The Hacker's Encyclopedia 1998/hackers_encyclopedia.iso/hacking/internet/gateway.doc

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Brian K. Reid
Last updated 19 September 91
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This document is also available as a PostScript file DECWRL::"GATEWAY.PS"

                            THE DECWRL MAIL GATEWAY


INTRODUCTION

Digital Equipment Corporation operates several mail gateway computers that
transport mail between Digital and external sites. The primary gateway is the
DECWRL complex in Palo Alto, California, operated by Digital's Network Systems
Laboratory, but there are other gateways with specific purposes in other
locations. The instructions are the same for the use of all gateways.

Mail gateway computers work by having connections to several different
networks, often with a different name on each network. When mail is received
from one network with a destination on another network, the format of the mail
is converted to match the expectations of the receiving network and the mail is
re-transmitted.

Digital's mail gateway is connected to Digital's EASYnet, and also to various
different outside electronic mail networks.  Digital users can send outside
mail by addressing their mail in care of the gateway; outside users can send
mail to Digital recipients by using an address that encodes the Digital user's
EASYnet address. These procedures are discussed in more detail below.

It is vitally important that Digital employees be good citizens of the networks
to which we are connected. We depend on the integrity of our user community to
ensure that tighter controls over the use of the gateway are not required. The
most important rule is "no chain letters", but there are other rules depending
on whether the connected network that you are using is commercial or
non-commercial. Always use common sense.

The mail traffic volume through Digital's Internet mail gateways has
approximately doubled every year since 1982. From time to time the expansion of
the gateways has not kept up with the growth of the mail traffic and congestion
occurs.  At the time of this writing (August 1991) there are 8 computers in the
DECWRL (Palo Alto gateway) complex and one each in Littleton MA, Cambridge MA,
and Landover MD.


ADMINISTRATION

The gateway has engineering staff, but no administrative or clerical staff. We
work hard to keep it running, but we do not have the resources to answer
telephone queries or provide tutorials in its use.

We post periodic status reports to the USENET newsgroup dec.general, status
reports to dec.mail.gateways, and more technical reports to dec.mail.config.

If you have technical problems with the gateway, please send electronic mail to
the mailing list DECWRL::ADMIN ([e-mail] from IP sites).

We ask that you consider the telephone to be an instrument of desperate last
resort in trying to contact us. All of the gateway staff keep unusual
schedules, are not often at their desks, and when a call comes through, the
secretary or guard who answers it must decide whether the call is urgent enough
to have one of us tracked down or paged.

If the problem that you would like to report is that you cannot get electronic
mail to decwrl, please try sending to the mailing list "gatekeepers" at one of
the other major nodes in the Palo Alto cluster.  If you cannot reach
JOVE::GATEKEEPERS or GILROY::GATEKEEPERS or DECSRC::GATEKEEPERS, the problem is
almost certainly not in Palo Alto, so talking to us on the phone isn't going to
help solve it.


WHAT RELAY NODE TO USE WHEN SENDING FROM DIGITAL

Most of the explanations listed below refer to a DECNET node named DECWRL::.
There are other gateway nodes available.  It is *extremely* important that you
not use unofficial relay nodes, even if they appear to work, because the
software on those unofficial nodes is not necessarily configured to relay your
message in such a way that the recipient can reply to it.  When you use these
unofficial relay nodes, it often results in the recipient of your message
forming a poor opinion of the quality of Digital's computer network services,
when in fact the problem is that you, the Digital employee, are simply using
the gateway incorrectly.

Here is the complete list of official gateway nodes. Do not use any node not on
this list, even if it appears to work.  Future additions to this list will end
in the letters "RMC" (Regional Mail Concentrator).


