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- ARPANET
- ~~~~~~~
- ARPANET. The ARPANET, which is a major component of the NSFnet [National
- Science Foundation Network], began in 1969 as an R&D project managed by DARPA
- [Dept. of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]. ARPANET was an experiment
- in resource sharing, and provided survivable (multiply connected), high
- bandwidth (56 Kilobits per second) communications links between major existing
- computational resources and computer users in academic, industrial, and
- government research laboratories. ARPANET is managed and funded by by the DCA
- [Defense Communications Agency] with user services provided by a network
- information center at SRI International.
- ARPANET served as a test for the development of advanced network protocols
- including the TCP-IP protocol suite introduced in 1981. TCP-IP and
- particularly IP, the internet protocol, introduced the idea of inter-
- networking -- allowing networks of different technologies and connection
- protocols to be linked together while providing a unified internetwork
- addressing scheme and a common set of transport of application protocols. This
- development allowed networks of computers and workstations to be connected to
- the ARPANET, rather than just single-host computers. TCP-IP remain the most
- available and advanced, non-vendor-specific, networking protocols and have
- strongly influenced the current international standards of activity. TCP-IP
- provide a variety of application services, including remote logon (Telnet),
- file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP and RFC822).
- ARPANET technology was so successful that in 1982, the Dept. of Defense
- (DOD) abandoned their AUTODIN II network project and adopted ARPANET technology
- for the Dept. of Defense Data Network (DDN). The current MILNET, which was
- split form the original ARPANET in 1983, is the operational, unclassified
- network component of the DDN, while ARPANET remains an advanced network R&D
- tested for DARPA. In practice, ARPANET has also been an operational network
- supporting DOD, DOE [Dept. of Energy], and some NSF-sponsored computer science
- researchers. This community has come to depend on the availability of the
- network. Until the advent of NSFnet, access to ARPANET was restricted to this
- community.
- As an operational network in the scientific and engineering research
- community, and with the increasing availability of affordable super-
- minicomputers, ARPANET was used less as a tool for sharing remote computational
- resources than it was for sharing information. The major lesson from the
- ARPANET experience is that information sharing is a key benefit of computer
- networking. Indeed it may be argued that many major advances in computer
- systems and artificial intelligence are the direct result of the enhanced
- collaboration made possible by ARPANET.
- However, ARPANET also had the negative effect of creating a have--have not
- situation in experimental computer research. Scientists and engineers carrying
- out such research at institutions other than the twenty or so ARPANET sites
- were at a clear disadvantage in accessing pertinent technical information and
- in attracting faculty and students.
- In October 1985, NSF and DARPA, with DOD support, signed a memorandum of
- agreement to expand the ARPANET to allow NSF supercomputer users to use ARPANET
- to access the NSF supercomputer centers and to communicate with each other.
- The immediate effect of this agreement was to allow all NSF supercomputer users
- on campuses with an existing ARPANET connection to use ARPANET. In addition,
- the NSF supercomputer resource centers at the University of Illinois and
- Cornell University are connected to ARPANET. In general, the existing ARPANET
- connections are in departments of computer science or electrical engineering
- and are not readily accessible by other researchers. However, DARPA has
- requested that the campus ARPANET coordinators facilitate access by relevant
- NSF researchers.
- As part of the NSFnet initiative, a number of universities have requested
- connection to ARPANET. Each of these campuses has undertaken to establish a
- campus network gateway accessible to all due course, be able to use the ARPANET
- to access the NSF supercomputer centers, from within their own local computing
- environment. Additional requests for connection to the ARPANET are being
- considered by NSF.
-