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Z80 Cross Assembler Portable Version This program lets you use your computer to assemble code for the Intel Z80 family of microprocessors. The program is written in portable C. All assembler features are supported except relocation, linkage, and macros. Z80 Cross-Assembler (Portable) Version 0.0 Copyright (c) 1988 Michael G. Panas 1. Introduction This assembler was developed to cross-assemble the Z80 assembly language mnemonics and pseudo opcodes defined by an assembler already running on a mini-computer. As such the mnemonics may look very strange, since they are not standard Zilog Z80 mnemonics but, extensions to the 8080 language. Many enhancements to the original mini-computer version have been made. This package assembles the dialect of Z80 source code defined in Appendix I into Z80 object code. It will run under DOS 2.x and up and also several UNIX machines (see appendix II - portability). 2. How to Use the Cross-Assembler This program requires one input file (your Z80 source code) and zero to two output files (the listing and the object). The input file MUST be specified, or the assembler will bomb on a fatal error. The listing and object files are optional. If no listing file is specified, no listing is generated, and if no object file is specified, no object is generated. If the object file is specified, the object is written to this file in "Intel hexadecimal" format. The command line for the cross-assembler looks like this: z80a source_file { -l list_file } { -o object_file } where the { } indicates that the specified item is optional. Page 1 Some examples are in order: z80a testz80.asm source: testz80.asm listing: none object: none z80a testz80.asm -l testz80.prn source: testz80.asm listing: testz80.prn object: none z80a testz80.asm -o testz80.hex source: testz80.asm listing: none object: testz80.hex z80a testz80.asm -l testz80.prn -o testz80.hex source: testz80.asm listing: testz80.prn object: testz80.hex The order in which the source, listing, and object files are specified does not matter. Note that no default file name extensions are supplied by the assembler as this gives rise to portability problems. 3. Format of Cross-Assembler Source Lines The source file that the cross-assembler processes into a listing and an object is an ASCII text file that you can prepare with whatever editor you have at hand. The most- significant (parity) bit of each character is cleared as the character is read from disk by the cross-assembler, so editors that set this bit (such as WordStar's document mode) should not bother this program. All printing characters, the ASCII TAB character (09H), and newline character(s) are processed by the assembler. All other characters are passed through to the listing file, but are otherwise ignored. The source file is divided into lines by newline character(s). The internal buffers of the cross-assembler will accommodate lines of up to 255 characters which should be more than ample for almost any job. If you must use longer lines, change the constant MAXLINE in file z80a.h and recompile the cross-assembler. Otherwise, you will overflow the buffers, and the program will mysteriously crash. Each source line is made up of three fields: the label field, the opcode field, and the argument field. The label field is optional, but if it is present, it must begin in column 1. The opcode field is optional, but if it is present, it must not begin in column 1. If both a label and Page 2 an opcode are present, one or more spaces and/or TAB characters must separate the two. If the opcode requires arguments, they are placed in the argument field which is separated from the opcode field by one or more spaces and/or TAB characters. Multiple arguments are separated by semicolons. Finally, an optional comment can be added to the end of the line. This comment can begin with an optional asterisk which signals the assembler to pass the rest of the line to the listing and otherwise ignore it. The assembler ignores any text after the argument field, for this reason arguments must not contain any spaces. Thus, the source line looks like this: {label}{ opcode{ arguments}}{{*}commentary} where the { } indicates that the specified item is optional. Some examples are in order: column 1 | v GRONK JP NC; LOOP This line has everything. INC C This line has no label. BEEP This line has no opcode. * This line has no label and no opcode. * The previous line has nothing at all. END This line has no argument. 