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- # Copyright (C) 1995 John W. Eaton
- #
- # This file is part of Octave.
- #
- # Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
- # Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
- # later version.
- #
- # Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
- # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
- # for more details.
- #
- # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- # along with Octave; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
- # Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
-
- function [r, p, k, e] = residue (b, a, toler)
-
- # usage: [r, p, k, e] = residue (b, a)
- #
- # If b and a are vectors of polynomial coefficients, then residue
- # calculates the partial fraction expansion corresponding to the
- # ratio of the two polynomials. The vector r contains the residue
- # terms, p contains the pole values, k contains the coefficients of
- # a direct polynomial term (if it exists) and e is a vector containing
- # the powers of the denominators in the partial fraction terms.
- # Assuming b and a represent polynomials P(s) and Q(s) we have:
- #
- # P(s) M r(m) N
- # ---- = # ------------- + # k(n)*s^(N-n)
- # Q(s) m=1 (s-p(m))^e(m) n=1
- #
- # (# represents summation) where M is the number of poles (the length of
- # the r, p, and e vectors) and N is the length of the k vector.
- #
- # [r p k e] = residue(b,a,tol)
- #
- # This form of the function call may be used to set a tolerance value.
- # The default value is 0.001. The tolerance value is used to determine
- # whether poles with small imaginary components are declared real. It is
- # also used to determine if two poles are distinct. If the ratio of the
- # imaginary part of a pole to the real part is less than tol, the
- # imaginary part is discarded. If two poles are farther apart than tol
- # they are distinct.
- #
- # Example:
- # b = [1, 1, 1];
- # a = [1, -5, 8, -4];
- #
- # [r, p, k, e] = residue (b, a)
- #
- # returns
- #
- # r = [-2, 7, 3]; p = [2, 2, 1]; k = []; e = [1, 2, 1];
- #
- # which implies the following partial fraction expansion
- #
- # s^2 + s + 1 -2 7 3
- # ------------------- = ----- + ------- + -----
- # s^3 - 5s^2 + 8s - 4 (s-2) (s-2)^2 (s-1)
- #
- # SEE ALSO: poly, roots, conv, deconv, polyval, polyderiv, polyinteg
-
- # Written by Tony Richardson (amr@mpl.ucsd.edu) June 1994.
-
- # Here's the method used to find the residues.
- # The partial fraction expansion can be written as:
- #
- #
- # P(s) D M(k) A(k,m)
- # ---- = # # -------------
- # Q(s) k=1 m=1 (s - pr(k))^m
- #
- # (# is used to represent a summation) where D is the number of
- # distinct roots, pr(k) is the kth distinct root, M(k) is the
- # multiplicity of the root, and A(k,m) is the residue cooresponding
- # to the kth distinct root with multiplicity m. For example,
- #
- # s^2 A(1,1) A(2,1) A(2,2)
- # ------------------- = ------ + ------ + -------
- # s^3 + 4s^2 + 5s + 2 (s+2) (s+1) (s+1)^2
- #
- # In this case there are two distinct roots (D=2 and pr = [-2 -1]),
- # the first root has multiplicity one and the second multiplicity
- # two (M = [1 2]) The residues are actually stored in vector format as
- # r = [ A(1,1) A(2,1) A(2,2) ].
- #
- # We then multiply both sides by Q(s). Continuing the example:
- #
- # s^2 = r(1)*(s+1)^2 + r(2)*(s+1)*(s+2) + r(3)*(s+2)
- #
- # or
- #
- # s^2 = r(1)*(s^2+2s+1) + r(2)*(s^2+3s+2) +r(3)*(s+2)
- #
- # The coefficients of the polynomials on the right are stored in a row
- # vector called rhs, while the coefficients of the polynomial on the
- # left is stored in a row vector called lhs. If the multiplicity of
- # any root is greater than one we'll also need derivatives of this
- # equation of order up to the maximum multiplicity minus one. The
- # derivative coefficients are stored in successive rows of lhs and
- # rhs.
- #
- # For our example lhs and rhs would be:
- #
- # | 1 0 0 |
- # lhs = | |
- # | 0 2 0 |
- #
- # | 1 2 1 1 3 2 0 1 2 |
- # rhs = | |
- # | 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 |
- #
- # We then form a vector B and a matrix A obtained by evaluating the
- # polynomials in lhs and rhs at the pole values. If a pole has a
- # multiplicity greater than one we also evaluate the derivative
- # polynomials (successive rows) at the pole value.
- #
- # For our example we would have
- #
- # | 4| | 1 0 0 | | r(1) |
- # | 1| = | 0 0 1 | * | r(2) |
- # |-2| | 0 1 1 | | r(3) |
- #
- # We then solve for the residues using matrix division.
