; the current record number is 8; there are three index files,
     indexed by the expressions: SALESMAN+PART, PART, DATE.

          Next, you find the setting of all the flags; ON is show as Y, OFF
     as N.

          The "Total space left" message gives the number of bytes left in
     the 64K data space (see Appendix A).

          Level 1 can use 20 files altogether, of which only 16 are
     actually available to the user.  Other VP-Info users (DOS 3.3 and above)
     can have up to 50 files open at one time, provided FILES= commands are
     in both the CNF file and the CONFIG.SYS file in the root directory of
     the boot drive, and both call for at least that number of files.
     "Files in use" shows how many are being used; you can infer how many
     are still available (16-4=12 in the standard setting, 46-4=42 if
     FILES=50).

          "High memory remaining" is the number of bytes available for use
     by matrix variables and background-screen storage.

          "Width" and "Left margin" show the most recent setting by SET
     WIDTH and SET MARGIN, respectively, or the default.

          In the example shown below, the top line shows NETWORK ON; when
     not on, or when not using VP-Info Professional Network Edition, this
     message is omitted.  When SET NETWORK ON and data files are opened
     with file modes (READ, WRITE, LOCK, or SHARE), the first letter of the
     mode is shown immediately before the index expressions.



     STATUS                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      STATUS
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 378          SECTION 4



          The second page of the STATUS display is the same as the listing
     produced by the command LIST MEMORY.

          If STATUS is a command in a program, the execution of the program
     stops, the user can view the two screens, and then program execution
     resumes.  In this use of STATUS, the first page also shows the name of
     the current program.

          Example:

          Give the commands:


     1>number=21
     1>name='David'
     1>USE sales INDEX sales,part,date
     1>STATUS

          The display:

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thursday, March 22, 1990            VP-Info STATUS                 NETWORK ON

Rec #               File name       Indexed by
0000001 *File 1 ... SALES.DBF       W SALENUM , PARTNUM , DATE
0000000  File 2 ...
0000000  File 3 ...
0000000  File 4 ...
0000000  File 5 ...
0000000  File 6 ...
0000000  File 7 ...
0000000  File 8 ...
0000000  File 9 ...
0000000  File 10 ...
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬───────────┬────────────┐
│ Add...... N│ Delete... N│ End...... Y│ Heading.. N│ Print... N│ Step..... N│
│ Alternate N│ Delim.... N│ Error.... Y│ Intensity Y│ Prompt.. N│ Talk..... Y│
│ Bell..... N│ Display.. Y│ Escape... Y│ Keep..... Y│ Raw..... N│ Text..... N│
│ Carry.... N│ Divzero.. Y│ Exact.... N│ Line..... Y│ Save.... Y│ Trim..... Y│
│ Confirm.. N│ Do....... Y│ Execute.. Y│ Lock..... N│ Screen.. Y│ Upper.... N│
│ Console.. Y│ Echo..... N│ Function. Y│ Menu..... Y│ Snow.... Y│ Zero..... Y│
│ Debug.... N│ Eject.... Y│ Get...... N│ Mono..... Y│           │            │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴───────────┴────────────┘
Program .............. GENERAL.PRG      Files in use ......... 1
Memory remaining ..... 23490            High memory remaining. 39744
Width................. 80               Left margin .......... 0
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────





     STATUS                     VPI1  VPI  VPIN                      STATUS
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 379          SECTION 4



                                     STORE

     Assign value to a memory variable.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ STORE <exp> TO <memvar>                                            ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <exp>      the value assigned                                      ║
     ║ <memvar>   name of memory variable                                 ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          This command assigns a value to a memory variable; if the
     variable does not exist, it will be created.  An equivalent way of
     assigning value is with the = command.

          See the command =.

          Examples:

     1>STORE 3 TO b
     1>STORE 5*b TO c
     1>? c
         15.00





























     STORE                      VPI1  VPI  VPIN                       STORE
     VP-Info Level 1 Reference Manual           Page 380          SECTION 4



                                      SUM

     Sum numeric expressions for selected records.

     ╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
     ║ SUM [<scope>] <num exp list> [TO <memvar list>] [FOR <cond>]       ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <num exp list>    the numeric expressions to sum                   ║
     ╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
     ║ Options:                                                           ║
     ║                                                                    ║
     ║ <scope>           select by scope (default scope: ALL)             ║
     ║ <memvar list>     store the results in these memory variables      ║
     ║ FOR <cond>        select by condition                              ║
     ╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

          The command SUM adds up numeric expressions for selected records
     of the selected data file.  Up to 10 expressions can be summed with
     one command.  Optionally, the results can be stored in numeric memory
     variables; the expression list and the numeric memory variable list
     must have the same number of entries.  <memvar list> cannot contain
     numeric matrix variables.

          Records flagged as DELETED are not summed.  See also AVERAGE,
     COUNT, MIN, and MAX.

          Example:

          The total payroll of the company presently, and after a 5% raise:

     1>USE employee
     1>SUM salary, salary*1.05
           6 SUM(S)
     191980 201579
     1>SET TALK OFF
     1>SUM salary,salary*0.05 TO sal,salincr
     1>? sal,salincr
     191980 201579














     SUM                        VPI1  VPI  VPIN                         SUM