3.1 Labels A label is any sequence of alphabetic or numeric characters starting with an alphabetic. The legal alphabetics are: ! $ % & , . : ? [ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~ A-Z a-z The numeric characters are the digits 0-9. Note that "A" is not the same as "a" in a label. This is an enhancement from the mini-computer version which accepted only upper case labels. This can explain mysterious U (undefined label) errors occurring when a label appears to be defined. A label is permitted on any line except a line where the opcode is LIST, ULIST, NCODE, CODE, TTL, PAG, PAGT, SKP, TYP, IF, ELS, or ENF. The label is assigned the value of the assembly program counter before any of the rest of the line is processed except when the opcode is EQU, ORG, or SET. Page 3 Labels can have the same name as opcodes, but they cannot have the same name as operators or registers. The reserved (operator and register) names are: * A AF AND B BC C D DE EQ GE GT H HIGH HL IX IY L LE LT LOW M MOD NC NE NOT NZ OR P PE PO SHL SHR SP XOR Z Labels may be pin-addressed by the use of an "@" as a prefix to the label. Pin-address labels are referenced in the code by the opposite side of the bytes than they normally would. For example this DC strings' label points to the right hand address of the string[B: LABEL DC "this is a normal string" If you then generate a pin-addressed version of the same string the label refers to the left hand address of the string: @LABEL DC "this is a normal string" It is neccessary to include pin-addressing in this assembler to remain compatable with existing source files written with the mini-computer version. The sense of byte addresses when referenced without pin-addressing is reversed from what one would expect in many pseudo ops such as DC and DAC. If a label is used in an expression before it is assigned a value, the label is said to be "forward-referenced." For example: L1 EQU L2+1 L2 is forward-referenced here. L2 L3 EQU L2+1 L2 is not forward-referenced here. Note no space between operands or operators is allowed. 3.2 Numeric Constants Numeric constants can be formed in two ways; the mini- computer version, or by the Intel convention. The Intel convention was not part of the original mini-computer language, but has been added as an enhancement. The original standard used only decimal or hexadecimal numbers in the style of Motorola. Decimal numbers are formed by using the digits 0-9. Hexadecimal numbers are Page 4 formed by using a dollar sign ($) followed by one or more hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). The hex digits a-f are converted to upper case by the assembler. Also added as an enhancement was the (%) Motorola style prefix for binary numbers. In this case only 0 and 1 are allowed as digits. A numeric constant formed according to the Intel convention starts with a numeric character (0-9), continues with zero or more digits (0-9, A-F), and ends with an optional base designator. The base designators are H for hexadecimal, none or D for decimal, O or Q for octal, and B for binary. The hex digits a-f are converted to upper case by the assembler. Note that an Intel style numeric constant cannot begin with A-F as it would be indistinguishable from a label. Thus, all of the following evaluate to 255 (decimal): $ff %11111111 0ffH 255 255D 377O 377Q 11111111B 3.3 String Constants A string constant is zero or more characters enclosed in either single quotes (' ') or double quotes (" "). Single quotes only match single quotes, and double quotes only match double quotes, so if you want to put a single quote in a string, you can do it like this: "'". In all contexts except the DB statement, the first character or two of the string constant are all that are used. The rest is ignored. Noting that the ASCII codes for "A" and "B" are 041H and 042H, respectively, will explain the following