 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 |  Node  |     Location     | Capacity |        Intended for use by         |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------  |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 | DECWRL | Palo Alto, CA    |   30,000 | All users                          |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 | CRL    | Cambridge, MA    |    7,500 | Corporate Research                 |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 | DECUAC | Landover, MD     |    4,000 | ULTRIX Resource Centers, and       |
 |        |                  |          | Sales-related use in Southeast US. |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 | US1RMC | Stow, MA         |   15,000 | DECnet areas 4, 9, 12, 29, 55, 56  |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 | VBORMC | Valbonne, France |   15,000 | DECnet area 51                     |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 | DECPA  | Palo Alto, CA    |    5,000 | DECnet area 10                     |
 |        |                  |          |                                    |
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Capacity numbers are in messages per day).

European users are free to use either VBORMC or DECWRL for outbound VMSmail to
the Internet.  US users are free to use either US1RMC or DECWRL for sending
VMSmail to the Internet.  VBORMC and US1RMC will exchange mail with DECWRL
which remains the actual border gateway machine between Digital and the
Internet.  The RMCs can be thought of as internal extensions of DECWRL
increasing its processing capability and moving Internet access physically
closer to users.


HOW TO SEND MAIL

The DECWRL gateway complex is connected to quite a number of different mail
networks. If you were logged on directly to it, you could type addresses
directly, e.g.

    To: strange!foreign!address.

But since you are not logged on directly to the gateway, you must send mail so
that when it arrives at the gateway, it will be sent as if that address had
been typed locally.


Sending from VMS

If you are a VMS user, you should use NMAIL, because VMS mail does not know how
to requeue and retry mail when the network is congested or disconnected.  If
your VMS system has NMAIL installed then you should address your mail like
this:

    To: nm%DECWRL::"strange!foreign!address"

The quote characters (") are important, to make sure that VMS doesn't try to
interpret strange!foreign!address itself. If you are typing such an address
inside a mail program, it will work as advertised. If you are using DCL and
typing directly to the command line, you should beware that DCL likes to remove
quotes, so you will have to enclose the entire address in quotes, and then put
two quotes in every place that one quote should appear in the address:

    $ mail test.msg "nm%DECWRL::""foreign!addr""" /subj="hello"

Note the three quotes in a row after foreign!addr. The first two of them are
doubled to produce a single quote in the address, and the third ends the
address itself (balancing the quote in front of the nm%).

Here are some typical outgoing mail addresses as used from a VMS system:

    To: nm%DECWRL::"ucbvax!mtxinu!rjz"
    To: nm%DECWRL::"[e-mail]"
    To: nm%DECWRL::"posix![e-mail]"
    To: nm%DECWRL::"[e-mail]"
    To: nm%DECWRL::"[e-mail]"

One final note on sending from a VMS system. The VMS MAIL program contains a
subcommand "set transport", which you can use to set yourself up so that all of
your outgoing mail is sent with NMAIL unless you explicitly specify otherwise.
To invoke it, you type this command:

    MAIL>set transport nm%

Warning: if NMAIL is not installed on your system and you type this command,
you will not get any error message. You should make sure NMAIL is installed (by
sending a test message that has an explicit "nm%" in its address) before making
it be your default transport.


Sending from ULTRIX

If your ULTRIX system has been configured for it, then you can, from your
ULTRIX system, just send directly to the foreign address, and the mail software
will take care of all of the gateway routing for you. Most ULTRIX systems in
Corporate Research and in the Palo Alto cluster are configured this way.

To find out whether your ULTRIX system has been so configured, just try it and
see what happens. If it doesn't work, you will receive notification almost
instantly.

      NOTE: The ULTRIX mail system is extremely flexible; it is almost
    completely configurable by the customer. While this is valuable to
    customers, it makes it very difficult to write global instructions for
    the use of ULTRIX mailers, because it is possible that the local
    changes have produced something quite unlike the vendor-delivered
    mailer. One of the popular changes is to tinker with the meaning of
    quote characters (") in ULTRIX addresses. Some systems consider that
    these two addresses are the same:

        site1!site2![e-mail]

    and

        "site1!site2!user"@host.dec.com

    while others are configured so that one form will work and the other
    will not. All of our examples use the quotes. If you have trouble
    getting the examples to work, please try them again without the quotes.
    Perhaps your ULTRIX system is interpreting the quotes differently.

