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- 133
- êê SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS, ELEMENTARY LEVEL
-
- è In this section we will be looking at subtracting positive frac-
- tions.ïIn every case at this level, we will subtract a smaller frac-
- tion from a larger fraction.ïThis means that the answer will al-
- ways be a positive fraction in return.ïWe will begin our study of sub-
- tracting by considering two cases.ïThe first case will involve sub-
- tracting positive fractions that have the same denominators.ïCase two,
- a more general problem type, includes subtracting positive fractions
- that have different denominators.ïThe positive fractions and zero are
- described in the following list.
-
- êêêêPositive Fractions
-
- #êêêï╚è╔è╩è╦è╠è═è╬ ...
- êêêï1è1è1è1è1è1è1
-
- #êêêï╚è╔è╩è╦è╠è═è╬ ...
- êêêï2è2è2è2è2è2è2
-
- #êêêï╚è╔è╩è╦è╠è═è╬ ...
- êêêï3è3è3è3è3è3è3
- êêêè .
- êêêè .
- êêêè .
-
- Case 1)èSubtracting Positive Fractions With the Same Denominators
-
- è To subtract positive fractions that have the same denominators, you
- should write down the common denominator once and then subtract the nu-
- merators.
-
- Example 1)
-
- è To subtract 3/8 from 7/8, you should write down the common denomi-
- nator once then subtract the numerators.ïWith subtraction it is very
- important which fraction is written first and which is second.ïThe
- fraction doing the subtracting always comes second.ïIn this problem,
- since 3/8 is being subtracted from 7/8, 3/8 must be written second.
-
- êê 7è3êï7 - 3êï4ê 1
- #êê ─ - ─è =è ─────è =è ─è =è─
- êê 8è8êè 8êè 8ê 2
-
- The answer is reduced to lowest form.
-
-
- Case 2)ïSubtracting Positive Fractions with Different Denominators
-
- è To subtract positive fractions that have different denominators, it
- is first necessary to express the denominators in prime factored form.
- To write a denominator in prime factored form, you should break it down
- into products of prime numbers.ïThe prime numbers are described in the
- following list.
- êêè 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,...
- Each of ç numbers has the property that the only factors of each
- number are "1" and the number itself.
-
- Example 2)ïExpress the number, 6, in prime factored form.ïSince the
- number, 6, can be factored into the product of the two prime numbers
- 2 and 3, the prime factorization of 6 is 2∙3.
-
- Example 3)ïExpress the number, 18, in prime factored form.ïYou should
- start with the smallest prime number, 2, and see if it divides evenly
- into 18.ïSince 2 goes into 18 nine times, you can express 18 as 2∙9.
- Also, since the next smallest prime number, 3, divides evenly into 9,
- 18 can be expressed as 2∙3∙3.ïSince ç factors are all prime num-
- bers, the prime factorization of 18 is 2∙3∙3.
-
- Example 4)
-
- è To subtract the fractions, 3/4 - 2/3, it is first necessary to
- express the denominators in prime factored form.
-
- êêêè3ë2êè3ë 2
- #êêêè─ï-ï─è =è ───ï-ï─
- êêêè4ë3êï2∙2ë3
-
- At this point you can see that the second fraction is missing a factor
- of "2∙2" in its denominator, and the first fraction is missing a factor
- of 3.ïIt is necessary to multiply both the top and bottom of the first
- fraction by 3, and the second fraction by 2∙2.
-
- êêê3ë 2êè3ï3è 2è2∙2
- #êêë ───ï-ï─è =è ─── ─ +ï─ ∙ ───
- êêë 2∙2ë3êï2∙2∙3è 3è2∙2
-
- Now, both denominators have the same factors, and you can multiply to
- simplify the form of the problem.
-
- êêë3ï3ë2è2∙2êè9ë 8
- #êêè ─── ─ï-ï─ ∙ ─ ─è =è ──ï-ï──
- êêè 2∙2∙3ë3è2∙2êï12ë12
-
- Since the two fractions have the same denominators, you can write down
- the denominator once and subtract the numerators like we did in Exam-
- ple 1.
- êêê 9ë 8êï9 - 8êè1
- #êêê──ï-ï──è =è ─────è =è ──
- êêê12ë12êè 12êè12
-
- Thus, the difference between 3/4 and 2/3 is 1/12.
- è Another way to subtract fractions is to add them in a column.ïLeon
- the Fraction Wizard prefers to use the method in the above examples, and
- his method should be considered to be correct and general in the sense
- that it always works no matter how big the numbers.èMany people, how-
- ever, prefer to subtract fractions in a column.ïIt is still necessary
- to find the least common denominator when you subtract fractions in a
- column, and it is perfectly alright to just write down the least common
- denominator if you can identify it by inspection.ïYou can always go
- back to the prime factorization method if the numbers are too large to
- identify the least common denominator by inspection.
-
- Example 5)
- êSubtract the fraction 2/3 from 3/4 using the column approach.
- First, you should identify the least common denominator and write it
- down next to the original problem.ïThen, you can find the missing nu-
- merators by dividing and multiplying.ïFinally, the resulting fractions
- should be subtracted.
-
- êêêï3êêê9
- #êêêï─è =è ──è =è ──
- êêêï4êï12êï12
-
- êêêï2êêê8
- #êêë-è─è =è ──è =è ──
- êêêï3êï12êï12
- #êêê────ê────ê────
-
- êêêêêêè1
- #êêêêêêï──
- êêêêêêï12
-
-