examples: "" and '' evaluate to 0000H "A" and 'A' evaluate to 0041H "AB" evaluates to 4142H Note that the null string "" is legal and evaluates to 0000H. Several escape sequences are also valid in strings: Character HEX Gen Function &N 00 Null &B 08 Backspace &T 09 Tab &V 0B Vertical Tab &I 0D Carridge Return && 26 A single & &F FF - &$XX XX Embedded Hex data Page 5 3.4 Expressions An expression is made up of labels, numeric constants, and string constants glued together with arithmetic operators, logical operators, and parentheses in the usual way that algebraic expressions are made. Operators have the following fairly natural order of precedence: Highest anything in parentheses unary +, unary - *, /, MOD, SHL, SHR binary +, binary - LT, LE, EQ, GE, GT, NE NOT AND OR, XOR Lowest HIGH, LOW A few notes about the various operators are in order: 1) The remainder operator MOD yields the remainder from dividing its left operand by its right operand. 2) The shifting operators SHL and SHR shift their left operand to the left or right the number of bits specified by their right operand. Since the exponentiation operator (**) is not supported the SHL operator can be used in most cases to replace it. 3) The relational operators LT, LE, EQ, GE, GT, and NE can also be written as <, <= or =<, =, >= or =>, and <> or ><, respectively. They evaluate to 0FFFFH if the statement is true, 0 otherwise. 4) The logical opeators NOT, AND, OR, and XOR do bitwise operations on their operand(s). 5) HIGH and LOW extract the high or low byte, of an expression. 6) The special symbol * can be used in place of a label or constant to represent the value of the program counter before any of the current line has been processed. Here are some examples of legal expressions: All arithmetic is unsigned with overflow from the 16-bit word ignored. Thus: Page 6 2+3*4 evaluates to 14 (2+3)*4 evaluates to 20 NOT 11110000B XOR 00001010B evaluates to 00000101B HIGH 1234H SHL 1 evaluates to 0024H 001Q EQ 0 evaluates to 0 001Q = 2 SHR 1 evaluates to 0FFFFH 32768 * 2 evaluates to 0 4. Machine Opcodes The opcodes of the Z80 processor that are supported by this assembler are listed with thier syntax and Zilog equivalents in Appendix I. 5. Pseudo Opcodes Unlike Z80 opcodes, pseudo opcodes (pseudo-ops) do not represent machine instructions. They are, rather, directives to the assembler. These directives require various numbers and types of arguments. They will be listed individually below. 5.1 Pseudo-ops -- DC and DATA The DC and DATA pseudo-ops allow arbitrary bytes to be spliced into the object code. Its argument is a chain of zero or more expressions that evaluate to -128 through 255 separated by semicolons. If a semicolon occurs with no preceding expression, a 00H byte is spliced into the object code. The sequence of bytes 0FEH, 0FFH, 00H, 01H, 02H could be spliced into the code with the following statement: DC -2;-1;;1;2 A special case exists here. If a string constant is entered with no arithmetic done on it, then the entire string is spliced into the code stream. Thus, the sequence of bytes 002H, 043H, 041H, 054H, 044H could be spliced into the code with the following statement: DC 1+1;"CAT";"C"+1 The label associated with a DC statement will point to the right-most byte of the entire definition. This can be changed to the left most byte by pin-addressing the label. Thus the label in the next statement points to the fifth byte (the null): Page 7 MESS DC "Mess";$00 5.2 Pseudo-ops -- DA The DA pseudo-op is used to reserve a block of storage for program variables, or whatever. This storage is not initialized in any way, so its value at run time will usually be random. The argument expression (which may contain no forward references) is added to the assembly program counter. The following statement would reserve 10 bytes of storage called "STORAGE": STORAGE DS 10 The label points to the right-most byte and may be changed to left by pin-addressing the label: @STORAGE DS 10 5.3 Pseudo-ops -- DAC The DAC pseudo-op allows 16-bit words to be spliced into the object code. Its argument is a chain of zero or more expressions separated by semicolons. If a semicolon occurs with no preceding expression, a word of 0000H is spliced into the code. The word is placed into memory low byte in low address, high byte in high address as per standard Intel order. The sequence of bytes 0FEH, 0FFH, 00H, 00H, 01H, 02H could be spliced into the code with the following statement: DW 0FFFEH;;0201H The label if present points to the right-most byte and may be changed to left by pin-addressing the label. 