If your ULTRIX system has an IP link to Palo Alto (type
"/etc/ping palo-alto.pa.dec.com" to find out if it does), then you can route
your mail to the gateway via IP. This has the advantage that your ULTRIX mail
headers will reach the gateway directly, instead of being translated into
DECNET mail headers and then back into ULTRIX at the other end. Do this as
follows:

    To: "alien!address"@decwrl.dec.com

The quotes are necessary only if the alien address contains a ! character, but
they don't hurt if you use them unnecessarily.  If the alien address contains
an "@" character, you will need to change it into a "%" character. For example,
to send via IP to [e-mail], you should address the mail

    To: "joe%widget.org"@decwrl.dec.com

If your ULTRIX system has only a DECNET link to Palo Alto, then you should
address mail in much the same way that VMS users do, save that you should not
put the nm% in front of the address:

    To: DECWRL::"strange!foreign!address"

Here are some typical outgoing mail addresses as used from an ULTRIX system
that has IP access. ULTRIX systems without IP access should use the same syntax
as VMS users, except that the nm% at the front of the address should not be
used.

    To: "ucbvax!mtxinu!rjz"@decwrl.dec.com
    To: "postmaster%g.gp.cs.cmu.edu"@decwrl.dec.com
    To: "listsrv%CUNYVM.bitnet"@decwrl.dec.com
    To: "posix!george%uunet.uu.net"@decwrl.dec.com
    To: "[e-mail]"@decwrl.dec.com


Sending from ALL-IN-1

Digital's internal ALL-IN-1 mail system uses MTS, the Message Transport
Service, to delivery its messages. Hence an ALL-IN-1 recipient address is
actually an MTS address.

The ALL-IN-1 mail system uses an address form that resembles Internet
addresses. An ALL-IN-1 address takes the form

    John Smith @LOC

where "LOC" is the 3-letter Digital facility location code for John Smith's
place of employment.  Inside Digital, the pseudo-facility "Internet" is used to
specify an Internet address. For example, if you wish from ALL-IN-1 to send to
the Internet address "[e-mail]", in Moscow, then address it this way:

    To: [e-mail] @Internet


Sending with MTS from other systems

If the capability has been installed by system managers, then the MTS (Message
Transport Service) can be used by VMSmail and ULTRIX mail users as well as by
ALL-IN-1 users.

If your VMS site's system has been configured for it, then from VMSmail, the
MTS address "John Smith @LOC" is typed this way:

    To: MTS$::"LOC::John Smith"

If your site's ULTRIX mailer has been configured for it, then from ULTRIX mail
the MTS address "John Smith @LOC" is typed this way:

    To: [e-mail]


DETAILS OF USING OTHER NETWORKS

All of the world's computer networks are connected together, more or less, so
it is hard to draw exact boundaries between them. Precisely where the Internet
ends and UUCP begins is a matter of interpretation. Almost all networks now
have Internet address forms, regardless of their internal addressing, so that,
for example, you can reach anyplace on BITNET using an Internet address.

For purposes of sending mail, it is convenient to divide the network universe
into these categories:

EASYnet         Digital's internal DECNET network. Characterized by addresses
                of the form NODE::USER. Easynet can be used for commercial
                purposes.

Internet        A collection of networks including Digital's IP EASYnet, the
                NSFnet, the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX), and others.
                Most international research, development, and educational
                organizations are connected in some fashion to the Internet.
                Characterized by addresses of the form
                [e-mail]. The NSFnet backbone and many of the
                NSFnet regional affiliates cannot be used for commercial
                purposes, but there are numerous Internet service providers
                offering commercial Internet services.  Digital is connected to
                AlterNet, which is one such provider.

CSNET           The CSNET network is now part of the Internet; there is no
                distinction between their addresses.

UUCP            A very primitive network with no management, built largely with
                auto-dialers phoning one computer from another. Characterized
                by addresses of the form place1!place2!user. The UUCP network
                can be used for commercial purposes provided that none of the
                sites through which the message is routed objects to that.

USENET          Not a network at all, but a layer of software built on top of
                UUCP and Internet.