-
- if (nargin < 2 || nargin > 3)
- usage ("residue (b, a [, toler])");
- endif
-
- if (nargin == 2)
- toler = .001;
- endif
-
- # Make sure both polynomials are in reduced form.
-
- a = polyreduce (a);
- b = polyreduce (b);
-
- b = b / a(1);
- a = a / a(1);
-
- la = length (a);
- lb = length (b);
-
- # Handle special cases here.
-
- if (la == 0 || lb == 0)
- k = r = p = e = [];
- return;
- elseif (la == 1)
- k = b / a;
- r = p = e = [];
- return;
- endif
-
- # Find the poles.
-
- p = roots (a);
- lp = length (p);
-
- # Determine if the poles are (effectively) real.
-
- index = find (abs (imag (p) ./ real (p)) < toler);
- if (length (index) != 0)
- p (index) = real (p (index));
- endif
-
- # Find the direct term if there is one.
-
- if (lb >= la)
- # Also returns the reduced numerator.
- [k, b] = deconv (b, a);
- lb = length (b);
- else
- k = [];
- endif
-
- if (lp == 1)
- r = polyval (b, p);
- e = 1;
- return;
- endif
-
-
- # We need to determine the number and multiplicity of the roots.
- #
- # D is the number of distinct roots.
- # M is a vector of length D containing the multiplicity of each root.
- # pr is a vector of length D containing only the distinct roots.
- # e is a vector of length lp which indicates the power in the partial
- # fraction expansion of each term in p.
-
- # Set initial values. We'll remove elements from pr as we find
- # multiplicities. We'll shorten M afterwards.
-
- e = ones (lp, 1);
- M = zeros (lp, 1);
- pr = p;
- D = 1;
- M(1) = 1;
-
- old_p_index = 1;
- new_p_index = 2;
- M_index = 1;
- pr_index = 2;
-
- while (new_p_index <= lp)
- if (abs (p (new_p_index) - p (old_p_index)) < toler)
- # We've found a multiple pole.
- M (M_index) = M (M_index) + 1;
- e (new_p_index) = e (new_p_index-1) + 1;
- # Remove the pole from pr.
- pr (pr_index) = [];
- else
- # It's a different pole.
- D++;
- M_index++;
- M (M_index) = 1;
- old_p_index = new_p_index;
- pr_index++;
- endif
- new_p_index++;
- endwhile
-
- # Shorten M to it's proper length
-
- M = M (1:D);
-
- # Now set up the polynomial matrices.
-
- MM = max(M);
-
- # Left hand side polynomial
-
- lhs = zeros (MM, lb);
- rhs = zeros (MM, lp*lp);
- lhs (1, :) = b;
- rhi = 1;
- dpi = 1;
- mpi = 1;
- while (dpi <= D)
- for ind = 1:M(dpi)
- if (mpi > 1 && (mpi+ind) <= lp)
- cp = [p(1:mpi-1); p(mpi+ind:lp)];
- elseif (mpi == 1)
- cp = p (mpi+ind:lp);
- else
- cp = p (1:mpi-1);
- endif
- rhs (1, rhi:rhi+lp-1) = prepad (poly (cp), lp);
- rhi = rhi + lp;
- endfor
- mpi = mpi + M (dpi);
- dpi++;
- endwhile
- if (MM > 1)
- for index = 2:MM
- lhs (index, :) = prepad (polyderiv (lhs (index-1, :)), lb);
- ind = 1;
- for rhi = 1:lp
- cp = rhs (index-1, ind:ind+lp-1);
- rhs (index, ind:ind+lp-1) = prepad (polyderiv (cp), lp);
- ind = ind + lp;
- endfor
- endfor
- endif
-
- # Now lhs contains the numerator polynomial and as many derivatives as
- # are required. rhs is a matrix of polynomials, the first row
- # contains the corresponding polynomial for each residue and
- # successive rows are derivatives.
-
- # Now we need to evaluate the first row of lhs and rhs at each
- # distinct pole value. If there are multiple poles we will also need
- # to evaluate the derivatives at the pole value also.
-
- B = zeros (lp, 1);
- A = zeros (lp, lp);
-
- dpi = 1;
- row = 1;
- while (dpi <= D)
- for mi = 1:M(dpi)
- B (row) = polyval (lhs (mi, :), pr (dpi));
- ci = 1;
- for col = 1:lp
- cp = rhs (mi, ci:ci+lp-1);
- A (row, col) = polyval (cp, pr(dpi));
- ci = ci + lp;
- endfor
- row++;
- endfor
- dpi++;
- endwhile
-
- # Solve for the residues.
-
- r = A \ B;
-
- endfunction
-