5.4 Pseudo-ops -- CSECT Used in the mini-computer version to enter a control section into the object code. In this assembler it is a nop provided for compatability only. 5.5 Pseudo-ops -- NCODE Turns off object code generation in the output file. NCODE allows RAM areas to be defined without the generation of any code. The listing is still enabled unless turned off by a SKP. Page 8 5.6 Pseudo-ops -- CODE Enables object code generation if previously disabled by NCODE. 5.7 Pseudo-ops -- END The END pseudo-op tells the assembler that the source program is over. Any further lines of the source file are ignored and not passed on to the listing. If an argument is added to the END statement, the value of the argument will be placed in the execution address slot in the Intel hex object file. The execution address defaults to the program counter value at the point where the END was encountered. Thus, to specify that the program starts at label START, the END statement would be: END START If end-of-file is encountered on the source file before an END statement is reached, the assembler will add an END statement to the listing and flag it with a * (missing statement) error. 5.8 Pseudo-ops -- EQU The EQU pseudo-op is used to assign a specific value to a label, thus the label on this line is REQUIRED. Once the value is assigned, it cannot be reassigned by writing the label in column 1, by another EQU statement by a REG statement, or by a SET statement. Thus, for example, the following statement assigns the value 2 to the label TWO: TWO EQU 1 + 1 The expression in the argument field must contain no forward references. 5.9 Pseudo-ops -- IF, ELS, ENF These three pseudo-ops allow the assembler to choose whether or not to assemble certain blocks of code based on the result of an expression. Code that is not assembled is passed through to the listing but otherwise ignored by the assembler. The IF pseudo-op signals the beginning of a conditionally assembled block. It requires one argument that may contain no forward references. If the value of the argument is non-zero, the block is assembled. Otherwise, the block is ignored. The ENF pseudo-op signals the end of the conditionally assembled block. For example: Page 9 IF EXPRESSION ;This whole thing generates DB 01H, 02H, 03H ; no code whatsoever if ENF ; EXPRESSION is zero. The ELS pseudo-op allows the assembly of either one of two blocks, but not both. The following two sequences are equivalent: IF EXPRESSION ... some stuff ... ELS ... some more stuff ... ENF TEMP_LAB SET EXPRESSION IF TEMP_LAB NE 0 ... some stuff ... ENF IF TEMP_LAB EQ 0 ... some more stuff ... ENF The pseudo-ops in this group do NOT permit labels to exist on the same line as the status of the label (ignored or not) would be ambiguous. All IF statements (even those in ignored conditionally assembled blocks) must have corresponding ENF statements and all ELS and ENF statements must have a corresponding IF statement. IF blocks can be nested up to 16 levels deep before the assembler dies of a fatal error. This should be adequate for any conceivable job, but if you need more, change the constant IFDEPTH in file z80a.H and recompile the assembler. 5.10 Pseudo-ops -- USE The USE pseudo-op is used to splice the contents of another file into the current file at assembly time. The name of the file to be USEd is specified as a normal string constant, so the following line would splice the contents of file "const.def" into the source code stream: USE "const.def" USE files may, in turn, USE other files until four files are open simultaneously. This limit should be enough for any conceivable job, but if you need more, change the constant FILES in file z80a.H and recompile the assembler. Page 10 5.11 Pseudo-ops -- ORG and RLC The ORG pseudo-op is used to set the assembly program counter to a particular value. The expression that defines this value may contain no forward references. The default initial value of the assembly program counter is 0000H. The following statement would change the assembly program counter to 0F000H: ORG 0F000H If a label is present on the same line as an ORG statement, it is assigned the new value of the assembly program counter. The RLC pseudo-op was used to relocate a block of code to run in a different address than it was loaded. It is provided here as an ORG statement since relocation is not supported. 