BITNET          Originally an IBM-based network linking primarily educational
                sites, BITNET is now comprised largely of VAX computers running
                VMS. Digital users can send to BITNET as if it were part of
                Internet, but BITNET users need special instructions for
                reversing the process. BITNET cannot be used for commercial
                purposes.

Fidonet         A network of personal computers.  We are unsure of the status
                of using Fidonet for commercial purposes, nor are we sure of
                its efficacy. Most Fidonet computers are bulletin board systems
                and not mail relay systems.


DOMAINS AND DOMAIN ADDRESSING

There is a particular network called "the Internet"; it is somewhat related to
what used to be "the ARPAnet". The Internet style of addressing is flexible
enough that people use it for addressing other networks as well, with the
result that it is quite difficult to look at an address and tell just what
network it is likely to traverse. But the phrase "Internet address" does not
mean "mail address of some computer on the Internet" but rather "mail address
in the style used by the Internet". Terminology is even further confused
because the word "address" means one thing to people who build networks and
something entirely different to people who use them. In this document an
"address" is something like "[e-mail]" and not "192.1.24.177" (which
is what network engineers would call an "internet address").

The Internet naming scheme uses hierarchical domains, which despite their title
are just a bookkeeping trick. It doesn't really matter whether you say
NODE::USER or USER@NODE, but what happens when you connect two companies'
networks together and they both have a node ANCHOR?? You must, somehow, specify
which ANCHOR you mean. You could say ANCHOR.DEC::USER or DEC.ANCHOR::USER or
[e-mail] or [e-mail].  The Internet convention is to say
[e-mail], with the owner (DEC) after the name (ANCHOR).

But there could be several different organizations named DEC. You could have
Digital Equipment Corporation or Down East College or Disabled Education
Committee. The technique that the Internet scheme uses to resolve conflicts
like this is to have hierarchical domains. A normal domain isn't DEC or
STANFORD, but DEC.COM (commercial) and STANFORD.EDU (educational). These
domains can be further divided into ZK3.DEC.COM or CS.STANFORD.EDU. This
doesn't resolve conflicts completely, though: both Central Michigan University
and Carnegie-Mellon University could claim to be CMU.EDU. The rule is that the
owner of the EDU domain gets to decide, just as the owner of the CMU.EDU gets
to decide whether the Electrical Engineering department or the Elementary
Education department gets subdomain EE.CMU.EDU.

The domain scheme, while not perfect, is completely extensible. If you have two
addresses that can potentially conflict, you can suffix some domain to the end
of them, thereby making, say, DECWRL.UUCP be somehow different from
DECWRL.ENET.

decwrl's entire mail system is organized according to Internet domains, and in
fact we handle all mail internally as if it were Internet mail.  Incoming mail
is converted into Internet mail, and then routed to the appropriate domain; if
that domain requires some conversion, then the mail is converted to the
requirements of the outbound domain as it passes through the gateway. For
example, we put Easynet mail into the domain ENET.DEC.COM, and we put BITNET
mail into the domain BITNET.

The "top-level" domains supported by the decwrl gateway are these:

  .EDU        Educational institutions
  .COM        Commercial institutions
  .GOV        Government institutions
  .MIL        Military institutions
  .ORG        Various organizations
  .NET        Network operations
  .BITNET     BITNET and CSNET (now combined)
  .??         2-character country code for routing to other countries
  .OZ         Part of the Australian (.AU) name space.

2-character country codes include UK (United Kingdom), FR (France), IT (Italy),
CA (Canada), AU (Australia), etc.  These are with certain exceptions standard
ISO 2-character country codes.


MAILING TO EASYNET

To mail to user GUEST at node DEMO (which is DECNET address DEMO::GUEST),
Internet mail should be addressed to [e-mail].  Easynet
addresses are not case-dependent; DEMO and demo are the same node name and
GUEST and guest are the same user name.

