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-
-
- CHAOS-KIT
-
- I. Introduction
-
- Here is a set of four systems illustrating many of the remarkable
- features of Non-Linear Dynamics (NLD). The CHAOS-KIT program was written
- in AmigaBasic and compiled with Absoft AC/Basic. Use it as you wish but
- please give due credit to the author. I invite comments, suggestions,
- etc.; preferably by Easyplex; I also regularly attend the Science Forum
- on CIS (GO SCIENCE).
-
- It will take time for you to get to know these systems; in fact
- you can spend endless hours exploring them. That is what this program
- is for. I hope you enjoy these beautiful images as much as I have!
-
-
- Dan Davis [CIS 71420,2332]
- New York, January 1988
-
-
-
-
- II. Using the Program
-
- CHAOS-KIT must be run from the CLI by typing its name at the
- prompt. The first screen presents a listing of the four systems and
- prompts you to select one of them.
-
- Once you have chosen a system, a screen appears giving the formulas
- which drive the system. NONMATHEMATICIANS: DON'T PANIC! I give the math-
- ematical details for those who can make use of them; they add about as
- much to the enjoyment of this program as the ability to read music adds
- to the enjoyment of a symphony.
-
- All four systems work by iterating the equations; that is, by
- solving them repeatedly, using the solutions at each iteration as the
- starting point for the next iteration. You may choose the number of
- iterations; the more iterations, the more points will be plotted and
- the longer the program will run.
-
- Each system is controlled by parameters in the equations. The
- first three systems have one parameter each and the last has three.
- You may choose values for these parameters. This is an important means
- of controlling the output of the system.
-
- In the first three systems you may also choose the starting point.
- More about this below.
-
- Default values have been provided throughout. As a beginner you
- will probably go with the default values, but as you gain familiarity
- you'll want to choose your own values. That is the way to use the prog-
- ram. Explore to your heart's content, the possibilities are endless.
-
- To choose your own values at any option, type in the number you
- want and press the RETURN key. To choose the default value just hit
- RETURN.
-
- Once the values are chosen, the program begins creating the
- image. You will see the two coordinate axes with tick-marks which
- mark the value Scalefactor. To interrupt the program, press the space
- bar; you will return to the parameter-choice screen. If you decide
- to explore one of the other systems, press `m'; this will get you back
- to the menu screen where you began. If you've had enough, press `q';
- this quits the program.
-
- A window will appear on screen giving the values for the options.
- You can move this window around using its drag bar. If you don't want
- to see it, click its `back' gadget (upper right-hand corner). If you
- did this and decide you want it back, press `t'.
-
- WARNING: I have put some anti-crash measures in the program
- but it's not 100% crash-proof. For some choices of the parameters an
- overflow is possible which will shut the program down. Click the mouse
- as directed and start over. So far that's the worst that's happened to
- me. If you meet the guru, try increasing the stack size (at the CLI
- prompt type STACK 16000). If the program gives trouble let me know.
-
-
- III. Notes on the Systems and NLD.
-
- Non-linear systems have been around for a long time, but until
- recently they were avoided by theoreticians since they do not in general
- admit closed-form solutions. Only after the development of the computer,
- with its ability to produce numerical solutions on a large scale, was it
- practical to study non-linear systems in a general way. Over the last
- fifteen years a vast amount has been learned. Many natural phenomena
- are governed by NLD and new tools are now available for studying them.
- A good layman's introduction to the subject is James Gleick's book
- `Chaos', which is especially strong on the historical and human aspects
- of the subject.
-
- An important feature of NLD is the use of experimental methods,
- which are not favored in classical mathematics. The experiments take
- the form of computer simulations. With this program you can carry out
- experiments of this type.
-
- The first two systems were lifted from the book `Chaos', edited
- by A.V. Holden. Both are from the field of population biology. The
- third system was described by A.K. Dewdney in his column in `Scientific
- American' for August 1987. The Lorenz Attractor is one of the most
- famous objects in NLD and appears in almost every general reference.
-
- The first three systems operate this way: the x0 and y0 chosen
- by the `starting point' option are iterated 100 times (or however many
- you select with the `iterations' option). All points have the same
- color. Then the x0 and y0 are incremented by .01 and another set of
- 100 iterations (or whatever) are run from this new starting point, with
- a new color. This is done thirty times in all.
-
-
- 1. The delayed logistic system.
-
- Investigate this system by varying the parameter `a'. At a=2
- the attracting point opens out into a limit cycle. This is an example
- of a `Hopf bifurcation'. Move the starting point around for some nice
- effects. Be careful, you'll get an overflow if `a' gets much above 2.27.
-
-
- 2. The predator-prey system.
-
- The default value of `a' produces a network-like figure. This
- is evidence for a `strange attractor' in the equations on which this
- system is based. Play with the parameters.
-
-
- 3. The Henon system
-
- Don't be misled by the the dull behavior at the default. When you
- set theta away from zero, things start to happen. Multiples of 15 degrees
- are interesting. Once you find a nice value of theta, play around with
- the starting point.
-
-
- 4. The Lorenz Attractor
-
- This was discovered twenty-five years ago by Ed Lorenz, professor
- of theoretical meteorology at MIT. It was the first `strange attractor'
- to be studied in depth. The program displays the motion of a point in
- three-dimensional space projected on one of the coordinate planes which
- you may choose. The point is moving on a mathematical object called a
- strange attractor which is neither two-dimensional nor three-dimensional.
- It is a `fractal object' with fractal dimension slightly greater than 2.
- The point moves forever without crossing its path (although the two-dimen-
- sional projection does cross itself) and without ever closing the path.
- Play with the parameters and see if you can visualize this truly strange
- object.
-
-
-
- I hope you enjoy this program. I'd be delighted to exchange
- ideas and information with anyone.
-
- --Dan
-
-
-
-