5.12 Pseudo-ops -- URLC Nop provided for compatability. 5.13 Pseudo-ops -- PAG The PAG pseudo-op always causes an immediate page ejection in the listing by inserting a form feed ('\f') character before the next line. If an argument is specified, the argument expression specifies the number of lines per page in the listing. Legal values for the expression are any number except 1 and 2. A value of 0 turns the listing pagination off. Thus, the following statement cause a page ejection and would divide the listing into 60-line pages: PAGE 60 Note arguments to PAG are an enhancement from the mini- computer version. 5.14 Pseudo-ops -- SKP Causes subsequent lines to not be printed on the listing until a TYP statment is encountered. SKP/TYP blocks may be nested. Page 11 5.15 Pseudo-ops -- TYP List output is resumed. 5.16 Pseudo-ops -- LIST and ULIST Nops provided for compatability. Originally altered assembly listing format. 5.17 Pseudo-ops -- SET The SET pseudo-op functions like the EQU pseudo-op except that the SET statement can reassign the value of a label that has already been assigned by another SET statement. Like the EQU statement, the argument expression may contain no forward references. A label defined by a SET statement cannot be redefined by writing it in column 1 or with an EQU statement. The following series of statements would set the value of label "COUNT" to 1, 2, then 3: COUNT SET 1 COUNT SET 2 COUNT SET 3 5.18 Pseudo-ops -- TTL The TTL pseudo-op sets the running title for the listing. The argument field is required and must be a string constant, though the null string ("") is legal. This title is printed after every page ejection in the listing, therefore, if page ejections have not been forced by the PAG pseudo-op, the title will never be printed. The following statement would print the title "Random Bug Generator -- Ver 3.14159" at the top of every page of the listing: TTL "Random Bug Generator -- Ver 3.14159" Subsequent title lines are used as subtitles. 5.19 Pseudo-ops -- PAGT Set the subtitle line to "string". This line is printed on the line following the TTL line on the listing after every page ejection. May be changed many times. PAGT "string" Page 12 6. Assembly Errors When a source line contains an illegal construct, the line is flagged in the listing with a single-letter code describing the error. The meaning of each code is listed below. In addition, a count of the number of lines with errors is kept and printed on the C "stderr" device (by default, the console) after the END statement is processed. If more than one error occurs in a given line, only the first is reported. For example, the illegal label "=$#*'(" would generate the following listing line: L 0000 FF 00 00 =$#*'( LDI16 DE,1000H 6.1 Error * -- Illegal or Missing Statement This error occurs when either: 1) the assembler reaches the end of the source file without seeing an END statement, or 2) an END statement is encountered in a USE file. If you are "sure" that the END statement is present when the assembler thinks that it is missing, it probably is in the ignored section of an IF block. If the END statement is missing, supply it. If the END statement is in a USE file, delete it. 6.2 Error ( -- Parenthesis Imbalance For every left parenthesis, there must be a right parenthesis. Count them. 6.3 Error `` -- Missing Quotation Mark Strings have to begin and end with either " or '. Remember that " only matches " while ' only matches '. 