Sites that are not directly connected to the Internet may have difficulty with
Internet addresses like demo.enet.dec.com. They can send into the Easynet by
explicitly routing the mail through DECWRL. From domain-based Internet mailers,
the address would be [e-mail].  From uucp mailers, the
address would be decwrl!demo.enet!guest. Some Internet mailers require the form
<@decwrl.dec.com:[e-mail]>.  (This last form is the only technically
correct form of explicit route, but very few Internet sites support it.)

The decwrl gateway also supports various obsolete forms of addressing that are
left over from the past. In general we support obsolete address forms for two
years after the change, and then remove it.


MAILING TO DIGITAL MTS USERS

Digital has a proprietary internal mail transport system called "MTS" (Message
Transport Service). Its primary use is to transport mail to, from, and between
users of the "ALL-IN-1" mail system. ALL-IN-1 is an integrated software package
that is popular with Digital's VAX customers and is widely used by
non-technical people inside Digital.

Although there is a technical distinction between an "ALL-IN-1" address and an
"MTS" address, the two systems are tightly enough linked that, at least where
the Internet is concerned, they can be considered to be equivalent. Certainly
most users of ALL-IN-1 are unaware of the distinction between ALL-IN-1 and MTS.

ALL-IN-1 uses addresses of the form "James Guest @UCO". Here "UCO" is a Digital
location code name. To route mail to such people, send to
[e-mail] (Here "MTS" is the Message Transport Service
mentioned above).

If your correspondent does not actually use ALL-IN-1 to read mail, then you
should, if possible, avoid using MTS addresses.  With few exceptions, the
software that converts MTS mail into the non-MTS mail format is prone to errors
and address confusion.


MAILING TO THE INTERNET

decwrl's mailer is an Internet mailer, so to mail to an Internet site, just use
its address. If you are having trouble determining the Internet address, you
might find that the ULTRIX host table /etc/hosts.txt is useful. See the
comments above under "how to send mail" for details about making sure that the
mail program you are using has correctly interpreted an address.


MAILING TO UUCP

UUCP mail is manually routed by the sender, using ! as the separator character.
Thus, the address xxx!yyy!zzz!user means to dial machine xxx and relay to it
the mail, with the destination address set to yyy!zzz!user. That machine in
turn dials yyy, and the process repeats itself.

To correctly address uucp mail, you must know a working path through the uucp
network. The database is sufficiently chaotic that automatic routing does not
work reliably (though many sites perform automatic routing anyhow). The
information about uucp connectivity is distributed in the USENET newsgroup
comp.mail.maps; many sites collect this data and permit local queries of it.

If you would like to send uucp mail to some address zzz!user and you do not
know a path, the DECWRL gateway will route it for you using the aforementioned
public routing tables. Because the data in those tables is not reliable, we
cannot offer any guarantees that the autorouting will succeed and we cannot
respond to nondelivery complaints involving the autorouter. If you know a
reliable route to some site it is better to use that route rather than rely on
the autorouter.

Specifically, if DECWRL receives a uucp mail message whose first hop is to a
site that DECWRL does not have a link to, then it will add an
automatically-generated route to the front of that address. Otherwise the
address that you provide will be left intact.


MAILING TO USENET

Usenet is not a network. It's a software layer, and it spans several networks.
Many people say "Usenet" when they really mean uucp. You can post a message to
a Usenet newsgroup by mailing it to "name.usenet" at decwrl.  For example,
mailing from VMS to this address:

    nm%DECWRL::"rec.autos.tech.usenet"

causes the mail message to be posted as an article to the Usenet newsgroup
rec.autos.tech. It is better to use Usenet software for posting articles, as
more features are available that way, such as restricted distributions,
crossposting, and cancellation of "wish I hadn't sent that" articles.


MAILING TO BITNET

Legend has it that the "BIT" in BITNET stands for "Because It's Time."  It is a
network that originally consisted primarily of IBM computers, but in recent
years has been dominated by VMS VAXes. A native BITNET address is something
like "USER at MUMBLEVM", but when translated into our Internet format it
becomes [e-mail]. Once translated into Internet form, a BITNET
address is used just like any other Internet address.


