\b0\i0\fs24A boldface letter or a combination of such letters set flush with the left-hand margin of each column of type is a main entry or entry word. The main entry may consist of letters set solid, of letters joined by a hyphen, or of letters separated by one or more spaces: \
\i0\b brass\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\
\i0\b brass-collar\b0\i0 ... \b0\i adj\
\i0\b brass hat\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n \
\b0\i0\fs24The material in lightface type that follows each main entry on the same line and on succeeding indented lines explains and justifies its inclusion in the dictionary. \
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\b0\i0\fs24Variation in the styling of compound words in English is frequent and widespread. It is often completely acceptable to choose freely among open, hyphenated, and closed alternatives (as \b0\i headwaiter, head-waiter,\b0\i0 or \b0\i head waiter\b0\i0 ). However, to show all the stylings that are found for English compounds would require space that can be better used for other information. So this dictionary limits itself to a single styling for a compound: \
\i0\b ten\'b7der\'b7foot\
out-group\
future shock \
\b0\i0\fs24When a compound is widely used and one styling predominates, that styling is shown. When a compound is uncommon or when the evidence indicates that two or three stylings are approximately equal in frequency, the styling shown is based on the analogy of parallel compounds. \b0\i0\fs24\
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{\fs28\b \i ORDER OF MAIN ENTRIES }\
\b0\i0\fs24The main entries follow one another in alphabetical order letter by letter without regard to intervening spaces or hyphens: \b0\i battle royal\b0\i0 follows \b0\i battlement\b0\i0 and \b0\i earth-shattering\b0\i0 follows \b0\i earthshaking.\b0\i0 Those containing an Arabic numeral are alphabetized as if the numeral were spelled out: \b0\i 3-D\b0\i0 comes between \b0\i three-color\b0\i0 and \b0\i three-decker.\b0\i0 Those that often begin with the abbreviation \b0\i St.\b0\i0 in common usage have the abbreviation spelled out: \b0\i Saint Anthony's fire. \
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\b0\i0\fs24Full words come before parts of words made up of the same letters. Solid compounds come first and are followed by hyphenated compounds and then open compounds. Lowercase entries come before entries that begin with a capital letter: \
\i0\b hy\'b7per\b0\i0 ... \b0\i adj\
\i0\b hyper- \b0\i prefix\
\i0\b work\'b7up\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\
\i0\b work-up\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\
\i0\b work up\b0\i0 ... \b0\i vt\
\i0\b creek\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\
\i0\b Creek\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n \b0\i0\fs24\
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{\fs28\b \i HOMOGRAPHS }\
\b0\i0\fs24When one main entry has exactly the same written form as another, the two are distinguished by superscript numerals preceding each word: \
\b0\i0\fs24Sometimes such homographs are related: the two entries \b0\i fence\b0\i0 are derived from the same root. Sometimes there is no relationship: the two entries \b0\i lore\b0\i0 are unrelated beyond the accident of spelling. The order of homographs is usually historical: the one first used in English is entered first. A homograph derived from an earlier homograph by functional shift, however, follows its parent immediately, with the result that occasionally one homograph appears ahead of another that is older in usage. For example, of the three entries \b0\i kennel\b0\i0 the second (a verb) is derived from the first (a noun). Even though the unrelated third entry \b0\i kennel\b0\i0 was used in English many years before the second, it follows the two related entries. \b0\i0\fs24\
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{\fs28\b \i END-OF-LINE DIVISION }\
\b0\i0\fs24The centered dots within entry words indicate division points at which a hyphen may be put at the end of a line of print or writing. Thus the noun \b0\i re\'b7frig\'b7er\'b7a\'b7tor\b0\i0 may be ended on one line with: \
\b0\i re-\
refrig-\
refriger-\
refrigera- \
\b0\i0\fs24and continued on the next with: \
\b0\i frigerator\
erator\
ator\
tor \
\b0\i0\fs24Centered dots are not shown after a single initial letter or before a single terminal letter because printers seldom cut off a single letter: \
\i0\b aplomb\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\
\i0\b hoary\b0\i0 ... \b0\i adj\
\i0\b idea\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n \
\b0\i0\fs24Nor are they shown at second and succeeding homographs unless these differ among themselves: \