6.4 Error D -- Illegal Digit This error occurs if a digit greater than or equal to the base of a numeric constant is found. For example, a 2 in a binary number would cause a D error. Especially, watch for 8 or 9 in an octal number. Page 13 6.5 Error E -- Illegal Expression This error occurs because of: 1) a missing expression where one is required 2) a unary operator used as a binary operator or vice- versa 3) a missing binary operator 4) a SHL or SHR count that is not 0 thru 15 6.6 Error I -- IF-ENF Imbalance For every IF there must be a corresponding ENF. If this error occurs on an ELS or ENF statement, the corresponding IF is missing. If this error occurs on an END statement, one or more ENF statements are missing. 6.7 Error L -- Illegal Label This error occurs because of: 1) a non-alphabetic in column 1 2) a reserved word used as a label 3) a missing label on an EQU, or SET statement 4) a label on an IF, ELS, or ENF statement 6.8 Error M -- Multiply Defined Label This error occurs because of: 1) a label defined in column 1 or with the EQU statement being redefined 2) a label defined by a SET statement being redefined either in column 1 or with the EQU statement 3) the value of the label changing between assembly passes 6.9 Error O -- Illegal Opcode The opcode field of a source line may contain only a valid machine opcode, a valid pseudo-op, or nothing at all. Anything else causes this error. Page 14 6.10 Error P -- Phasing Error This error occurs because of: 1) a forward reference in a EQU, ORG, or SET statement 2) a label disappearing between assembly passes 6.11 Error S -- Illegal Syntax This error means that an argument field is scrambled. Sort the mess out and reassemble. In particular, look for use of registers that don't apply to a particular opcode, missing commas, and the like. 6.12 Error T -- Too Many Arguments This error occurs if there are more items (expressions, register designators, etc.) in the argument field than the opcode or pseudo-op requires. The assembler ignores the extra items but issues this error in case something is really mangled. 6.13 Error U -- Undefined Label This error occurs if a label is referenced in an expression but not defined anywhere in the source program. If you are "sure" you have defined the label, note that upper and lower case letters in labels are different. Defining "LABEL" does not define "Label." 6.14 Error V -- Illegal Value This error occurs because: 1) an 8 bit immediate value is not -128 thru 255, or 2) a DC argument is not -128 thru 255, or 3) a USE argument refers to a file that does not exist. 7. Warning Messages Some errors that occur during the parsing of the cross- assembler command line are non-fatal. The cross-assembler flags these with a message on the C "stdout" device (by default, the console) beginning with the word "Warning." The messages are listed below: Page 15 7.1 red The cross-assembler will only assemble one file at a time, so source file names after the first are ignored. To assemble a second file, invoke the assembler again. Note that under CP/M- 80, the old trick of reexecuting a core image will NOT work as the initialized data areas are not reinitialized prior to the second run. 7.5 Warning -- Extra Listing File Ignored 7.6 Warning -- Extra Object File Ignored The cross-assembler will only generate one listing and object file per assembly run, so -l and -o options after the first are ignored. 8. Fatal Error Messages Several errors that occur during the parsing of the cross- assembler command line or during the assembly run are fatal. The cross-assembler flags these with a message on the C "stdout" device (by default, the console) beginning with the words "Fatal Error." The messages are explained below: 8.1 Fatal Error -- No Source File Specified This one is self-explanatory. The assembler does not know what to assemble. 8.2 Fatal Error -- Source File Did Not Open The assembler could not open the source file. The most likely cause is that the source file as specified on the command line does not exist. On larger systems, there could also be priviledge violations. Rarely, a read error in the Page 16 disk directory could cause this error. 