MAILING TO FIDONET

By comparison with the other linked networks, Fidonet has an addressing
complexity bordering on the bizarre. The Fidonet people have provided us with
this description:

Each Fidonet node is a member of a "network", and may have subsidiary nodes
called "point nodes".  A typical Fido address is "1:987/654" or "987/654"; a
typical Fido "point node" address is "1:987/654.32" or "987/654.32".  This is
zone 1, network 987, Fido (node) 654, "point node" 32.  If the zone number is
missing, assume it is zone 1.  The zone number must be supplied in the outgoing
message.

To send a message to Bob Jones on Fidonet address 1:987/654, use the address
[e-mail]. To send a message to Fred Smith at Fidonet
node 987/654.32, use address [e-mail]. Use them
just like any other Internet address.

Sometimes the return addresses on messages from Fidonet will look different.
You may or may not be able to reply to them.


MAILING TO MCI MAIL

MCI Mail is a commercial communication service that offers a wide range of
electronic messaging services to its subscribers.  To address a message to an
MCI Mail subscriber, suffix "@mcimail.com" to the user name, to the 7-digit MCI
ID number, or to the subscriber's registered formal name. For example, Harry
Bovik could be addressed in any of the following ways:

    [e-mail]
    [e-mail]
    [e-mail]

Note that all blank spaces in the formal name must be replaced by underscores.

The most reliable delivery is by MCI ID number, and it should be used whenever
it is known.


MAILING TO COMPUSERVE

CompuServe is a commercial online data service that offers an electronic mail
capability in addition to its database offerings.

CompuServe subscribers are identified by a "User ID" that is two numbers
separated by a comma. For example, "31416, 3601" is a CompuServe user ID. You
can send mail to CompuServe customers by replacing the comma with a period and
suffixing "@compuserve.com":  [e-mail].

Some organizations or companies contract with CompuServe to provide a mail
service for their entire organization. These are given a CompuServe "private
mail area", and will typically list their addresses in the form
"organization:name", such as "DECCA:M.JAGGER". To send mail to such an address,
send it to "[e-mail]". For example, for the above-named
user you would send to "[e-mail]".


ANSWERS TO COMMON QUESTIONS

   1. Q: Why does it take mail so long to get through decwrl? My messages
      sometimes are delayed 3 or 4 hours, and I find this annoying.

      A: For precisely the same reason that it takes so long to get from
      Logan Airport to Marlboro in a car. There's a lot of mail traffic,
      and the networks are usually pretty congested.  Decwrl handles
      30,000 or more mail messages on a typical business day; the
      slightest hiccup in the network causes long backups. Surely you've
      seen the same phenomenon on a busy highway when there is an accident
      on the other side of the road. Everybody slows down, just a little,
      to take a look at the accident, and as a result there is a 10-mile
      traffic backup.

   2. Q: The mail that I receive always has some junk at the end of it,
      with the label "Internet headers". What does this mean and how can I
      get rid of it?

      A: The DECNET mail protocol allows for a very limited amount of
      information to be sent about a mail message. It supports a "To:", a
      "From:", an "Subj:", and (sometimes) a "Cc:" field.  Any other
      information must be passed as part of the message body.

      The Internet mail protocol has many more standard header fields in
      it, and gives users the ability to add their own header fields.
      Sometimes there is valuable information contained in these
      non-DECNET header fields, so they cannot be merely discarded. When
      you buy a cut-up packaged chicken at the grocery store, the giblets
      are usually packaged in with it, just on the off chance that you
      might want them. It's easy for you to throw them away, but very hard
      for you to recover them if somebody else has already thrown them
      away.  Internet mail headers are not unlike giblets. If we threw
      them away, there is always the chance that you would come back and
      ask us for them, which means that we would both have to save them
      and also would have to answer requests for them.

   3. Q: I use an ULTRIX system, and I find that my mail doesn't work
      properly for non-local recipients, especially through a mail
      gateway. Is there a way to fix this?

      A: The "sendmail.cf" file that is packaged with ULTRIX is very
      generic, and must normally be customized for any specific
      application. It is not particularly suitable for use inside Digital.
      A "sendmail.cf" file more suited to use inside Digital is available
      as DECUAC::/pub/sendmail-cf/*.cf*".

