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-
- U-BOATS...the Battle of the Atlantic
-
- The Battle of the Atlantic was the most drawn out campaign of the
- whole war and lasted without pause or let up from 1939 to 1945.
- During the course of that time, millions of tons of Allied shipping
- and scores of thousands of Allied sailors were destroyed by the
- `wolfpacks` of the German kreigsmarine - the U-Boats.
-
- Opening hostilities on the very first day of the war, the battles
- at sea raged throughout the so-called phony war on the land, and
- at first the German U-boats had it all their own way. This was the
- so-called first `Happy Time` of the U-boats and lone Allied merchantmen
- were easy prey for the submarines plying the trade routes of the North
- Atlantic and the West African coast. Ship after ship went down until
- Britain was in crisis by March 1941.
-
- In 1941, a number of developments helped to start to turn the tide
- against the U-boat menace.One was the installation of night radar
- on many ships which allowed the detection of surfacing U-boats.
- Another was the cracking of the German `Home waters` code which also
- allowed for allied shipping to be directed away from U-boat pack
- concentrations.
-
- With the arrival of Lend-Lease, Britain gained many old destroyers
- from the US and although not in a brilliant condition,many were
- refitted and took over escort duty. Canadians and American ships
- also started to escort convoys through the north Atlantic, whilst
- RAF and Canadian Air Force planes started to provide much better
- air cover.
-
- The convoy system too become much more sophisticated, and interlocking
- convoys could thorugh up a massive defence against raiding U-boats.
-
- With the advent of the US into the war in December 1941, the U-boats
- entered the period of their second `Happy Time` with raids playing
- havoc along the ES eastern coastline, the Gulf of Mexico and the
- Caribbean. The arctic convoys taking badly needed supplies to
- the port of Murmansk in north Russia also suffered badly.
-
- In the closing stages of the war, new super U-boats were heading
- for the production lines, though wether they would have made a
- great deal of difference at that stage of the war is open to
- debate.
-
- In the end however, superior allied technology and allied tactics
- won the day. Britain did come close in 1940/41 to suffering
- economic strangulation at the hands of the German submarines, but
- in May 1945, the surviviing U-boats sailed home to defeat and
- capture having fought a long and very lethal fight indeed.
-