8.3 Fatal Error -- Listing File Did Not Open 8.4 Fatal Error -- Object File Did Not Open This error indicates either a defective listing or object file name or a full disk directory. Correct the file name or make more room on the disk. 8.5 Fatal Error -- Error Reading Source File This error generally indicates a read error in the disk data space. Use your backup copy of the source file (You do have one, don't you?) to recreate the mangled file and reassemble. 8.6 Fatal Error -- Disk or Directory Full This one is self-explanatory. Some more space must be found either by deleting files or by using a disk with more room on it. 8.7 Fatal Error -- File Stack Overflow This error occurs if you exceed the INCLude file limit of four files open simultaneously. This limit can be increased by increasing the constant FILES in file z80a.H and recompiling the cross-assembler. 8.8 Fatal Error -- If Stack Overflow This error occurs if you exceed the nesting limit of 16 IF blocks. This limit can be increased by increasing the constant IFDEPTH in file z80a.H and recompiling the cross- assembler. 8.9 Fatal Error -- Too Many Symbols Congratulations! You have run out of memory. The space for the cross-assembler's symbol table is allocated at run-time using the C library function malloc(), so the cross- assembler will use all available memory. The only solutions to this problem are to lessen the number of labels in the source program or to add more memory. Page 17 Appendix I - Z80 Opcode Table FORMAT ENCODING ZILOG FORM COMMENT ADC r ADC A,r ADCI n ADC A,n ADCHL d ADC HL,d d may be BC, DE, HL, SP ADD r ADD A,r ADDI n ADD A,n ADDHL d ADD HL,d d may be BC, DE, HL, SP ADDIX d ADD IX,d d may be BC, DE, IX, SP ADDIY d ADD IY,d d may be BC, DE, IY, SP AND r AND A,r ANDI n AND A,n BIT b;r BIT b,r CALL nn CALL nn CALLC c;nn CALL c,nn CCF CCF CMP r CP r CP r CP r alternate form of CMP CMPI n CP n CPDEC CPD CPDR CPDR CPINC CPI CPIR CPIR CPL CPL DAA DAA DEC r DEC r DEC16 d DEC d d may be BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, SP DI DI DJNZ nn DJNZ nn The assembler fills in the displacement. nn is the actual address to jump to. EI EI EXSPHL EX (SP),HL Appendix I-1 FORMAT ENCODING ZILOG FORM COMMENT EXSPIX EX (SP),IX EXSPIY EX (SP),IY EXAFAF EX AF,AF' EXDEHL EX DE,HL EXX EXX HALT HALT IM0 IM 0 IM1 IM 1 IM2 IM 2 IN n IN A,(n) INPUT r IN r,(C) r may be A, B, C, D, E, H, L INC r INC r INC16 d INC d INDEC IND INDR INDR ININC INI INIR INIR JUMP nn JP nn JP c;nn JP c,nn JUMPI d JP (d) d may be HL, IX, IY JREL nn JR nn nn is the location to jump to JR c;nn JR c,nn LD r1;r2 LD r1,r2 LDI r;n LD r,n LDABC LD A,(BC) LDADE LD A,(DE) LDBCA LD (BC),A LDDEA LD (DE),A LDA nn LD A,(nn) STA nn LD (nn),A LDI16 d;nn LD d,nn d may be BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, SP LD16 d;nn LD d,(nn) ST16 nn;d LD (nn),d LDAI LD A,I LDAR LD A,R LDIA LD I,A LDRA LD R,A LDSP d LD SP,d Appendix I-2 FORMAT ENCODING ZILOG FORM COMMENT d may be HL, IX, IY LDDEC LDD LDDR LDDR LDINC LDI LDIR LDIR NEG NEG NOP NOP OR r OR A,r ORI n OR A,n OUTDR OTDR OUTINC OUTI OUTIR OTIR OUT n OUT (n),A OUTPUT r OUT (C),r POP d POP d d may be AF, BC, DE, HL, IX, IY PUSH d PUSH d d may be AF, BC, DE, HL, IX, IY RES b;r RES b,r RETURN RET RET c RET c RETI RETI RETN RETN RL r RL r RLA RLA (short form RL A) ROLC r RLC r RLCA RLCA (short form of RLC A) RLD RLD RR r RR r RRA RRA (short form of RR A) RRC r RRC r RRCA RRCA (short form of RRC A) RRD RRD RST x RST x x may be 0, 8, 16, 24,...,56 SBC r SBC A,r SBCI n SBC A,n SBCHL d SBC HL,d Appendix I-3 FORMAT ENCODING ZILOG FORM COMMENT d may be BC, DE, HL, SP SCF SCF SETB b;r SET b,r SLA r SLA r SRA r SRA r SRL r SRL r SUB r SUB A,r SUBI n SUN A,n XOR r XOR A,r XORI n XOR A,n Appendix I-4 NOTES: 8-bit registers (r): A B C D E H L M This is (HL) in Zilog terms IX,0 This is (IX+0) IY,0 This is (IY+0) 16-bit registers (d): BC B & C pair DE D & E pair HL H & L pair IX Index X IY Index Y SP Stack Pointer AF Accumulator & Flags Condition flags (c): Z or EQ Zero/Equal NZ or NE Nonzero/Notequal C NC P M PE PO n and nn are immediate expressions. n means an 8-bit value. nn means a 16-bit address or value. b refers to a bit position between 0 and 7. It may be an expression evaluating to a number between 0 and 7. Relative jumps allow only Z (EQ), NZ (NE), C and NC for the condition (c). Appendix I-5 Appendix II - Portability This cross-assembler package has been