   4. Q: The mail gateway sometimes muddles files that I send through it.
      For example, it turns copyright symbols into parentheses. Why can't
      this be fixed?

      A: There is no such thing as a copyright symbol in most parts of the
      computer network world. It's part of the DEC character set. Many
      other vendors don't recognize that character set, even though it is
      an international standard. The thing about international standards
      is that there are so many to choose from. The world of electronic
      mail networks is currently based on the 7-bit ISO 646 (ASCII)
      character set. There is no such character as Copyright, or Pound, or
      1/2, in it. So we can't translate your use of such characters.

   5. Q: I have real trouble sending VMS mail through decwrl sometimes. I
      get error messages like "insufficient resources at remote node" or
      "object not defined". Could you please fix this?

      A: Those error messages are symptoms of congestion from too many
      people using the network at once.  To use the decwrl gateway
      effectively from VMS you must use NMAIL.  NMAIL can queue and retry
      mail during congested periods. If you cannot or will not use NMAIL,
      then you must keep retrying by hand; you will eventually get
      through.

      The Regional Mail Concentrators (RMC's) mentioned earlier in this
      document are another alternative.

   6. Q: I had trouble accessing the file GATEWAY.DOC; here is what
      happened:

          $ type decwrl::gateway.doc
          %TYPE-W-OPENIN, error opening DECWRL::/GATEWAY.DOC as input
          -RMS-F-SYN, file specification syntax error

      Where did the "/" come from? What is the matter with the directory?

      A: This is one of those situations that makes you appreciate how
      well ULTRIX and VMS work together when they do work together. This
      time they don't.

      The short answer is that you have to quote the "gateway.doc", this
      way:

          $ type decwrl::"gateway.doc"

      For those of you with a penchant for horror stories, here is why the
      "short way" doesn't work. The VMS "type" command first sends a
      "directory" command to the remote site. This is so you can do things
      like

          type TEST.*

      First, your computer sends DECWRL a "DIRECTORY TEST.*" command to
      get a list of the files matching TEST.*, and then it opens and reads
      each one in turn.

      DECWRL is an ULTRIX machine. ULTRIX file names all begin with a "/"
      character. Just as the "true name" of some VMS file "TEST.LIS" might
      be "DSK3:[REID.TEMP]TEST.LIS;4", the "true name" of some ULTRIX file
      "test.lst" might be "/usr/users/reid/temp/test.lst". In the case of
      the file "DECWRL::GATEWAY.DOC", the "true name" of the file is
      "/gateway.doc".

      The VMS system sends DECWRL a "directory gateway.doc" command, and
      gets back a list of the names of the files that match it. This list
      contains one name: /gateway.doc. The VMS machine then processes the
      command "type DECWRL::/GATEWAY.DOC", which it parses as a null file
      name with the /GATEWAY.DOC command qualifier. Failure.

      But if you quote the file name:

          type decwrl::"gateway.doc"

      then it bypasses the file name expansion phase and just uses the
      name as you type it, whereupon it works fine.

   7. Q: Where can I turn for more information?

      A: Several sources, none comprehensive. There are various USENET
      newsgroups and EASYnet VAX notesfiles that can be used to ask
      questions or read answers. USENET Newsgroups dec.mail.config,
      dec.notes.networking.gateways, dec.news.config, dec.mail.software,
      and dec.ip are primary sources. The VAX notesfile
      UPSAR::NEWS-BACKBONE contains information about USENET inside
      Digital. The VAX notesfile UPSAR::GATEWAYS is the notesfile
      equivalent of the newsgroup dec.notes.networking.gateways; anything
      posted to one is automatically posted to the other.

      The book "The Matrix", by John S. Quarterman (Digital Press)
      explains the worldwide computer networks. The book named "!%@::", by
      Donnalyn Frey and Rick Adams (O'Reilly and Associates) explains the
      mail addressing syntax of all the world's electronic mail networks.