\b0\i0\fs24There are acceptable alternative end-of-line divisions just as there are acceptable variant spellings and pronunciations. It is, for example, all but impossible to produce a convincing argument that either of the divisions \b0\i aus\'b7ter\'b7i\'b7ty, au\'b7ster\'b7i\'b7ty\b0\i0 is better than the other. But space cannot be taken for entries like \b0\i aus\'b7ter\'b7i\'b7ty or au\'b7ster\'b7i\'b7ty,\b0\i0 and \b0\i au\'b7s\'b7ter\'b7i\'b7ty\b0\i0 would likely be confusing to many. No more than one division is, therefore, shown for an entry in this dictionary. \
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\b0\i0\fs24Many words have two or more common pronunciation variants, and the same end-of-line division is not always appropriate for each of them. The division \b0\i pi\'b7an\'b7ist,\b0\i0 for example, best fits the variant \'5cpe\'c5-{\f4 '}an-{\f4e}st\'5c whereas the division \b0\i pi\'b7a\'b7nist\b0\i0 best fits the variant \'5c{\f4 '}pe\'c5-{\f4e}-n{\f4e}st\'5c. In instances like this, the division falling farther to the left is used, regardless of the order of the pronunciations: \
\b0\i0\fs24When a main entry is followed by the word \b0\i or\b0\i0 and another spelling, the two spellings are equal variants. Both are standard, and either one may be used according to personal inclination: \
\i0\b mea\'b7ger \b0\i or \i0\b mea\'b7gre \
\b0\i0\fs24If two variants joined by \b0\i or\b0\i0 are out of alphabetical order, they remain equal variants. The one printed first is, however, slightly more common than the second: \
\i0\b judg\'b7ment \b0\i or \i0\b judge\'b7ment \
\b0\i0\fs24When another spelling is joined to the main entry by the word \b0\i also,\b0\i0 the spelling after \b0\i also\b0\i0 is a secondary variant and occurs less frequently than the first: \
\i0\b quin\'b7tet \b0\i also \i0\b quin\'b7tette \
\b0\i0\fs24Secondary variants belong to standard usage and may be used according to personal inclination. If there are two secondary variants, the second is joined to the first by \b0\i or.\b0\i0 Once the word \b0\i also\b0\i0 is used to signal a secondary variant, all following variants are joined by \b0\i or: \
\i0\b {\fs20 \up8 1} Shake\'b7spear\'b7ean \b0\i or \i0\b Shake\'b7spear\'b7 ian \b0\i also \i0\b Shak\'b7sper\'b7ean \b0\i or \
\i0\b Shak\'b7sper\'b7ian \
\b0\i0\fs24Variants whose spelling places them alphabetically more than a column away from the main entry are entered at their own alphabetical places and usually not at the main entry: \
\i0\b Cha\'b7nu\'b7kah\b0\i0 ... \b0\i var of\b0\i0 {\fs20 HANUKKAH}\
\b0\i0\fs24Variants having a usage label appear only at their own alphabetical places: \
\i0\b tyre \b0\i chiefly Brit var of\b0\i0 {\fs20 TIRE} \
\i0\b agin\b0\i0 ... \b0\i dial var of\b0\i0 {\fs20 AGAINST} \b0\i0\fs24\
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{\fs28\b \i RUN-ON ENTRIES }\
\b0\i0\fs24A main entry may be followed by one or more derivatives or by a homograph with a different functional label. These are run-on entries. Each is introduced by a lightface dash and each has a functional label. They are not defined, however, since their meanings are readily derivable from the meaning of the root word: \
\b0\i0\fs24A main entry may be followed by one or more phrases containing the entry word or an inflected form of it. These are also run-on entries. Each is introduced by a lightface dash but there is no functional label. They are, however, defined since their meanings are more than the sum of the meanings of their elements: \
\i0\b {\fs20 \up8 2} take \b0\i n\b0\i0 ... \'d0 \i0\b on the take :\b0\i0 ... \
\b0\i0\fs24Defined phrases of this sort are run on at the entry constituting the first major element in the phrase. The first major element is ordinarily a verb or a noun, but when these are absent another part of speech may serve instead: \
\i0\b {\fs20 \up8 1} be\'b7tween\b0\i0 ... \b0\i prep\b0\i0 ... \'d0 \i0\b between you and me :\b0\i0 ... \
\b0\i0\fs24When there are variants, however, the run-on appears at the entry constituting the first major invariable element in the phrase: \
\i0\b {\fs20 \up8 1} clock\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\b0\i0 ... \'d0 \i0\b kill the clock \b0\i or \i0\b run out the clock :\b0\i0 ...\
\i0\b {\fs20 \up8 1} hand\b0\i0 ... \b0\i n\b0\i0 ... \'d0 \i0\b on all hands \b0\i or \i0\b on every hand :\b0\i0 ... \
\b0\i0\fs24A run-on entry is an independent entry with respect to function and status. Labels at the main entry do not apply unless they are repeated. \
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\b0\i0\fs24Attention is called to the definition of \b0\i vocabulary entry\b0\i0 in this book. The term \b0\i dictionary entry\b0\i0 includes all vocabulary entries as well as all boldface entries in the separate sections of the back matter headed ``Abbreviations and Symbols for Chemical Elements,'' ``Foreign Words and Phrases,'' ``Biographical Names,'' ``Geographical Names,'' and ``Colleges and Universities.'' \b0\i0\fs24\