compilied and run on the following machines: 1. MS DOS 2.x 3.x - Using Microsoft 'C' Version 3.0 and 5.1 2. Altos System V UNIX - using makefile 3. Xenix 3.0 - Using makefile Legal Note: This package may be used for any commercial or non-commercial purpose. It may be copied and distributed freely provided that any fee charged by the distributor of the copy does not exceed the sum of: 1) the cost of the media the copy is written on, 2) any required costs of shipping the copy, and 3) a nominal handling fee. Any other distribution requires the written permission of the author. Also, the author's copyright notices shall not be removed from the program source, the program object, or the program documentation. Appendix II-1 CONTENTS 1. Introduction........................................ 1 2. How to Use the Cross-Assembler...................... 1 3. Format of Cross-Assembler Source Lines.............. 2 3.1 Labels........................................ 3 3.2 Numeric Constants............................. 4 3.3 String Constants.............................. 5 3.4 Expressions................................... 6 4. Machine Opcodes..................................... 7 5. Pseudo Opcodes...................................... 7 5.1 Pseudo-ops -- DC and DATA..................... 7 5.2 Pseudo-ops -- DA.............................. 8 5.3 Pseudo-ops -- DAC............................. 8 5.4 Pseudo-ops -- CSECT........................... 8 5.5 Pseudo-ops -- NCODE........................... 8 5.6 Pseudo-ops -- CODE............................ 9 5.7 Pseudo-ops -- END............................. 9 5.8 Pseudo-ops -- EQU............................. 9 5.9 Pseudo-ops -- IF, ELS, ENF.................... 9 5.10 Pseudo-ops -- USE............................. 10 5.11 Pseudo-ops -- ORG and RLC..................... 11 5.12 Pseudo-ops -- URLC............................ 11 5.13 Pseudo-ops -- PAG............................. 11 5.14 Pseudo-ops -- SKP............................. 11 5.15 Pseudo-ops -- TYP............................. 12 5.16 Pseudo-ops -- LIST and ULIST.................. 12 5.17 Pseudo-ops -- SET............................. 12 5.18 Pseudo-ops -- TTL............................. 12 5.19 Pseudo-ops -- PAGT............................ 12 6. Assembly Errors..................................... 13 6.1 Error * -- Illegal or Missing Statement....... 13 6.2 Error ( -- Parenthesis Imbalance.............. 13 6.3 Error `` -- Missing Quotation Mark............ 13 6.4 Error D -- Illegal Digit...................... 13 6.5 Error E -- Illegal Expression................. 14 6.6 Error I -- IF-ENF Imbalance................... 14 6.7 Error L -- Illegal Label...................... 14 6.8 Error M -- Multiply Defined Label............. 14 6.9 Error O -- Illegal Opcode..................... 14 6.10 Error P -- Phasing Error...................... 15 6.11 Error S -- Illegal Syntax..................... 15 6.12 Error T -- Too Many Arguments................. 15 6.13 Error U -- Undefined Label.................... 15 6.14 Error V -- Illegal Value...................... 15 - i - 7. Warning Messages.................................... 15 7.1 Warning -- Illegal Option Ignored............. 16 7.2 Warning -- -l Option Ignored -- No File Name.......................................... 16 7.3 Warning -- -o Option Ignored -- No File Name.......................................... 16 7.4 Warning -- Extra Source File Ignored.......... 16 7.5 Warning -- Extra Listing File Ignored......... 16 7.6 Warning -- Extra Object File Ignored.......... 16 8. Fatal Error Messages................................ 16 8.1 Fatal Error -- No Source File Specified....... 16 8.2 Fatal Error -- Source File Did Not Open....... 16 8.3 Fatal Error -- Listing File Did Not Open...... 17 8.4 Fatal Error -- Object File Did Not Open....... 17 8.5 Fatal Error -- Error Reading Source File...... 17 8.6 Fatal Error -- Disk or Directory Full......... 17 8.7 Fatal Error -- File Stack Overflow............ 17 8.8 Fatal Error -- If Stack Overflow.............. 17 8.9 Fatal Error -- Too Many Symbols............... 17 Appendix I - Z80 Opcode Table........................... 1 Appendix II - Portability............................... 1 - ii -